Author: Xie Ruxiang
Editor: The author has a deep affection for the history and culture of Pizhou, and has long been a deep study of the history of Pizhou, this article is a small part of the author's research results, divided into eight parts to tell the historical facts of the migration of Pizhou, is now dedicated to the majority of netizens, I hope that everyone has a more and deeper understanding of Pizhou culture, and hope that the majority of readers will give a manuscript to the editorial department of "Pizhou Culture" with different views in the text.
I. Scope and content of the relevant immigrant legends: (1) The main circulation scope and related information of the legend of the great locust tree immigrants; (2) the scope and example of the zaolinzhuang immigrants; (3) the scope and example of the legend of the Zaoqiang immigrants in Hebei Province; (4) the scope and examples of the immigrants in Laohu Lane, Shandong; (5) other immigrant legends; (6) the same information of the legends of the great immigrants; and (7) the evolution process of the immigrants of the big locust tree in Hongdong County.
II. Analysis of relevant immigrant legends: (1) Analysis of the legends of the migration of the big locust tree in Hongdong County; (2) Analysis of the origin of the immigrants in Anqiu Village, Yanzhou District, Jining; (3) Analysis of the migration of Zaoqiang County in Hebei Province; (4) Analysis of the migration of LaohuXiang in Shandong Province.
3. Relevant elements of the legend of the great migration: (1) the composition of the legend of the great locust tree immigrants; (2) the elements of the legend of the immigrants of Zaolinzhuang, Shandong; (3) the elements of the legend of the migration of Zaoqiang in Hebei; (4) the elements of the legend of the immigrants in Laojixiang, Shandong.
4. Liangbi Village, Chahe Town, Pizhou City, has all the elements of the legend of the birthplace of the great migration.:(I) Overview of Pizhou and Liangbi; (ii) Pizhou Liangbi has all the information of the birthplace of the great migration.
V. Liangbi is the birthplace of the Great Migration: (1) The first Xia pi great migration was caused by the Yellow River's "seizure of Si into Huai" caused the refugees to go north; (2) the second Xia Pi great migration was caused by the Jinguo army and the "Red Jacket Army" war that caused the refugees to go south.
Sixth, the Migration of Xia Pi Da has five connotations.
7. Analysis of the causes of the confusion of the legends of immigrants in various places: (1) the analysis of the migration time concentrated in the early Ming Dynasty; (2) the analysis of the chaos in the place of origin of immigrants; (3) the analysis of the credibility of immigrant genealogy;
8. Northern Jiangsu Lunan is the birthplace of large-scale migration and has been verified by molecular anthropological results.
preface
In northern Jiangsu, central and southern Shandong, northern Anhui, eastern and central Henan and southern Hebei, the legend of the migration of the big locust tree in Hongdong County, Shanxi in the early Ming Dynasty has been circulating for many years, which has plagued immigration experts and root-seekers. Many root-seekers have repeatedly gone to Hongdong County, Shanxi Province, to find the legendary ancestral home, but they have returned disappointed every time. Many experts who study the history of migration have a negative attitude toward the authenticity of the migration of da locust tree in Hongdong County, Shanxi Province, but they have not been able to find the real source of immigration.
In Jianghuai, most of the legends of shandong zaolin zhuang immigrants and Shandong old partridge lane immigrants circulate; in the middle and north of Shandong, the legend of Hebei Zaoqiang immigrants circulates; in some places, the legend of Shandong locust tree immigrants and Hebei big locust tree immigrants spread.
The above legends of large migration have a common feature, that is, the background of the great migration is the flood of the Yellow River, and the second is the large-scale war. And various immigration legends have cross-place names, and it is very likely that the descendants of immigrants have misremembered the birthplace of the great immigrants.
Through the study of Jiewen, the ancestor of the Liangbi Xie clan in Chahe Town, Pizhou City, the author found that the historical context of the Liangbi Xie family is clear, while the migration of the big locust tree, the immigrants of Zaolinzhuang in Shandong, the immigrants of Zaoqiang in Hebei, and the immigrants of Laoqiu Lane in Shandong have finally revealed the true face of Lushan - the origin of the real large migration is in Liangbi Village (Ancient Picheng) of Chahe Town, Pizhou City.
This article mainly focuses on the legends of the great locust tree immigrants in Hongdong County, Shanxi, the Zaolinzhuang immigrants in Shandong, the laohuxiang immigrants in Shandong, and the Zaoqiang immigrants in Hebei.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="43" >, the scope and content of the legends about immigrants</h1>
(1) The main scope and related information of the legend of the great locust tree immigrants
1. The scope of the legend of the migration of the locust tree.
Before the Internet era, the legend of the great locust tree migration in Hongdong County spread in northern Jiangsu Province, south-central Shandong Province, north-central Anhui Province, central and eastern Henan Province, and southern Hebei Province.
2. The legend of the great locust tree immigrants circulates the content.
(1) The content of the migration legend of the big locust tree in Hongdong County is roughly as follows.
Legend has it that in the early years of the Ming Dynasty, due to wars and natural disasters at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, most of the land in the country was barren, and some places were "uninhabited for thousands of miles", and Shanxi did not experience war because of the barrier of lofty mountains and mountains, and there was no natural disaster, resulting in a large population in Shanxi, so the Hongwu Emperor migrated the people of Shanxi to cultivate farmland in various places. Legend has it that if the people who do not want to migrate go to the big locust tree near the ancient temple of "Yanwu" Township in Hongdong County in advance to register, the date of the big locust tree is said to be from the Tang Dynasty, and some are said to be from the Han Dynasty, and the common point is that there are three ancient locust trees, and the locust tree shades the land for several acres; the result is a scam, and all the people who come to register are bound with their hands and forcibly moved away; some people break pots and bowls, and hold pieces with their families to wait for future recognition; some people cut a knife on their small toenails to show that they are people who come out of the big locust tree. Legend has it that the small toes of all descendants of Hongdong County immigrants are "petal-like armor"; because of the tall ancient locust tree, immigrants can see the nest of the old dove on the big locust tree after migrating for miles; some immigrant genealogies record that the migration occurred in the big locust tree in Zaolinzhuang, Hongdong County; there are also immigrant genealogies that record that the place of migration is the big locust tree in Old Partridge Lane, Hongdong County.
(2) The migration of the big locust tree in Hongdong County in the early Ming Dynasty has become the ancestral memory of the Han nationality collective for at least three hundred years. "Ask my ancestors where they came from, the big locust tree in Hongdong, Shanxi." What is the name of the ancestral hometown, the old bird's nest under the big locust tree. "There are also legends" asked me where my ancestors came from, The Swallow Nest in Hongdong, Shanxi. What is the name of the ancestral hometown, the old bird nest on the big locust tree. "There are also local literature sources written about the old stork nest.
(3) The genealogy of many descendants of immigrants records that the reasons for the migration were floods caused by the diversion of the Yellow River, as well as "red flies dispersing" and "red insects eating people". Legend has it that a red fly bites people, causing people to die of infectious diseases, so people flee one after another; some genealogies record the peasant uprising of the Red Turban Army at the end of the Yuan Dynasty as "red worms eat people", and some record that the reason for the migration is "Hongwu dispersion".
(4) The relationship between Jing Daqi and the large locust tree migration in Hongdong County.
Jing Daqi was a native of Jia Village, Hongdong County, in the late Qing Dynasty, and during the Guangxu dynasty, he served as the official of the Guancheng Hall in Caozhou Prefecture (present-day Jining, Shandong), equivalent to the director of the Guancheng County Public Security Bureau. After guancheng's term of office expired, he was hired by his fellow township of Liu Zilin of Zhixian County, Changshan County, as an aide, and later served as the canonical history of the Chiping Department, resigned from the government and returned to his hometown in the last year of Xuantong, and served as the commercial premier of Hongdong County in the early years of the Republic of China. Jing Daqi compiled the story of the migration of the big locust tree that he heard in Caozhou, Shandong Province, into the "Chronicle of the Ancient Locust Tree", and in the second year of the Republic of China, together with Liu Zilin, he raised funds to build a tea room and archway near the Ming Dynasty locust tree in Jia Village. In the fifth year of the Republic of China, he participated in the compilation of the "Hongdong County Chronicle" and recorded the migration of large locust trees in Hongdong County in the early Ming Dynasty. That is to say, before Jing Daqi participated in the compilation and revision of the "Hongdong County Chronicle," the local chronicle of Hongdong County did not record the great migration.
3. The legend of the immigrants of the big locust tree in Hongdong County is questioned.
(1) Some people in modern times say that the word "untied" comes from immigrants from Hongdong County in the early Ming Dynasty.
In fact, the word "untie" appeared as early as the popular novels of the Song and Yuan dynasties. For example, in the Yuan Dynasty novel "Wrong Chopping Cui Ning", there is: "After narrating some cold temperatures, Wei Sheng got up and went to untie his hands." ”
(2) Descendants of immigrants from Hongdong County all have flap-like nails.
Legend has it that the small toe "flap nail" of the descendants of hongdong county immigrants is genetically caused by the cutting off of the small toe during immigration. According to this logic, if a person has trauma in a certain part of his body, then his descendants should be born in the same place with similar scars, which is nonsense. Flap nail is just an autosomal single gene dominant genetic trait, there is no sex difference, and there will be people all over china. The study found that the three genetic imprints unique to the descendants of Huaxia are the shovel-shaped front teeth, the medial canthal fold and the petal-like nail, which cannot be identified as a descendant of immigrants from Hongdong County because of the petal-like nail.
(3) The immigrant's hometown is in the nest of the old bird in the big locust tree.
Legend has it that the immigrants' hometown is in the old bird's nest, which can only be a place name similar to the pronunciation of "old bird's nest" in the birthplace of the great immigrant, and it will not be a bird's nest on the tree. In particular, it is ridiculous to see the old bird's nest on the locust tree a few miles away, as if there were only bird nests on the locust tree.
(4) Red insects eating people and red flies dispersing cannot be related to Zhu Yuanzhang's immigration policy.
Zhu Yuanzhang participated in and led the Red Turban Army uprising at the end of the Yuan Dynasty and won victory, which was a major event in the hearts of the people at that time, and it was the Han people who drove out the Mongolian and Yuan nobles, which was the realization of the long-cherished wish of the Han people for more than two hundred years. Eighteen migrations organized after the establishment of the Ming regime have been recorded as actively requesting migration, so the early Ming migration will not be the legendary "red worm eating people" or "red fly dispersion" incident.
(5) Before Jing Daqi took office in Caozhou, no one in Hongdong County knew about the "Great Locust Tree Immigration", nor did it have a local chronicle or local human genealogy. The immigration story that Jing Daqi heard in Caozhou Capital happened exactly in the Jia Village where he was located, with obvious traces of counterfeiting, and the Ming Dynasty locust tree in Jia Village was about 400 years old, which would not be related to the legendary early Ming Dynasty immigrants, and the "Tang Huai Ii Generation" theory is very far-fetched.
4. There are representative examples of immigrant legends in Hongdong County.
(1) The "Genealogical Order of the Wang Clan" of Fendui Wang of Heze City, Shandong Province, records: "The ancestors were originally from the village of Lao stork nest Mucha in Hongdong County, Shanxi. "The information on the names of the ancestral settlements of immigrants is the old stork nest.
(2) The "Genealogy of the Wang Clan" of the King of Cao County records: "The ancestors were originally the people of the old stork nest in Hongdong County, Pingyang Province, Shanxi. "The information on the ancestral home of immigrants is also the old stork nest.
(3) The "Duan Dynasty Lineage Surname Examination" of Minquan County, Henan Province, says: "In the third year of Hongwu, he was ordered to relocate from lujia village in Hongdong, Shanxi To relocate the junction of the three provinces of Hebei, Luzhou and Yu. "The information on the ancestral home of immigrants is still the old stork nest.
(4) The "Ancestral Monument of the Wang Family" in Xinggu Village, Neihuang County, Henan Province, said: "Zaolin Village, Hongdong, Shanxi, is the ancestral residence of the Yu family. "The ancestral name of the Wang immigrants is Zaolin Village in Hongdong County, which is similar to the "Zaolin Zhuang" recorded by others.
(5) Zhao's Tombstone in TangangXi Village, Taikang County, Henan Province, in the fifty-eighth year of Qianlong's reign: "The ancestor of the Ancestor Zhentai, who first lived on the right side of the mountain, was originally from Lao Stork Lane in Hongdong County. "Old Stork Lane and Old Stork's Nest should be the same place name.
(6) There is a tombstone inscription with the surname of Wang in the ninth year of Shunzhi in Luoyang City, Henan Province: "The Luodong Ou Wang clan is a descendant of the Three Locusts, and is originally from the branch of the Great King Zhuang of Hongdong, Shanxi. "The ancestral home of the immigrants appeared in Dawangzhuang, the name of this village is everywhere, and the important information is "Three Acacias". And the Three Locust Tang Wang Clan records that there are three Han Dynasty locust trees in its ancestral home, so there must be three ancient locust trees in the birthplace of immigrants.
(2) The scope and examples of the spread of immigrants in Zaolinzhuang
Zaolinzhuang immigrants mainly spread on both sides of the Huai River in Anhui Province and in the southeast of Henan, including Fengyang, Wuhu, Lixin, Shouxian, Huoqiu, Yingzhou, Lu'an and other cities and counties in Anhui Province. Similar legends are also found in Luyi, Huaibin, And Xun counties in Henan Province.
1. The Chronicle of Suixi County in Anhui Province records that during the Ming Hongwu period and the early Qing Dynasty, people moved from Zaolinzhuang in Shandong to this county, and indicate that the seven surnames of "Zhou, Wu, Zheng, Wang, Li, Ding, and Liang", which accounted for more than 80% of the population of the county, were all referred to as shandong Zaolinzhuang immigrants.
2. In 1988, the Lixin County Local History Office organized a large-scale survey of the origin of surnames, and the words in the survey were eye-catching: everyone said that the ancestors moved from Shandong in the early years of the Ming Dynasty, and many people said that the ancestors came from Zaolinzhuang, Shandong.
3. The Shouxian Chronicle compiled in 1989 records 23 local clans, of which 21 are said to have moved in during the Ming Hongwu period, and almost all of them are from Zaolinzhuang, Shandong.
4. The xianfeng seven-year genealogy of the Tian surname branch of Taihe County, Fuyang City, Anhui Province, records: "The ancestors originally lived in Zaolinzhuang, Shandong. ...... When Ancestor Huai and Gui left their hometowns, their uncles and brothers agreed that all those who were with me would take the Temple of the Three Officials as their memory. ”
5. The Wang clan of Longkou in Taihe County has a set of six volumes of the "Genealogy of the Wang Clan", which records that the Wang clan migrated from Zaolinzhuang in Shandong to Taihe in the early Ming Dynasty.
6. The genealogy of the Xie clan in Fuyang City records that in the second year of Ming Hongwu, Xie Shangliu, the nephew xie Kuiding, moved from Zaolinzhuang in Shandong to Li Xingji Xie's old wu temple in the northwest of Taiyi.
7. Genealogy of Zou Clan Xiu in Guzhen County, Anhui Province during the Republic of China period: The ancestors of the Zou clan migrated from Zaolinzhuang in Shandong to the area of Guzhen and Lingbi in the early Ming Dynasty, and the genealogy records that Zaolinzhuang "in Linyi" and other words.
8. The "Genealogy of the Liu Clan" of Luyi County, Henan Province, says: "The ancestor was originally from Zaolinzhuang, Hongdong County, Shanxi Province, and Ming Hongwu moved to Chugudui Village, twenty-five miles southwest of Luyi County, Guide Province, Henan Province. ”
9. The genealogy of the Li Zhang clan in Luyi County records: "The ancestors lived in Jin Xiaozhuang, Zaolinzhuang, Hongdong County, Pingyang Province, Shanxi Province, the first ancestor Li Gong, the first grandmother Zhang Shi, born four sons: the eldest son tomorrow, the second son Minghuo, the third son, the fourth son do not remember their names." ”
10. In August 1996, the Zheng family of Huaibin County revised the "Huaibin Zheng Clan Genealogy" based on the four consecutive revisions of the old genealogy from the sixth year of Yongzheng to the sixth year of Guangxu, and recorded: "The old genealogy Zheng Ergong was originally from Zaolinzhuang, Hongdong County, Pingyang Province, Shanxi Province, and was passed down to 1342 AD, that is, the second year of the Yuan Shun Emperor to the second year of the Yuan Shun, and the two brothers traded in Henan to do business..." The record of the Zheng family tree shows that its migration was earlier than the Yuan Shun Emperor to the second year, different from the great immigrants of the early Ming Dynasty recorded in other family trees.
11. The "Ancestral Monument of the Wang Family" in Xinggu Village, Xun County, said that "Zaolin Village, Hongdong County, Shanxi, is the ancestral residence of the Yu family"
12. The genealogy of the Zhang clan in Huaiyang District, Zhoukou City records: "The Zhang clan was originally from Zaolinzhuang, Hongdong County, Shanxi, and the ancestors migrated to Chen in the early Ming Dynasty. Xiang Tu chose to live in Zhangzhuyuan Village, West of Nihedian in southeast Chen. ”
The above 1-7 examples list the legends of Zaolinzhuang immigrants in Shandong Province that are circulating in Anhui Province, and the 7-12 cases are the legends of Zaolinzhuang immigrants in Hongdong County, Henan Province.
(3) The scope and examples of the legend of Zaoqiang immigrants in Hebei Province
1. The scope of the legend of Hebei Zaoqiang immigrants.
In Jinan, Zibo, Weifang and other places in Shandong Province, many people claim that their ancestors migrated were immigrants from Zaoqiang County, Hebei Province, and the migration time was concentrated in the early Ming Dynasty between Hongwu and Yongle. In today's Zhangqiu, Shouguang, Boxing, Huimin and other counties and cities, this legend is particularly prominent. It is said that as many as 350,000 people emigrated from Zaoqiang, Hebei to central and northern Shandong at that time.
2. Hebei Zaoqiang immigrant legend example.
(1) According to relevant data, Zaoqiang immigrant villages in Zhangqiu City account for 36.5% of the total number of villages, Zaoqiang immigrant villages in Shouguang City account for 16% of the total number of villages, Zaoqiang immigrant villages in Boxing County account for 61.5%, Huimin County accounts for 84%, and there are also large numbers of distributions in other areas.
(2) There are also some records of emigration from Zaoqiang in Hebei province in the local records compiled by the late Qing Dynasty, such as the nine surnames included in the "Changshan County Rural Tuzhi Clan", including Wang and Li, seven surnames from Zaoqiang, of which five surnames were moved to the second year of Hongwu, one surname was moved to the fourth year of Hongwu, and one surname was moved to the fourth year of Yongle. Another large household, surnamed Liu, moved to Ningjin near Zaoqiang in the second year of Hongwu. Only Xu shi was from Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, but the time was also hongwu's second year.
(3) The "Zhangqiu County Rural Chronicle" records that five of the seven surnames in the county at the end of the Qing Dynasty claimed to be from Zaoqiang. Among the five surnames, jiao, hu, and gao claimed to have migrated in the early Ming Dynasty, Xie claimed to have migrated in the second year of Hongwu, and only Zhang claimed to have migrated in the fourth year of Jin Zhangzong's cheng'an.
(4) Migration in the book "Guangrao Surname Examination": 553 village communities in Guangrao County, 203 surnames, of which 271 villages and 90 surnames were involved in immigrants from Zaoqiang County. In addition, 17 villages had a surname that was transferred from Shanxi or Henan via Zaoqiang County and distributed to Guangrao County; the remaining 254 villages recorded moving out of Zaoqiang.
(4) The scope and examples of immigrants in Laohu Lane, Shandong
1. In many areas on both sides of the Huai River, there are legends of immigrants in Laohu Lane, Shandong.
Shandong Old Bird Lane (Old Bird Lane, Old Bird Lane, Old Stork Lane) immigrant legends circulate mainly in central and southern Anhui, and in northern Anhui, there are many legends of the big locust tree in Lao Du Lane, Hongdong County.
The "List of Overviews of Ancient and Modern Ethnic Books and Major Ethnic Groups on Yingshang" says: "The survey sorted out 62 surnames, of which 27 were from Shandong, followed by Fujian, Jiangsu, Hubei and Huizhou in southern Anhui, and there were not many indigenous people. ”
Shouxian Zhi surnames lists 16 large surname family statistics, of which 11 surnames migrated in the early Ming Dynasty, of which 6 surnames migrated from Shandong, 2 surnames from Henan, and 1 surname each from Huizhou, Hangzhou, and Jiangxi Waxiaoba.
None of the "Ancient and Modern Records of Yingshang" and the "Chronicle of Shou County" were moved from the old bird's nest of the big locust tree or zaolin zhuang in Hongdong County, Shanxi.
2. Examples of the legend of the old crane lane immigrants.
(1) Shouxian Chai records that Ming Hongwu migrated from Old Partridge Lane in Jining, Shandong during the Ming Dynasty;
(2) Xu Clan of Wabu Town, Shou County, records that its ancestral home is Old Partridge Lane, Jining, Shandong;
(3) Li Shi of Yinghe Town, Shou County, records that his ancestral home is Old Partridge Lane in Jining, Shandong, and migrated to Shou County in the early Ming Dynasty;
(4) Shouzhou Sun Shi, county name Le'an, records that Hongwu initially migrated from Jining Prefecture, Shandong Province;
(5) The Zhang family in Shou County believes that their own ethnic group migrated from Laohu Lane in Shandong to settle in Qinglian ZhangluoCheng;
(6) Huainan's "Genealogy of the Cai Clan" records that its ancestors moved in the early Ming Dynasty and were transferred from Laohu Lane in Shandong Province;
(7) Bao surnamed Bao of Shangyao Town, Datong District, Huainan City, said that his ancestral couple moved from Laohu Lane in Shandong Province in the early Ming Dynasty with two children in a fight;
(8) Shijiawan of Fengtai County, Huainan City, and ShijiShi of Shou County believe that their ancestors moved from Yanzhou, Shandong;
(9) The Wu clan of Yingshang County records that its ancestors moved from Laohu Lane in Shandong province in the sixth or ninth year of Ming Hongwu to Yingshang County;
(10) The Zhang clan in the Xinxingji area of Woyang County records that his ancestors came from the big locust tree in Laohu Lane, Hongdong County, and moved to the old home of Zhang in the north of longmiao during the Hongwu period;
(11) The Zhang clan of Guqiao Town, Fengtai County, also records that its ancestors came from the large locust tree in Laohu Lane, Shanxi, and the five brothers and five families relocated here.
There are two very different old bird lane immigrant legends circulating in the north and south of the Huai River, one saying that the old bird lane is in Shandong, and the other saying that the old bird lane is in Hongdong County, these two immigration legends must be true or false.
(5) Other immigrant legends
In addition to the above four widely influenced immigration legends, there are also the legends of The Migration of the Great Locust Tree in Hebei, the Migration Legend of the Great Locust Tree in Shandong, the Migration Legend of the Old Partridge Lane in Hebei, and the Migration Legend of Zaolinzhuang in Hebei Province.
The Xie clan of Tengzhou, Shandong Province, circulates the legend of the migration of the big locust tree in Yanwu Township, Xuzhou, and the Xie clan of Xianghuan County, Shanxi Province, spreads the legend of the migration of the big locust tree in Shandong. Because the origin of the Xie clan is in Xiezhou Town, Linfen City, Shanxi Province, and the Xie clan of Xianghuan County has not heard of the large locust tree immigrants in Hongdong County.
Before 1994, the Liangbi Xie clan of Chahe Town, Pizhou City, was also said to have migrated from the old bird's nest of the big locust tree in Hongdong County in the early years of Ming Hongwu. In 1994, in response to the call of the Chahe Township government, liangbi Xie relocated the ancestral tomb to expand the primary school, and found that it was densely engraved with words in the process of relocating the ancestral tomb stone jie, so he invited professionals to expand the jiewen, thus unveiling a dusty family history of nearly a thousand years. The tomb of the Ancestor of the Xie clan was erected in the fourth year of Ming Hongwu, and the Jie wen records important information such as the name of the ancestor of the Xie clan, from Hongtong Guyi, the migration route, the Huaiyang Army, the name of the stele, the name of the hundred families of the descendants, the names of the three generals who moved abroad, the geographical location of Liangbi, and the carved Wang Qunzhi. At the same time, according to the excavated cultural relics, the birth and death dates of the ancestors of the Xie clan were determined, and it was inferred that the ancestors of the first migration came during the Heavenly Holy Year of Emperor Renzong of the Northern Song Dynasty.
Although the Liangbi Xie clan is a descendant of the Xie clan of Hongdong County, Hongwu has been settled in Pizhou for more than 350 years when he immigrated, and the Xie clan is an indigenous person of Pizhou and does not belong to the large locust tree immigrants of Hongdong County in the early Ming Dynasty.
(f) The same information as the legend of the Great Migration
1. The legend of the migration of the big locust tree has information such as Jujube Forest Village, Old Crane Lane, Old Bird's Nest and so on;
2. The old crane lane immigrant legend has information such as jujube forest village and large locust tree;
3. The legend of zaolinzhuang immigrants has information such as old crane lane and large locust tree.
Hongdong County immigrant legends, Shandong Laohu Lane immigrant legends, Shandong Zaolinzhuang immigrant legends actually have ancient locust trees, Zaolinzhuang, Laohu Lane, but also with Shandong locust tree immigrants, Hebei locust tree immigrants, Hebei Zaolinzhuang immigrant legends have the same place name information, it is very likely that the origin of immigrants in the same place.
(7) The migration and evolution process of the large locust tree in Hongdong County
In 2019, the author visited a certain place in Anhui Province, Xieshi, and their statement is representative: "In the early years of the Hongwu Dynasty, the ancestors were ordered to go to the big locust tree in Hongdong County to receive the migration travel fee, and then migrate to the current place of residence." The place where the immigrant travel fee is paid is called 'Swallow House', how can a swallow have a house? So that place name should be called 'Bird's Nest'. Leaving a few miles away, looking back at the migratory hometown, you can only see the old partridge nest on the big locust tree. ”
Such immigration legends speculate that the "bird's nest" is "bird's nest" and then extends to the evolution of the old bird's nest.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="126" >2. Analysis of related immigrant legends</h1>
(1) Analysis of the migration legend of the big locust tree in Hongdong County
1. Analysis of the geographical location of Hongdong County and its status in Shanxi Province.
Hongdong County, Shanxi Province, belongs to Linfen City, located in the southwest of Shanxi Province, Shanxi has the Taihang Mountains, Lüliang Mountains and Zhongtiao Mountains, its territory is lofty and mountainous, and the traffic is difficult. The Taihang Mountains are fault mountains, like knives, monkeys are difficult to climb, and it is difficult for immigrants from all over Shanxi to lead cattle and pull ox carts in and out of Hongdong County at will.
The geographical location of Hongdong County is not a necessary place for immigrants in Shanxi, and it is difficult to be associated with large immigrants.
Hongdong County is one of the 28 counties under the jurisdiction of Pingyang Province in the early Ming Dynasty, which is neither a prefecture nor a prefecture, nor is it a political, economic, or transportation center, and it is impossible for the Ming court to store the migrant travel expenses and migrant materials in Hongdong County, where traffic is blocked. Immigrants from all over Shanxi Province to Hongdong County to receive immigration travel fees are not feasible, unreasonable, and simply cannot be done.
2. Analysis from local records.
(1) Hongdong County ancient place name information, excluding the possibility of large migration.
The Wanli edition of the Hongdong County Chronicle says: "According to legend, there was no city in the old days, and it was four years after the Ming Dynasty, and it began to build an earthen city with cultural creativity. "The fourteenth year of Ming orthodoxy is 1449, 81 years after the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, Hongdong County began to build Tucheng. Then, how the immigration agencies of the early Ming Dynasty court worked, where the migrant materials were stored, and how to organize and implement millions of people, could not be solved in one sentence. "Since the Song and Yuan dynasties, it has been easier to be in the capital of The Capital, and the old four squares in the Hongdong Capital at the beginning of the country, the eight maps, the obedience to the teachings, the four townships and the ten capitals, and the ninety-eight maps of the ten capitals." Then the names of the figures of each capital are specifically recorded. In the epitaphs, inscriptions, and genealogies found, those who claimed that their ancestors came from a specific place in Hongdong County did not find a corresponding place name.
(2) The local history of Hongdong County can exclude its history of large migration.
Before the Republic of China, the Hongdong County Chronicle and the local genealogy did not record foreign emigration and large-scale refugee flight. The "real story" of the migration of the big locust tree in Hongdong County began in the second year of the Republic of China, which was compiled and published by Jing Daqi, and the history of the migration of the big locust tree appeared in the "Hongdong County Chronicle" in the sixth year of the Republic of China.
(3) Population information of Hongdong County in the early Ming Dynasty.
The Wanli edition of the Hongdong County Chronicle records that in the twenty-fourth year of Hongwu (1391), There were 11,900 households and 92,872 people in Hongdong; in the tenth year of Yongle (1412), there were 11,592 households and 87,775 people; in the eighth year of Chenghua (1472), there were 11,448 households and 98,240 people. The three household registration statistics show that the average household size is 8-9 people. Legend has it that the immigration policy is "a family of four to stay with one, a family of six to stay two, and a family of eight to stay three", if there is really a large-scale emigration in Hongdong County, then within three years of the immigration action that began after August 21 in Hongwu, the average number of households left behind in Hongdong County will not be more than eight.
(4) Analysis of records of Guangji Temple and large locust trees.
According to the story of the migration of the big locust tree in Hongdong County, the ancient temple should be near the ancient locust tree. The Ming Wanli edition of the "Hongdong County Chronicle" says: "Guangji Temple, in Yong'anli, north of the city, was built in the second year of Tang Zhenguan, and was invaded by fenshui in the festival year, and now it is changed to the north of Jia Village, the west of Guanlu, and the name of the temple is still the same." "This record proves that the original site of Guangji Temple is in Yong'anli, north of the city, not in Jia Village, and there is no mention of the big locust tree. Shunzhi's "Continuation of Hongdong County" and Kangxi's "Continuation of Hongdong County" also do not record information about large locust trees, old eagle nests, zaolinzhuang, and immigration. The Yongzheng "Hongdong County Chronicle" records that the Guangji Temple article is basically the same as the Wanli Zhi, but it is followed by a small character: "That is, the former site of the present-day Beiqiao Temple." "It shows that Guangji Temple was moved to another place before the late Ming Dynasty at the latest. If there was a large locust tree next to Guangji Temple in the early Ming Dynasty, then the birthplace of the great migration should be in Yong'anli, and there is no ancient locust tree in Yong'anli; if the large locust tree is in Jia Village, then there should be an ancient temple in Jia Village, and the current Guangji Temple was migrated from Yong'anli after the middle of the Ming Dynasty. Jia Village, which has neither an ancient locust tree nor an ancient temple, will not be the birthplace of the legendary migration of the great locust tree.
(5) According to the household registration data of Pingyang Province, which belongs to Hongdong County, it can be excluded that the large immigrants in Hongdong County can be excluded.
Yuan dynasty household registration statistics in the third year of the Yuan Dynasty (1337), Hongdong County in the Yuan Dynasty belonged to the Jinning Road Records Division, "Yuan History" volume 58: "Jinning Road, Tang Jinzhou. Kim is binh Duong Province. At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, It was Pingyang Road, and in the ninth year of Dade (1305), Jinning Road was changed by earthquake. Households 126,200, mouth 271,211. Consular Division I, County VI, Prefectural I, Prefecture IX. The prefecture leads six counties and the prefecture leads forty counties. There are six counties in the record division: Linfen, Xiangling, Hongdong, Fushan, Fenxi, and Yueyang. ......”
Hongdong County in the Ming Dynasty belonged to Pingyang Province, and the History of Ming, vol. 41, reads: "Pingyang Province (Yuan Jinning Road, belonging to Xuanwei Division, Hedong Shanxi Province), Hongwu changed to Pingyang Province in the first year of the year." Six counties, twenty-eight counties. It is 590 miles northeast of the Cloth Administration Division. ”
From the above historical records, it can be seen that the jurisdiction of Pingyang Province in the Ming Dynasty was much narrower than the scope of Jinning Road in the Yuan Dynasty, and by the third year of the Yuan Dynasty (1337), there were only 270121 people on Jinning Road (Pingyang Road), and due to the war at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the number of pingyang provinces in the early years of Ming Hongwu would not exceed 500,000. Hongdong County is one of the 28 counties in Pingyang Province, the population of Hongwu should be less than 50,000 people in the first year, and the population of Hongwu in the 24th year is 92,872 people, and the population has not only not decreased, but increased by more than 40,000 people. It can be seen that the foreign migration of Hongdong County in the early Ming Dynasty was not a fact.
3. Analysis of the immigration records from the history of the Ming Dynasty.
By consulting the ming dynasty history books, we find that the rise of ming immigration policy to a national strategy began in 1388. In the early years of Hongwu, Zhu Yuanzhang tried to move the capital to Fengyang and began to build Fengyang, which was only a county seat and the population size was seriously insufficient, so the population of fengyang was enriched by four migrations. Later, the plan to move the capital was opposed by the ministers and was not implemented, but the construction of the capital city of Fengyang did not stop, so Fengyang was also called Zhongdu. Although these four migrations were not the national strategy at that time, they were also included in the category of immigration according to historical facts. After the victory of Xu Da's Northern Expedition, he migrated herders north of Yanshan and the desert to Beiping, essentially juntun in order to consolidate the northern defense of the Ming court, which can also be counted as an emigration incident.
In August of the twenty-first year of Hongwu (1388), Liu Jiugao's suggestion for immigration was: "The people of the ancient narrow township moved to Kuanxiang, and the land was not lost, and the people had a permanent cause." In present-day Hebei, after the self-defense, the fields are deserted and there are few residents. The people of Shandong and the west have been in the country since they entered the country, and their teeth are complex, so it is advisable to order the people to migrate to a wide and idle land and open up acres of land, so that the country will be enriched and the people's livelihood will be improved. Zhu Yuanzhang adopted Liu Jiugao's suggestion and made a decision: "Shandong is vast, the people do not have to move, the people of Shanxi, it is appropriate to do as they say." "After that, the great migration of Shanxi began. Shanxi has a large population, but it is not as exaggerated as the legend in the migration story, the real population of Shanxi is less than Shandong, but Shanxi is more mountainous and less arable, relatively speaking, "people". The 140 volumes of the Records of Ming Taizu contain data on the population of hongwu's provinces in the fourteenth year of the country, of which the population of Shanxi Province is 4030454, while shandong province has 5196715 people, and the population of Shanxi accounts for 77.6% of the population of Shandong.
According to the Ming Shilu and the History of Ming, Ming migration began in the third year of Ming Hongwu (1370) and ended in the fifteenth year of Yongle (1417), lasting forty-seven years and eighteen times. Among them: ten migrations during the Hongwu period, one migration during the Jianwen years, and seven migrations during the Yongle years. During the Hongwu period, the immigrants went to Fengyang four times and the juntun four times (once in Datong and three times in Beiping), and the remaining two migrations were specific; the migration directions during the Jianwen and Yongle years were all in Beiping and its vicinity.
(1) The first immigration occurred in 1370.
The Records of Ming Taizu says: "(Hongwu) three years,...... Xin Wei, a migrant to Suzhou, Songjiang, Jiaxing, Huzhou, and Hangzhou, gave funds, grain, cattle, and seeds to three years. According to the "History of Ming" record analysis, Hongwu began to build the capital in Fengyang in September of the second year, Fengyang belongs to Linhao Province, and the destination of this migration should be Fengyang County.
The History of ming, vol. 77, says: "Its migrants, at the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, when more than 4,000 households without land of the people of Su, Song, Jia, Hu, and Hangzhou, went to Linhao to cultivate and give cattle, seeds, carts, and grain to be sent to them, and they were not taxed for three years." The record shows that the first migration places were Su, Song, Jia, Hu and Hangzhou, and the objects of migration were "people without land", and the destination was Fengyang County.
(2) The second migration occurred about 1370.
The History of the Ming Dynasty, vol. 77, reads: "In the XuDaping Desert, more than 35,800 households were settled in the pingshan mountains of Beibei, scattered in various provinces, and the soldiers were given food and clothing, and the people were given fields." "Combined with the fact that Xu Da's Northern Expedition ended in December of the second year of Hongwu, the immigration time should be three years after Hongwu. The immigrants came from the border people north of Yanshan Mountain, and the migration destination was The Guard near Beiping, which was in line with the characteristics of Juntun.
(3) The third immigration took place in 1371 or 1372.
The Ming History, vol. 77, reads: "More than 32,800 households in the desert were left behind in Beiping, 254 in Tun, and 1,343 hectares of land were opened." "This migration is from the desert area where the Mongolian Plateau is located, and the migration destination is Beiping.
(4) The fourth migration occurred in 1373.
The Ming Shi Food Chronicle reads: "(Hongwu) six years, migrated to Shanxi Zhendingmin Tun Fengyang. "Zhending, Shanxi is now Zhengding County, Hebei Province, and the emigrant destination in 1373 was Fengyang.
(5) The fifth migration occurred approximately after 1373.
The History of the Ming Dynasty, vol. 77: "Fu Migrated to the South of the Jiangsu Province and 140,000 people in Fengyang." "The source of the recorded migration should still be the poor people in Su, Song, Jia, Hu, Hangzhou and other prefectures, and the destination of the immigrants is Fengyang."
(6) The sixth migration took place in 1376.
The Records of the Ming Dynasty, vol. 110, reads: "In November (hongwu 9th year), the people who had no property in The True Dingmin of Shanxi were in Fengyang Tuntian and sent people to give them winter clothes. "The source of this migration is Zhengding County, Hebei Province.
The above six migration incidents are not related to immigrants from Shanxi Province and Hongdong County.
(7) The seventh migration occurred in 1388.
The Records of ming Taizu, vol. 193, reads: "In August (Hongwu 21), the people of Xize and Lu'er Prefecture who had no land went to Zhangde, Zhending, Linqing, Guide, Taikang and other idle places. "Zhangde is Wu'an City of Handan City, Linqing is Liaocheng City of Shandong, Guide is Jinan Changqing District, and Taikang is Zhoukou City of Henan."
The History of the Ming Dynasty, vol. 3, reads: "In August (Hongwu 21), the migrants and the lumin unemployed reclaimed Henan and Beitian and gave money to prepare furniture for three years. Zezhou is Jincheng, southeast of Hongdong County. Luzhou is the city of Changzhi, just east of Hongdong County. The migration direction of Zezhou and Luzhou migrants was Hebei and Shandong to the northeast, and Zhoukou City to the southeast, and it was impossible to pass through Hongdong County to the west.
The migration has no connection with Binh Duong Province and Hongdong County.
(8) The eighth migration took place in 1392.
The third volume of the Ming Shi Taizu Benji says: "(Hongwu 25 years) In August, Feng Sheng and Fu Youde led the founding duke Changsheng and other branches of Shanxi, who were born in the army, tuntian in Datong and Dongsheng, and established sixteen guards. "Dongshengwei was originally a guard station set up in the area of Tokto County in the early Ming Dynasty, which was originally set up in the first month of the fourth year of Hongwu, and in July of the fifth year of Hongwu was moved inland to the vicinity of Datong due to military defeat. In February of the 26th year of Hongwu, Dongsheng Wei was set up again, and Ming Hongwu was in the vicinity of Datong, Shanxi in the 25th year, so the nature of this migration was Juntun (军屯), and the location of the military tun was in datong and nearby.
According to the Records of Ming Taizu, vol. 223: "In August (Hongwu 25), Feng Sheng, Fu Youde, and others in Datong Tuntian, Counting Pingyang voters Ding Jiuwei, Taiyuan, Liao, Qin, and Fen, and voters Ding Qiwei ... each guarded 5,600 people. ”
There are 50,400 people from Pingyang Province, which belong to the Juntun in Shanxi Province and are not related to immigrants from other provinces and cities.
(9) The ninth migration occurred in 1392.
The Records of the Ming Dynasty, vol. 223, reads: "In December (Hongwu 25), Li Ke and Xu Li, the governor of the Later Army, returned to Beijing. First of all, he ordered Ke to wait for the people of Shanxi to move to Zhangde to listen. As for the report, Zhangde, Weihui, Guangping, Daming, Dongchang, Kaifeng, Huaiqing and other seven provinces were all 598 households. The record shows that only 598 households in Shanxi Province voluntarily migrated to the seven provinces of Henan, Hebei and Shandong, and the number of immigrants accounted for a negligible proportion of immigrants in the early Ming Dynasty, and there were no immigrants from Pingyang Province.
(10) The tenth migration occurred in 1395.
The Records of ming Taizu, vol. 226, reads: "In the first month of the 28th year of Hongwu, 26,600 men of the Shanxi Ma Infantry Officers' Army went to the north of Saibei to build a city and tuntian. "This migration belongs to the army in Saibei Tuntian and has nothing to do with the legendary Hongdong County Locust Tree Immigrants.
(11) The eleventh immigration took place in 1402.
The History of the Ming Dynasty, vol. 5, reads: "(Hongwu 35 years) In September, the people who migrated to Shanxi without land shi beiping, gave the banknotes, and returned for five years." "The Hongwu Emperor died in 1398, and this migration actually took place in the fourth year of Jianwen, and the history of The four years of Jianwen Emperor's reign was covered up by Zhu Di.
Volume 77 of the History of the Ming Dynasty reads: "During the reign of Taizu, the people were the most migratory, and there were those who migrated with sin. Emperor Jianwen ordered Wu Kangbo Xuli to go to Beipingdu. ”
The Records of the Ming Dynasty, Volume XII, was downloaded: "(Hongwu 35) In September, the hubu officials verified that taiyuan and pingyang prefectures, the five prefectures of Ze, Lu, Liao, Fen, and Qin, and the homes of Ding Duotian and Wutian were divided into the prefectures and counties of Beiping. This migration mentions the binh Duong immigrants, but their destination is Peiping.
(12) The twelfth migration took place in 1403.
The Records of Emperor Taizong of Ming, vol. 46, reads: "In August (the first year of Yongle), those convicted of farming for the people in Beijing were exempted from their sins, and their staff was compiled into a lijia, and his wife and son Fa Beiping and Yongping Prefecture were used to cultivate the land for the people. Ceremonial Department Discussion: Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Henan Four Cloth Political Division on the original cloth government into a Lijia ... Obey it. "This immigration incident is that prisoners are exempted from punishment and go to Peiping and nearby to farm.
(13) The thirteenth migration took place in 1404.
The Ming Shi Chengzu Benji, volume VI: "(Yongle 2nd year) In September, the people of Shanxi Were moved to Beiping. ”
The Records of Emperor Taizong of Ming, vol. 31, reads: "In September (the second year of Yongle), he migrated to Taiyuan, Pingyang, Ze, Lu, Liao, Fen, and Qinmin in Shanxi. ”
(14) The fourteenth migration took place in 1405.
Volume VI of the Ming Shi Chengzu Benji reads: "In September (the third year of Yongle), the people of Shanxi Were moved to Shibeiping. ”
The Records of Emperor Taizong of Ming, vol. 46, reads: "In September (the third year of Yongle), he migrated to Taiyuan, Pingyang, Ze, Lu, Liao, Fen, and Qinmin in Shanxi. ”
(15) The fifteenth migration took place in 1407.
The Records of Emperor Taizong of Ming, vol. 59, reads: "In May (the fifth year of Yongle), five thousand households from pingyang, Ze, Lu, Shandong, Deng, lai and other prefectures in Shanxi were subordinated to the forest garden supervisor, and were herded and planted. The household gave Daoli a hundred ingots and five buckets of rations. "Shanglin Garden is near Beiping.
(16) The sixteenth migration took place in 1414.
The Records of Emperor Taizong of Ming, vol. 149, reads: "In March (the twelfth year of Yongle), Shang yi (Longqing) was the key to Chong, and Tuyi Jiarui was changed to Longqing Prefecture ... And those who are guilty of the move are true. "Longqing Prefecture is The Yanqing County of Beijing.
(17) The seventeenth migration took place in 1416.
The History of ming, vol. 7, reads: "In November (the fourteenth year of Yongle), the displaced people of Shandong, Shanxi, and Huguang migrated to Bao'an Prefecture and gave them three years. "Bao'an Prefecture is now Zhuolu County, Hebei Province.
The Records of Emperor Taizong of Ming, vol. 103, reads: "In November (the fourteenth year of Yongle), more than 2,300 displaced households from Shandong, Shanxi, and Huguang were exempted from military service for three years. ”
(18) The eighteenth migration took place in 1417.
In May of the fifteenth year of Yongle, Shenwaishan, the prefectures of Pingyang, Datong, Weizhou, and Guangling in Shanxi Province, said: Beggars divide ding in the wide and idle lands of Beiping, Guangping, and Qinghe, occupy the land for the people, allocate land for farming, and pay taxes according to the custom, and do not lose their homes. From there, the rent is free for one year. ”
The following information can be summarized from the above immigration records.
(1) The eighteen migration records do not mention the immigrants from Hongdong County, Shanxi, nor do they mention that Shanxi immigrants came to Hongdong County to receive immigration travel expenses. The "Million Immigrants of the Great Locust Tree" cannot find any clues in Hongdong County, Shanxi.
(2) The migrants are peasants without land or peasants with few fields, border people who have been harassed by foreign enemies and some criminals, who have moved to the Hongwu Emperor's hometown of Fengyang, Beiping and its surrounding areas, Henan, Hebei and Shandong, and other places.
(3) Eighteen migrations mentioned Five times in Binh Duong Province, which belonged to Hongdong County, the first time was to Datong Juntun; the other four migrations were all in Beiping, and Pingyang Province and Hongdong County under its jurisdiction did not emigrate to other places.
(4) Pingyang Province is in the southwest of Shanxi Province, and the destinations of Shanxi immigrants have been to the southeast and northeast, and immigrants from shanxi prefectures cannot "reverse the way" to Hongdong County to collect road fares.
4. Analysis from the ming dynasty household registration management system.
In the early years of the Ming Dynasty, in order to strengthen household registration management and restore agricultural production, and at the same time facilitate the collection of taxes, the imperial court banned the migration of non-governmental people.
The "History of Ming" says: "Taizu used the world's household registration to place a household post and a household registration, with the title, age, and residence of the book. Through the upper household, to the people. There are years of counting their boarding to smell... The third class of the household: yuemin, yuejun, yue smith. "Whoever flees from his household, the Governor of the Early Ming Dynasty ordered that he should return to his profession and give him a year of restoration." The old and the weak cannot return to those who do not want to return, so that in the book, the land is given and the land is lost. In orthodox times, the fugitive households were informed and their grain was verified. All displaced persons, ordered by Emperor Yingzong to investigate and protect each other, belong to the jurisdiction of the head of the institute. Set up a fumin assistant official. The returner, Laolai Anji, gives cattle, seeds, and rations. He also inspected Yu Qianyan from Henan and Shanxi, and exempted the displaced people from taxation. It also says: "Whoever is attached, when orthodox, the old, the sick, the cause, the accident, the family of the official, are allowed to receive it from the original thousands of miles, and those who are less than a thousand miles are returned." In Jingtaizhong, the civilian borrowers were attached, and the military, craftsmen, and stove servants were returned to the people. ”
From this record, it can be seen that the household registration management at the beginning of the Ming Dynasty was quite strict, and all fleeing households and displaced people, even if they had a household registration in their place of residence, their origin within a thousand miles, except for restrictive conditions, must be re-registered. Therefore, after the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, the local provinces will not transfer the population without authorization.
Therefore, it is not a fact that the large locust tree immigrants in Hongdong County have spread all over the place.
(2) Anqiu Village, Yanzhou District, Jining is the origin of Zaolinzhuang immigrants
1. Yanzhou Anqiu Village is the birthplace of immigrants.
Yanzhou is now the Yanzhou District of Jining City, and some experts who study the history of migration believe that the Zaolinzhuang migration occurred in Anqiu Village in the north of Yanzhou District. Legend has it that the village was a fief of King Anqiu, a descendant of King Minglu, and it is said that the village was once known as Zaolin zhuang in the early years of the Kangxi Dynasty. The village is located in a hilly area with a land area of 1441 acres and a population of about 600 people. The village is geographically remote, not on the main road of land and water transportation, and there is very little arable land, so it is impossible for a large number of people to thrive in the area or a large number of immigrants to pass through the village. In particular, it is impossible for the descendants of immigrants to predict the place name of "Zaolin Zhuang" during the Kangxi Dynasty, and there is no relevant record of its place name of "Zaolin Zhuang" before the Ming Dynasty.
2. Records of immigrants in Yanzhou Local History.
The Yanzhou Zhi and The Zhiyang County Chronicle compiled and revised from the Ming Jiajing period to the end of the Qing Dynasty have no record of Yanzhou Zaolinzhuang's emigration. On the contrary, the Chronicle of Jining Zhili Prefecture, which has been continued since the Ming Dynasty, records that in the early Ming Dynasty, the three provinces of Dengzhou, Laizhou and Qingzhou immigrated to Jining.
The birthplace of Zaolinzhuang immigrants is in Anqiu Village, Yanzhou District, Jining City, with no historical basis.
(3) Analysis of migration in Zaoqiang County, Hebei Province
To demonstrate the birthplace of Zaoqiang immigrants in Hebei, it is necessary to clarify the two concepts of "Hebei" and "Zaoqiang".
First of all, we must distinguish between "Hebei" and Hebei Province.
The provincial system began in the Yuan Dynasty and developed in the Ming and Qing dynasties. During the Yuan Dynasty, the imperial court set up Zhongshu Province to lead the national government affairs, which was then called "Capital Province". The Yuan Dynasty established ten provinces throughout the country, namely Lingbei, Liaoyang, Henan Jiangbei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Gansu, Yunnan, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, Jiangxi, and Huguang. Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong and Inner Mongolia are called "belly", which is directly administered by Zhongshu Province.
After the founding of the Ming Dynasty, the provincial system of the Yuan Dynasty was followed. Until the ninth year of the Ming Dynasty, Hongwu changed the province of the Yuan Dynasty to the Department of Political Envoys, in charge of civil affairs; he also set up the Department of Punishment and Inspection to be in charge of prisons; and all commanded the Envoy Division to take charge of military affairs, collectively known as the three divisions of Du, Bu, and Press. In addition to Jingshi and Nanjing, which were the capitals of the Ming Dynasty, there were thirteen envoys in Shandong, Shanxi, Henan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Jiangxi, Huguang, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, and Guizhou. The Jingshi (Yongle moved the capital to Shuntianfu in the nineteenth year to be changed to the Beijing Division) was also known as the Northern Zhili, and Nanjing was called the Southern Zhili after moving the capital to Beiping. This is the Two Capitals and Thirteen Provinces, commonly known as the Fifteen Provinces, which are the administrative divisions of the areas directly under the jurisdiction of the Ming Dynasty.
The Yuan and Ming dynasties did not exist in Hebei Province, and the so-called Henan and Hebei before referred to the south of the Yellow River and the north of the Yellow River, not Henan Province and Hebei Province in the modern sense.
Therefore, the "Hebei" of Hebei Zaoqiang immigrants refers to the north of the Yellow River or the north of "a certain river", rather than specifically referring to Hebei Province.
Second, it is necessary to clarify the concept of "jujube strength". Zaoqiang may be the name of the township, village, ferry port, may be a specific place name, may also be a jujube tree wall, jujube forest wall, can not specifically refer to Zaoqiang County.
1. Analysis from relevant records of historical data.
Unlike the large locust tree, which attracted widespread attention only in the nineteenth century, Zaoqiang immigration has been mentioned in the Ming Dynasty. For example, Li Kaixian, a member of the household department during the Ming Jiajing period, once pointed out: "The Zhangren are moved by Zao Qiang, and there are ten 89.".
Our review of the Records of Emperor Ming Taizong shows that the flow of immigrants in the official records is exactly the opposite. In December of the first year of Yongle, Shangshu Guo Zi of the Ministry of Punishment reported: "The people of Zhending Zaoqiang County have resumed their business at the beginning, and they have been plagued by locusts, and many people have been displaced. Today is cold, and pray for verification to give relief. Zhu Di believes that the local people are so poor that if they are saved from burning and drowning, they will not be able to slow down. So he ordered that the officials be dispatched immediately to help. Zhu Di's swift reaction indirectly proved that the local area was indeed badly damaged and urgently needed to recuperate.
The Records of Emperor Taizong of Ming also says: "In the seventh year of Yongle, at noon in June, Xing Yi, a citizen of Anqiu County, Shandong Province, said: 'The people of Benyi are thick and narrow, and they have no self-sufficiency, and they are willing to forcibly occupy the people in Jizhou. 'From there. He once ordered the unemployed people of the counties of Qingzhou to live in Jizhou, and more than 800 households were migrated. ”
These records prove that the immigrants in the early Ming Dynasty migrated from Qingzhou and other counties in Shandong to Zaoqiang County in Jizhou. It can be seen that the birthplace of Zaoqiang immigrants referred to by Li Kaixian is either wrong or has another "Zaoqiang", which is not Zaoqiang County in Hebei Province.
Neither the Ming Jiajing edition nor the Kangxi edition of Zaoqiang County Records have any records of zaoqiang county emigration.
2. Analysis from household registration data.
According to the "Yuan History and Geographical Chronicle", Zaoqiang belonged to Zhongzhong County in the Yuan Dynasty. In the third year of the Yuan Dynasty, the imperial court stipulated: "Those with 6,000 households are upper counties, those with more than 2,000 households are middle counties, and those with less than 2,000 households are lower counties." Combined with the fact that the population size of other counties on Zhending Road is mostly "lower counties", the number of households in Zaoqiang County in the Yuan Dynasty only exceeded 2,000.
The "Records of ZhendingFu" records the population data of Zaoqiang County as follows: Hongwu twenty-four years in the register of 1352 households, 7731 mouths; Yongle ten years, 1953 households, 9847 people. It can be seen that whether in the Yuan Dynasty or the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the population of Zaoqiang County was less than 10,000 people, and its 350,000 foreign immigrants had no population source support.
3. Analysis of the possibility of large-scale migration through Zaoqiang County in the early Ming Dynasty.
For example, Professor Cao Shuji pointed out in the article "Population Migration in the Eastern Sanfu Area of Shandong during the Hongwu Period" that passing through Zaoqiang is the most convenient channel for Shanxi immigrants to enter Shandong, and the huge driving force of Shanxi immigration has a major impact on the population migration in Zaoqiang area. This view holds that shanxi had a large migration to Shandong, and passed through Zaoqiang County, thus driving the migration of Zaoqiang natives, and there is no relevant record in the Ming Dynasty.
Li Jingli's article "Examination of Migrants in the Yellow River Delta in the Early Ming Dynasty" further pointed out that the so-called Zaoqiang immigrants were mainly Shanxi immigrants, and further pointed out that the migrants who transferred from Zaoqiang to the Yellow River Delta could be divided into two types: voluntary transfer and government distribution. This view is very similar to that of Professor Cao Shuji.
I believe that the migration of Shanxi immigrants through Zaoqiang County in Hebei Province in the early Ming Dynasty to the north of Shandong is not credible. The relevant history of the Ming Dynasty records that shanxi immigrants went to Fengyang and Beiping, and there is no record of large-scale migration from Shanxi to northeast Shandong, and its migration to Shandong only twice: both to Liaocheng (Linqing, Dongchang) in the western part of Shanxi, and the number of immigrants is limited, and it is impossible for Shanxi immigrants to Liaocheng to pass through Zaoqiang County.
At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Henan Province was a migration area, and the so-called "Henan immigrants" should be refugees "south of the Yellow River".
According to the analysis of historical records, the migration of Zaoqiang County in Hebei Province to the north of Shandong Province does not exist.
(4) Analysis of immigrants in Laohu Lane, Shandong
The most important thing to examine the immigrants of Old Crane Lane is to determine the location of Old Crane Lane.
1. It should be clear that the Yanzhou Old Crane Lane, Jining Old Crane Lane and Shandong Old Crane Lane of the immigrant legend are the same thing.
The Ming Dynasty Chronicle of Unity, Vol. 23, says: "(Yanzhou) Jin is still Yanzhou, restored to taining army, and changed to taiding army." At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, it was restored to Yanzhou, Jining Road, and because of this, Hongwuzhong was promoted to Yanzhou Prefecture, and lingzhou was four and counties twenty-three. "Among the twenty-three counties are Yi County, Yi Prefecture and Tancheng County, which border the northern part of Pizhou. The Ming Yi Tongzhi also states: "Yanzhou Prefecture: East to the boundary of Ganyu County, Huai'an Province, 490 miles; south to the boundary of Pei County, Xuzhou, 150 miles." ”
According to this record, Yanzhou and Jining used administrative division names alternately. The Jin Dynasty was called Yanzhou, which was also called Yanzhou in the early Yuan Dynasty, and later changed to Jining Road. In the second year of Ming Hongwu, Jining Road was changed to Jining Province, and in the fifteenth year of Hongwu, Jining Province was changed to Yanzhou. Therefore, Yanzhou Old Crane Lane is Jining Old Crane Lane, and also Shandong Old Crane Lane.
2. Lao hu xiang is the name of the Xiba River dialect.
Pizhou is connected to the three counties of Yi county, Lanling and Tancheng, and the Xihe, Dongba, Yihe and Wuhe rivers are the common rivers of the four counties of the two provinces. Among them, the Xiyan River originates from the Baoligu Mountain in the former Yi County, and the main river flows through Lanling County and Pizhou City. The Xiyan River is known by local villagers as Laohuxiang River, Laohu River, Laohu River, Lao stork River, Wulong River, and the local chronicle records as Yingshui, Yinshui, and Wuyuanshui. Lao Hu is the ancient title of swan, pizhou dialect in the "lane" and "cang" synonymous, referring to "powerful", "cattle qi", extended to "many", the old crane lane river refers to "the river of many swans", the river was originally named Hu Canggou, is the place of birth of King Xu Yan in the classics.
The History of the Ming Dynasty, vol. 41, reads: "Yi, (Yanzhou) is southeast of the capital. Yuan Yi Prefecture belongs to Yidu Road. In the second year of Hongwu,000, it was demoted to a county, which belonged to Jining Province and later belonged to it. In the southeast, there is Pillar Mountain, formerly known as Ge yi mountain, and the water flows under it. In the north, there is Junshan Mountain, a baoli mountain, from the west of the water, southeast to Sanhe Village, there is the east of the water from the Yi water to meet the Yan. And south of the Hewu River, Peng, Yin zhu water poured into Si, called the mouth of the river. "The mouth of the River is about 20 kilometers southwest of Liangbi, and the geographical record records that the Xi'an Water originated in the Baoli Mountains of Yi County, which records the area through which the Xihuan River flows, and records the section of the Xibi River in Pizhou, just to reflect the integrity of the river, and not the downstream river belongs to Yi county.
The "History of Ming" records that Yi County belonged to Jining Province in the second year of Hongwu, and the "Ming Yi Tongzhi" records that "Hongwu was promoted to Yanzhou Prefecture", and the Laohuxiang River flowing through Yi County and Yizhou must be identified by the descendants of immigrants in Jining and Yanzhou.
The lower reaches of the Xipan River flow through Liangbi West and meet the Dongbi River in the southeast of Liangbi, and the Xibi River is still known as the Laohu Lane River on both sides of the Yang River.
The "Yizhou Fu Zhi" says: "The Xiyan River flows out of Fei County under baoli Mountain, flows southeast through the boundary of Lanshan County, from Shenfeng Mountain, Chengyang Bridge, Zuozili, Laohu Lane, to Zhujialou into Pijing, and reaches the Bakou and Donghuan River Water Associations." Baoligu Mountain is the boundary mountain between Yi County and Fei County, lanshan county is Linyi county in the Qing Dynasty, and the record of this place does not contradict the record contained in the History of Ming.
From the "Yizhou Fu Zhi", it can be seen that the Xiuzhi people mistakenly believed that the Old Crane Lane River was a place name, but the Zhizhi made it clear that the "Old Partridge Lane" was on the Xipan River, and the "Old Partridge Lane" was actually the location of the Tang Dynasty Old Crane Lane Bridge. At present, the Old Crane Lane Bridge is located on the 318 National Highway of Daqiao Village, Nanqiao Town, and about 500 meters south of the bridge is the former site of the Old Crane Lane Bridge.
3. Examine the immigrants of Lao Hu Xiang, and cannot split the Lao Hu Xiang River.
The total length of the main channel of the Xipan River is about 69 kilometers, of which the Shandong section is 39 kilometers long and the Pizhou section is 30 kilometers long.
Pi Prefecture was part of Shandongxi Road in the Jin Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty, and Lanling County was under the jurisdiction of Pi Prefecture in the Jin Dynasty, and the jurisdiction of Lanling County in the Jin Dynasty was equivalent to most of the current Zaozhuang City and part of Lanling County. Therefore, it is not possible to stereotypically insist that the old crane lane (river) is only in Yanzhou or only in Jining, while denying the pizhou old crane lane river.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="251" > third, the relevant components of the legend of the Great Migration</h1>
(1) The constituent elements of the legend of the migration of the great locust tree
1. There are three ancient locust trees of the Tang Dynasty or Han Dynasty where the migration occurred;
2. The place where the immigrants occurred was an ancient temple of the Tang Dynasty or Han Dynasty;
3. The places where immigrants move out are pronounced as Bird's Nest (Bird's Nest), Old Bird's Nest (Old Partridge's Nest, Old Stork's Nest), Old Stork Lane and other place names;
4. The place where the immigrants occurred is Zaolinzhuang;
5. The place where the immigrants occur has a population of more than 1.5 million, or is located on a major transportation route;
6. The indigenous people of the place where the migration occurred are related to Hongdong County, Shanxi;
7. There are records of large immigrants in the national history or local history.
(2) The constituent elements of the legend of the immigrants in Zaolinzhuang, Shandong
1. There are place names of Zaolinzhuang;
2. On the main road of transportation;
3. There is a historical record of large-scale immigration in this area;
4. During the immigration period, it was under the jurisdiction of Yanzhou or Jining.
(3) Elements of the legend of Hebei Zaoqiang immigrants
1. There are place names of "Hebei" and "Zaoqiang";
3. There are more than 350,000 people;
4. There are national or local records recording information on large migrations.
(4) The constituent elements of the legend of the immigrants in Shandong Old Partridge Lane
1. The place where the immigrants occurred has the place name of Old Partridge Lane;
2. The place where the migration occurs is in Shandong, Yanzhou and Jining;
3. The place of emigration is located on the main road of transportation;
4. There is a historical record of great immigration.
Synthesizing the above immigration information, it can be seen that the common feature of the migration of the big locust tree, the immigrants of Shandong Laohu Lane and the immigrants of Zaolinzhuang in Shandong is that the origin of the migration is laohu lane, zaolinzhuang and the big locust tree, and the origin of the above-mentioned large immigrants is most likely to be the same place, and the migration of Zaoqiang in Hebei may also occur in this place.
Through field investigation, Liangbi Village in Chahe Town, Pizhou City, meets all the above elements of the legend of the great immigrants.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="277" >4. Liangbi Village, Chahe Town, Pizhou City, has all the elements of the legend of the birthplace of the Great Migration</h1>
(1) Overview of Pizhou and Liangbi
1. Overview of Pizhou.
Located in the north of Jiangsu Province, Pizhou ranked 56th among the top 100 counties in China in 2020, with a registered population of 1.94 million, making it the second most populous county in Jiangsu Province. There are three national-level ancient human cultural sites in the north of Pizhou, namely the Dadunzi ruins in Sihu Town, the Liu Lin ruins in Daizhuang Town and the Liangwangcheng ruins, experts have determined that the three sites are Beixin cultural sites, dating from about 7300 to 8400 years ago, the Dadunzi site is one of the birthplaces of Jiangsu civilization.
Pizhou, known as Xia Pi in ancient times, was the seat of the three cities of ancient Xuzhou. In the seventh year of the Taiping Revival of the Northern Song Dynasty (982), the Huaiyang Army was set up, which ruled Pi and belonged to Jingdong Road. After the Jing kang disaster, the Northern Song Dynasty fell, and Emperor Taizong of Jin entered jin in the seventh year (1129) of the Tianhui, which was pizhou for the eastern and western roads of the mountain. In the seventh year of Emperor Taizong of Yuan (1235), he entered the Yuan Dynasty and became the Eastern and Western Lu Pi Prefecture of Shandong. Pizhou belonged to the Shandong East-West Road during the JinYuan Period, of which 1221-1223 was the seat of the Eastern Province of the Jin Dynasty. Pizhou is historically and geographically inextricably linked to Shandong. Pizhou is bordered to the northwest by Taierzhuang District of Zaozhuang City (formerly under the jurisdiction of Yi County), Lanling County to the north, and Tancheng County to the northeast. Pizhou is the "North Gate of Jiangsu" and the "Southeast Gate of Shandong", which has been the hub of north-south transportation since ancient times.
The Xianfeng edition of the "Chronicle of Pizhou" says: "Its territory controls Qilu in the north, Jianghuai in the south, Liang song in the west, and the sea in the east." Since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, it has been an important town, covering the key points of water and land, and the throat of the north and south. ”
In the northern part of Pizhou, there are east-west mountain hills with high-pitched terrain; most of the others are plains, low-lying and flat, with an altitude of 21-25 meters. Pizhou is now part of the Huanghuai river system, Yishui, Xihe River, Dongbei River, Wuhe River, ancient Surabaya (Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, Middle Canal) through the border, rivers and lakes crisscrossed, dense water network, developed water transport.
2. Overview of Liangbi.
Liangbi (Pi) ancient name Liangcheng, Xia Pi, now belongs to Pizhou City Chahe Town, located at the junction of Sulu and Sulu provinces, in the northwest direction of Pizhou City, Liangbi altitude of 29-31 meters, is one of the higher altitude villages in Pizhou. Liangbi (including Shilan Village, which was separated in the 1970s), covers an area of about 20,000 mu, of which 15,000 mu is arable land, and the current population is more than 12,000 people.
Liangbi was the seat of Xuzhou City before the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Marquis of Lianghou during the Spring and Autumn Period, and Liangcheng County during the Two Han Dynasties, which was also the seat of the county administration of the Lower Pi State, that is, the Lower Pi Zhongcheng City recorded in the Notes on the Water Classics. During the Two Jin Dynasties, Liangbi was the seat of the Xuzhou Thorn History and the Yanzhou Thorn History, during the Tang and Song Dynasties it belonged to Tai County, during the Jin Yuan Dynasty Liangbi belonged to Shandongxi Road, and during the Ming and Qing Dynasties it belonged to The Shilan Society of Yanwu Township, Pizhou. Before the advent of modern transportation, Liangbi was on the choke point of north-south traffic.
The "Thirteen Pi Ruins" recorded in the "Book of Tang and Geography" refers to the Liangbi area, the "Pi" of the Thirteen Pi refers to the "Waterside Highland", the name of Liangbi Village in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties is "Liangpi", and Liangbi is the southernmost ancient village of Xisanpi.
The "Records of Yuanhe County" says: "There are thirteen houses in the border of The County, all of which have been cultivated since the Zhenguan to irrigate the fields. Present-day Yi and Yi Er prefectures, Yang Shui and ErShui irrigation fields, Qing, Xu Shui Mo and Wei Pi, are also the relics of the Thirteen Pi. "Liangbi has the Xibi River in the west, and the Songgou and Dongba Rivers in the east. Liangbi now has a large number of historical sites and relics. Such as: ancient locust tree, Tang Zhenguan years to rebuild the ruins of Xinghua Temple and Han Dynasty stone sheep, there are many ancient sites near Liangbi, experts determine that the history of Liangbi village is more than 6,000 years.
Legend has it that Liangbi once had dozens of taoist temples, and the locations that have been examined are: Xinghua Temple, Tianqi Temple, Baiyi Temple, Wenchang Pavilion, Sanguan Temple, Three Churches, Three Holy Churches, Fire Temple, Guandi Temple, Guanyin Temple, Upside Down Guanyin Temple, Dongyue Temple, Zhengu Grandmother Temple, Descendants Hall, Lingguan Temple and other fifteen places. There are so many temples in one village, which fully proves that the ancient Liangbi population was large and very prosperous.
(2) Pizhou Liangbi has all the information on the birthplace of the great immigrants
Liangbi, Chahe Town, Pizhou City, meets all the information of the above-mentioned places of origin of large immigrants.
1. Liangbi has three Han Dynasty locust trees.
Liangbi has three Han Dynasty locust trees, and its canopy shade area is about 2500 square meters, confirming the rumor that the ancient locust tree shade has several acres of legends.
In the 1970s, the three ancient locust trees of Liangbi were distributed in a north-south direction, about 100 meters long, and were later cut down by the brigade and the supply and marketing cooperative, and only the northernmost one remains (see Attached Figure 2: Liangbi Ancient Locust). According to pizhou folklore , " There are three Han Dynasty locust trees in Xia Pi City "Zhang Fei often drinks under the ancient locust tree "Liangbi has a locust tree in its own Buddhist temple", "Jingde Dama looks at the ancient locust" and "Tang Dynasty Xinghua Temple was built by Wei Chigong", it is determined that it is an ancient locust of the Han Dynasty. Located in the north gate of Liangbi Inner City, the tree is about 4 meters above the original surface, and the current surface of the locust tree is 3.85 meters long, 17.5 meters high, and the diameter of the canopy is 24 meters.
The "Three Locust Halls" of the Wang clan, an indigenous people of Liangbi, prove that there were once three ancient locust trees in the village.
2. Liangbi has the ruins of the ancient temple of the Han Dynasty and the reconstruction of Xinghua Temple in the Tang Dynasty.
Xia Pi is the birthplace of Chinese Buddhism, and Xinghua Temple is the name of the Han Dynasty Futu Temple. Both the Book of later Han and the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms record that there was the Eastern Han Dynasty Futu Temple in the south of Picheng, and its ruins are in the south of Liangbi Village.
The Chronicle of Chahe Town says: "In the fifth year of Zhenguan (631 AD), Xinghua Temple was rebuilt in the northeast corner of Liangbi. "The reconstructed stone stele of the Tang Dynasty is now in the Nanjing Museum, and the stone stele of the Xinghua Courtyard rebuilt in the Yuan to the 15th century of the Yuan Dynasty is now in the Pizhou Museum.
3. Liangbi belonged to Yanwu Township, Pizhou during the immigration period.
Yanwu Township was one of the four townships of Pizhou during the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties, and Yanwu was pronounced "Yanwu", which led to the descendants of immigrants mistakenly believing it to be "bird's nest".
4. There is Zaolinzhuang Ferry port in the southeast of Liangbi.
About 2 kilometers southeast of Liangbi, there is Zaolinzhuang Ferry on the Dongban River (WenHe), which is the only ferry port in the southeast of the ancient Xia picheng, and there is an ancient village of Zaolinzhuang three hundred meters east of the ferry, the original village no longer exists, and its place name is registered in the cadastral data of Theodun Village in Chahe Town, which is now the basic farmland. The site, which is about 70 acres old, was destroyed in the 1990s by the World Bank's Huang-Huai-Hai Development Project, which was once the residence of the Wang family.
The genealogy of the Pizhou Wang clan in the second year of the Qing Dynasty records: "Originally from Taiyuan, originally moved from the middle of the former Ming Dynasty to the Zaolinzhuang of Xia Pi, there were eight sons..." The name of the administrative division of Pizhou in the Ming and Qing dynasties was "Pizhou", and the genealogy did not use "Jujube Linzhuang of Pizhou", but used "Jujube Linzhuang of Xiapi", and Liangbi was the famous "Xiapi City" in history, which proves that the cultivators followed the old regional division name recorded in the ancient genealogy. Therefore, "Jujube Forest Village of Xia Pi" refers to "Zao Lin Zhuang of Liangbi".
The Xianfeng edition of the Chronicle of Pi Prefecture says: "In May of the seventh leap year of Zhengde, Liu Liu and Liu Qi's siege of Pi Prefecture were defeated by Zhang Jin, the capital of Cao. Zhang Ying, a thousand households in the East China Sea, led sharp pawns to kill three of his qu shuai. The sixth class then crossed from Zaolin to Henan. "The Yellow River Old Road is in the present-day pizhou district, zaolinzhuang is in the northwest, and the record confirms that there was a zaolinzhuang ferry port in the northern part of Pizhou before the Ming Dynasty.
5. There is an old crane lane river in the west of Liangbi, and an old crane lane bridge in the northwest.
The Xianfeng edition of the "Chronicle of Pizhou" records: "(Yanwu Township) Shibu Society is in the northwest of the city, Yanshang Society is in the west, there are Stone Stones, Taogou Erhe, and Shilan Society is in the north of the city. "The record shows that the current Shibu Village in Nanqiao Town, Lanling County, belonged to Pizhou during the Ming and Qing dynasties, and the village was about 16 kilometers east-northeast of Liangbi, which was under the jurisdiction of Lanling County in the 1950s, and there are the ruins of the Tang Dynasty Old Crane Lane Bridge on the Xipan River, 2 kilometers northwest of it. The old Huxiang Bridge, formerly known as Zhongji Bridge, was built in the Tang Dynasty and then in the seventh year of the Ming Dynasty (1627), and the Ming Dynasty Bridge was destroyed in 1947.
Before 1947, the Old Crane Lane Bridge was the most important bridge on the Old Crane Lane River, and the Old Crane Lane Bridge during the Great Migration Period must have become the focus of the memory of the descendants of immigrants.
6. There is a jujube forest wall on the north bank of the Liangbiyi River.
The north of Liangbi Village has had wild jujube forests since ancient times, guarding the north bank of the Yi River like a wall, known locally as the "Hebei Jujube Wall", until these jujube forests were cut down in the 1960s and 1970s. To this day, a large number of wild date trees grow in the area, which has been plaguing the villagers of the contracted land.
After the Fourth Diversion of the Yellow River to Pizhou in 1194, part of the lower reaches of the Yi River was also encroached upon by the Yellow River, and the Yi River north of Liangbi Village was called the "Yellow River" by the villagers.
7. The size of Pizhou's population is in line with the legend of the great immigrants.
In ancient times, Pizhou was an important town, and during the Song-Jin confrontation, Pizhou had three counties under its jurisdiction, and was once the seat of Shandong Province.
The History of song, vol. 85: "Huaiyang Army, Tongxia Prefecture. In the seventh year of the Taiping Revival, it was established as an army in Xiapi County, Xuzhou, and was subordinated to Suqian. Chongning households are 76,887 and mouths are 154,130. ”
The record shows that there were only 2 households in the Chongning period of the Northern Song Dynasty, and through consulting the data, we get the following record: "Taizu Qiande in the first year ... Its Dingkou male husband is twenty Ding, sixty is old, and the female mouth does not need to be surveyed. According to this, it can be seen that since Song Taizu, women have not been counted in the household registration. According to the analysis of family composition in ancient China, it is generally three generations of grandchildren living together, calculated by the average household of 6, it is speculated that during the Chongning period of the Northern Song Dynasty (1102-1106), the population of PiZhou (including Xia Pi and Suqian) exceeded 460,000 people.
The History of Jin, vol. 81, reads: "In the second year of the imperial unification, when the thieves of Pizhou gathered, several hundred thousand, and the Three Thousand Ofurite troops, divided into several teams to make a quick contribution, and the thieves collapsed. "From the analysis of the size and suppression of the peasant rebel army, the rebel army of that year was not organized and lacked combat effectiveness, and it must be the local peasants in Pizhou. The number of rebel troops was close to 200,000, and with the addition of the old, weak, sick, disabled, women, children, soldiers, merchants, soldiers, and landlord classes that did not revolt, Pi Prefecture (including Xia Pi, Lanling, and Suqian) had a population of about 1.2 million people and 200,000 households in 1142.
Reasons for speculation: First, during the reign of the Jin Dynasty, the jurisdiction of Pizhou increased Lanling County, which was Wang County during the Chongning period of the Northern Song Dynasty, with about 25,000 households and more than 150,000 mouths. During the Chongning period of the Northern Song Dynasty, the population base of Pizhou including Lanling County was about 100,000 households and 600,000 people; the second was that the population growth in 40 years doubled, and the population of Pizhou reached about 1.2 million people and 200,000 households (from 1949 to 1979, China's population increased by 80% in 30 years.
By the fifth year of Jin Mingchang (1194), the population had grown naturally in 50 years, and the indigenous people of the three counties of Pizhou were conservatively estimated to be about 1.8 million people and 300,000 households.
8. Liangbi is currently from Hongdong County, Shanxi during the Tiansheng Period of the Northern Song Dynasty.
There are more than 4,000 people living in Liangbi, which is the largest surname in the village. The ancestors of the Xie clan migrated from Hongdong County during the Northern Song Dynasty's Renzong Tiansheng Period, and it is about 990 years ago. According to the records of Shi Jie, the ancestor of the Xie clan, the descendants of the Xie clan have migrated since the second life. For more than 980 years its descendants spread throughout the country, with a population of millions. The ancients remembered the ancestral place of origin, and the descendants of the Xie clan would say that "the ancestor is from Hongdong County". At the same time, it is not excluded that the descendants of other surnames from Hongdong in Pizhou, together with the ancestors of the Xie clan, have a large population and a wider range of influence. Coupled with the in-law relationship, the descendants will grow geometrically, and more people will say that "the ancestors are from Hongdong County".
9. The "History of Jin" and the Xianfeng edition of the "Chronicle of Pizhou" have historical records of pizhou's great immigration.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="327" >5. Liangbi is the birthplace of great migration</h1>
Historically, the migration of the great locust tree, the immigrants of Laohu Lane, the immigrants of Zaolinzhuang and the immigrants of Zaoqiang in Hebei occurred during the Song-Jin confrontation and the Yuan Dynasty.
Pizhou experienced two large migrations of population concentration in the Jin Dynasty, passing through liangbi, in view of the fact that the old huxiang river, the big locust tree, The Yanwu Township, hebei Zaoqiang and Zaolinzhuang are all in the Liangbi area of Pizhou, and Liangbi is a famous city in history, for the sake of expression, we refer to the above immigrants as "Xia Pi great immigrants".
(1) The first emigration to Pi was caused by the Yellow River's "seizure of Si into Huai" caused by refugees going north
According to historical records, the Yellow River has invaded the Huai River Basin several times, but it is relatively short and has not changed much in the Huai River Basin. Only after the fourth major diversion in 1194, the eastern part of Henan, northern Anhui, northern Jiangsu and southwestern Shandong in the Huai River Basin became flooding areas of the Yellow River. The 661-year-long invasion of the Yellow River has brought major changes to the water system of the Huai River Basin, and has also brought great disasters to the people of the Huangpan Area, resulting in a large number of refugees in the Lunan region of northern Jiangsu who are deeply affected by the river to flee their homeland and leave their hometowns, forming the first migration to Xia pi.
Through historical analysis, the first migration period was from 1194 to 1213, and the immigrants came from the Lunan region of northern Jiangsu on both sides of the Yellow River during the reign of the Jin Dynasty.
This article is only based on the historical data of Pizhou, and the specific analysis is as follows.
1. Historical records of the yellow river breach.
The Song Shi Gaozong Ji (宋史高宗紀) says: "In the winter of the second year of Jianyan (1128), Du Chong broke the Yellow River and entered Huai from Si to block the Jin army. The Five Elements Chronicle reads: "In the fifth year (1194) of Jin Mingchang," the river decided Yangwu, zhuliang Shanpo, and was divided into two. One in the north of the Qing River into the sea, one in the south of the Qing River into Huai. It also said: "Since the second year of Jianyan, the final jin dynasty, the rate is all branched, south to Xu and Pi." From the 25th year of the Yuan Dynasty to the 25th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1288), it was changed to Chen Ying, and it was passed through Xu and Pi Fan for 161 years. ”
Combined with the history of the Yellow River", it can be seen that the disaster caused by the famous Northern Song General Du Chong breaking the Yellow River water to prevent the Jin army in 1128 was only temporary, and the impact on Pizhou was not very large. The catastrophic flooding of the Yellow River began five years after Kim Myung-chang. This is the starting point at which the Ha Pi Tai migrants (actually refugees) fled their homes.
2. Historical records of the sharp decline in the population of Pizhou.
The History of Jin, Vol. XXV, Chronicle 6: "Pizhou, Zhong, Thorn History." Song Huaiyang Army, Zhenyou in September of the third year changed to Henan Road. Household twenty-seven thousand two hundred and thirty-two. County 3: Xia Pi; Lanling; Suqian. "In the early years of Zhenyou (1213), the household registration data showed that there were only 27,232 households, and the number of households was about 270,000 fewer than in the five years of Jin Mingchang, and more than 1.6 million people.
According to the Xianfeng edition of the "Chronicle of Pizhou", in the tenth year of Shaoxing (1140), Song Jin fought a decisive battle in the town of Pizhou, and by the beginning of the Zhenyou (1213) for more than seventy years, there was no war in Pizhou, except for the Yellow River flood, no other major disasters were recorded, during this period Pizhou's rapid economic development, rapid population growth, in 1213 Pizhou's population decline can only be caused by the Yellow River flood. Therefore, the diversion of the Yellow River to Pizhou caused pizhou refugees to flee from 1194 to 1213, most likely in the first five years.
3. Evidence of the disappearance of ancient villages in the Jin and Yuan dynasties near Liangbi.
According to the "Chronicle of Chahe Town", the ancient villages that disappeared near Liangbi after the Yellow River was diverted are as follows: Taiqianzhuang, located 2 kilometers northeast of Liangbi Xinghuayuan, was founded in the Western Han Dynasty, with an area of 40 acres; Xiaotaizi, located 1 kilometer east of Liangbi Xinghuayuan, was founded in the Western Han Dynasty, with an area of 25 acres; Tanwangzhuang, located in the west of Tianqi Temple, with an unknown date of construction and an area of 30 acres; Wunanzhuang, located 3 kilometers east of Liangbi, was founded in the early Sui Dynasty, with an area of 50 acres; Huangfu Village, located in the west of Xinghuayuan, was built in the early Tang Dynasty, with an area of 70 acres.
These ancient villages are located on both sides of the Liangbi Guyi River, at a relatively low altitude, and disappeared during the JinYuan period. Water damage to other parts of Pizhou can be imagined.
4. Northbound migrants pass through the jujube forest wall on the north bank of the Liangbiyi River.
There is a Denglong Bridge on the North Guyi River in Liangbi Village, the Yellow River diversion caused the Gradual disappearance of the Guyi River, the river channel is now the basic farmland, only the remains of the stone bridge nest, the stone bridge nest place name is recorded in the Liangbi ten groups of villagers cadastral register. On the north bank of the Liangbiyi River for thousands of years, there is a natural barrier formed by wild jujube trees, known as the "Hebei Jujube Wall". When it was cut down in the 1960s and 1970s, its length exceeded 1,000 meters, and its diameter was more than 10 centimeters.
"Pi Zhi Supplement and Property" contains: "Sour dates, small solid acid of trees... A 橪, "Sayings": 橪, sour jujube, clump. Pi Duo was born in the barrenness of the broken shore, and his benevolence was medicated. "The sour date tree is a clump of plants whose trunks and branches are more than an inch long with hard spines that are difficult to overcome as long as they grow, forming a natural barrier, like a wall. And its vitality is particularly strong, whether it is knife cutting and burning, the next year will still thrive, so Liangbi people call this jujube wall "jujube strong".
In 1194, the Yellow River was diverted to Pizhou, and the ancestors' homes were destroyed by the yellow river water, crops were lost, fields were encroached upon by river water, and people were forced to flee their homeland. The escape route is to go north along the official road from all over Pizhou, passing through the Liangbi Locust Tree and Denglong Bridge, and the water surface of the Yi River is wide, only the jujube wall on the north bank of the Yi River shows the way for refugees to prevent people from falling into the river, and this section of the jujube wall has become a "life-saving wall" for refugees.
The "Chronicle of Pizhou" records that after the yellow river broke, most of Pizhou accumulated water, that is, the flat land was more than three meters deep. The water of the Yellow River comes from the direction of Weishan Lake in Shandong, and the Yi River, Surabaya, and Suishui in the south pass through the border from west to east. Whenever a flood comes, floods are in the east, west, south, and three directions, and most people choose to flee to the northwest, fleeing to the high-pitched north-central part of Shandong.
Another reason refugees chose to flee to Shandong was that Shandong was the richest place, equivalent to the modern Yangtze River Delta region. The History of Jin, vol. 117: "Although, Your Majesty will want to return to Germany, it is better to be fortunate than to be in Shandong." Shandong is rich and prosperous, and the subjects are slightly in the land, east of Yi and Hai, west of Xu and Pi, south of Shuyi and Chu, and north of Zi and Qi. ”
The local records of Pizhou corroborate the existence of the North Guyi River in Liangbi Village. The Xianfeng edition of the "Chronicle of Pizhou" says: "In the three years of Zhenyou, the red jacket thieves broke tens of thousands of gangzigu in Pizhou, got hundreds of boats, and turned the Kwa River into chaos." Gangzigu refers to gangzi village in Sihu town, which is located in the upper reaches of the Yi River, about 4 kilometers northeast of Liangbi. The Chronicle of chahe Town records that in 1215, more than 60,000 people of the Red Jacket Army engaged the Jin army on the front line of Liangbi, Gangzigu and Chudun, defeated the Jin army, captured more than 700 warships, and trained sailors to prepare to attack the Jin army in the city of Pizhou.
In ancient times, the passage to the northwest out of Pizhou was from Liangbi to Laohuxiang Bridge, and then north to all parts of Shandong. During the diversion of the Yellow River, whenever the flood came, a large area of Pizhou was flooded, and the refugees must pass through the high-pitched Liangbi to the north.
The above-mentioned genealogy of the Zhang clan of Zhangqiu County records that its ancestors migrated in the fourth year (1199) of Emperor Cheng'an of Jin Zhangzong is true and credible, coinciding with the era when the Yellow River diverted refugees to the north. This genealogy is obviously different from other surname genealogical records, which precisely reflects that the Migration of Zaoqiang in Hebei Occurred on the north bank of the Yellow River.
Almost all genealogies of zaoqiang immigrant descendants record that the ancestors of the first migration came from the zhili prefecture in the second and fourth years of Ming Hongwu. PiZhou had been a prefecture directly subordinate to Hongwu from the first year of Hongwu to the fifteenth year of Hongwu, while Jizhou, to which Zaoqiang County belonged, was only promoted to a prefecture after Zhu Di moved the capital to Beiping, and Jizhou as a directly subordinate prefecture was more than fifty years later than Pizhou. Therefore, if you choose one of the two, the so-called "ancestors from Hongwu Four Years Directly Under the Prefecture" of the descendants of immigrants can only be Pi Prefecture, not Ji Prefecture. The Ming Dynasty did not have "Hebei Province", and the reason why it is rumored that Hebei Zaoqiang immigrated is that the descendants of immigrants understood the "jujube wall on the north bank of the Yellow River" as "Zaoqiang County, Hebei".
The Diversion of the Yellow River coincided with the end of the Reign of the Jin Dynasty, followed by political turmoil, with the Song, Jin, and Yuan wars and the peasant revolts of the "Red Jacket Army". In particular, the great chaos at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the imperial court conquest of the four sides, coupled with the flooding of the Yellow River and the uprising of the Red Turban Army, led to a large number of refugees fleeing their homes. Until the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, a hundred wastes are waiting to be rebuilt, the imperial court implements a household registration system, and the refugees before them obtain legal household registration, the relevant areas will have the legend of the great migration in the early years of Hongwu. Combined with some immigration legends, the migration of the big locust tree is transited through "Zaoqiang", and Liangbi is the birthplace of the migration of the big locust tree, thus confirming that the zaoqiang immigrants came from Pizhou.
The first emigration of Pizhou caused a decrease of about 1.6 million indigenous people in Pizhou, and the number of households was reduced from 300,000 to 27,232. However, very few of the genealogies of descendants of immigrants in various places record this history, indicating that the genealogical records of most descendants of immigrants do not conform to historical facts.
(2) The second emigration of Pi Da was caused by the war between the Jinguo army and the "Red Jacket Army" that caused refugees to move south
The Red Jacket Army refers to the peasant rebel army in Shandong, Hebei and other places in the late Jin Dynasty. At the beginning of the thirteenth century, the territory of Jin was increasingly reduced, and the exploitation and oppression of the peasants by the Jurchen nobles and the landlord classes of various ethnic groups became more serious, and the peasants in Shandong, Hebei and other places rose up to resist. In the spring of 1214, the rebel army wore "red jackets", which is known in history as the peasant revolt of the red jacket army. Legend has it that the rebel army required all peasants in Hebei and Shandong to join the rebel army, and carried out "massacres" for the peasants who did not participate in the uprising, coupled with the demonization of the rebel army by the Jin court, which caused a large number of peasants in Hebei and Shandong to flee with their families.
The second migration to Pi Da went through two stages.
1. In the first stage, refugees from Hebei and Shandong fled south to south of the Huai River and Henan.
At this stage, the Red Jacket Army's attack on the Golden Kingdom achieved a stage of victory, which was characterized by the southward flight of refugees from Hebei and Shandong, which showed a sharp decline in the population in Pizhou, and the number of households in Pizhou was reduced from 27,232 to 800.
The Xianfeng edition of the "Chronicle of Pizhou" reads: "Hou Zhi's first famous teacher Yin, the character Xinqing, a dong'a person. In the second year of Ming Chang's reign, Emperor Xuanzong crossed south and moved to six shilangs. Zhenyou visited the governor for three years and conducted Shangshu Province in Hebei. When the Red Jacket thieves entered linyi Fei County, their people were Yang An and Liu Erzu scattered and died, and 60,000 people. The thief leader Hao Ding was called the Emperor of the Great Han Dynasty and was a hundred officials. Attacking Tai'an, Teng, Yan, Shan Prefectures, Laiwu, xintai and more than ten counties, and breaking pi prefecture gangziku, hundreds of ships, will cross the river into chaos. Sincerely heard of the above, zhao zhixing saved affairs in Dongping, and led the army to arrest and discuss. Xingding resumed the province in Hebei in the second year. Sincerely wanted to garrison Changqing and connect Tai'an, between Dongping Yidu. Fearing that the food for his troops was divided, it was the edict to move the province of Pi Prefecture. To the east of Dongping, it is tired and crippled, especially pi and hai. The people of the sea were once less than a hundred, while the Tun army was five thousand, and the Pi household was only eight hundred, and the army was tens of thousands, and there were many soldiers and insufficient people, so that Xiao He and Liu Yan could be revived, and they did nothing. ”
Pizhou in 1213 households 27,232 households, the population of about 160,000, to 1218 households sharply reduced to 800 households, about 5,000 people. It can be seen that the war between the Red Jacket Army and the Jin Court was the main reason for the flight of the remaining peasant households after the Yellow Plague in Pizhou.
From the above historical records, it is not difficult to see that the characteristics of this great migration are first the refugees from Shandong and Hebei who fled south in 1214; then in 1215, the Red Jacket Army attacked Pizhou, and the people of Pizhou also joined the fleeing army. 1214-1215 is a large number of war refugees fleeing time, the Shandong and Hebei refugees west of the Laohuxiang River pass through the Laohuxiang Bridge, and then go south along the official road to Liangbi, and the refugees east of the Laohuxiang River will also come to Liangbi.
There are two temples in Liangbi Village, such as the Xinghua Temple and the Tianqi Temple, which must be used as a place for the imperial court to settle refugees. Liangbi has three thick and dense ancient locust trees to impress the refugees, because of the zaolinzhuang ferry port is small and crowded, refugees must stay in Liangbi for several days, once there is a boat can cross the river, the refugees go to zaolinzhuang ferry port (see attached figure 4: Yanwu Township Liangbi schematic map). Pass through zaolinzhuang ferry port and go to the hinterland of Pizhou. There was the Yellow River in the central and southern parts of Pizhou, and some people crossed the Yellow River and fled to the south of the Huai River under the jurisdiction of the Southern Song Dynasty; some people fled westward in the direction of Henan Province. Over the past few hundred years, the descendants of immigrants have left only part of their memories, some people remember the old crane lane river in Yanwu Township; some people remember the big locust tree in Yanwu Township; some people remember the shandong locust tree; some people remember the ancient temple; and some people remember the Shandong ZaolinZhuang. The Yellow River is in the central and southern part of Pizhou, while Zaolinzhuang and Da locust trees are to its north, and there are also descendants of immigrants who record as Hebei Zaolinzhuang and Hebei Dahuashu. Shandong Zaolinzhuang is Hebei Zaolinzhuang; Liangbi Big Locust Tree is Shandong Big Locust Tree, which is also Hebei Big Locust Tree, referring to the three ancient Han Dynasty locust trees of Liangbi. The descendants of immigrants in Xuzhou and nearby areas have a deep memory of the big locust tree, and only then did they have the legend of the great locust tree immigration, which is the main reason why the legend spread in the yellow pan area centered on Xuzhou.
Pizhou belonged to the Shandong East-West Road during the reign of the Jin Dynasty, and some descendants of immigrants deeply imprinted Shandong Zaolinzhuang in their minds, providing a memory code for seeking roots. As everyone knows, hundreds of years later, Zaolinzhuang in Shandong Was assigned to the jurisdiction of Jiangsu, resulting in a large number of descendants of immigrants unable to find their roots.
At this stage, the large-scale migration mainly came from Hebei and Shandong, with a population of about millions, including the victims of Pizhou who had fled to the north of Shandong, and the direction of migration was from north to south, and after passing through Pizhou, it dispersed to the south and west of the Huai River.
2. The second stage was when the Jin court relocated all the old and young people of Yizhou to Pizhou.
The Xianfeng edition of the Pizhou Chronicle says: "In the second year of Zhenyou, the counties of Shandong and Hebei were lost, and only Zhending, Qingwo, Daming, Dongping, Xu, Pi, and Haishu remained. The record indicates that in 1214 the Jin court lost most of Shandong and Hebei, and the seven cities including Pizhou were still under the control of the Jin court.
The History of Jin, vol. 18, says: "In April of the first year of the Xingding Dynasty, the thieves of Jinan, Tai'an, Teng, and Yan rose up together, wantonly plundered, and (Hou) sent a command to control the defense of The Prefecture of Di prefecture, so that Yan Ting led the army to discuss it, beheaded more than a thousand people before and after, and recruited the pseudo-marshals Shi Huawu and Xia Quanyu to recruit 20,000 strong men, and 50,000 old and young. The account indicates that after 1217, the Jin court took the initiative in the war.
The History of Jin, vol. 15, reads: "(In April of the second year of Xingding), at noon, the red coat thieves Xu and Pi were punished by the Privy Council soldiers. The account indicates that in 1218 the Red Jacket Army attacked Pizhou again.
The History of Jin, vol. 15, reads: "(Xingding 3rd year and June) Ding Hai, ordered the defense apostle Shan Fuding, etc., and the rebel army under Shuai Shou and the people of Yizhou migrated to Pi. ...... In the autumn and July, Ding You, a rebel army from Pi, Hai and other prefectures and those who returned from coercion to the country and replenished the army, people gave thirty acres of land, and the powerful ones were fifty acres, and still had a poor tax, and the daily grain was two liters, and the number 'decisive army'. ”
According to the analysis of the "History of Jin", in 1218, when the ancestors of Pizhou were almost exhausted, the court of the Jin State moved all the people of the former Yizhou and the surrendered rebel army to Pizhou on the sixth day of the first month of the third year of Xingding (1219). After the emigration, in July, the migrants were placed in the military, resettled their livelihoods, and given land and rations. This is the strict sense of the Xia Pi Da immigrants, the immigrants originated from Yizhou, settled in Pizhou.
According to the analysis of the flood of the Yellow River and the siltation of the loess layer in Pizhou, the resettlement site should be in and around Liangbi. The reasons are as follows: Liangbi has an ancient city, which has been used until the Republic of China period; Liangbi has dozens of temples and Taoist temples, which can accommodate tens of thousands of immigrants; the northwest of Pizhou has many mountains and hills, and hundreds of thousands of acres of arable land, and the soil is fertile, suitable for migrants to produce and live during the flood; the southern part of Pizhou is mostly flooded by lakes and cannot be resettled in large quantities.
3. Descendants of the Xia Pi Great Immigrants migrate again.
After the migration of pi in 1219, before the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, the descendants of immigrants centered on Liangbi multiplied and lived for more than 150 years, during which due to the Song-Jin War, the Jin-Yuan War, the war at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, and due to natural disasters, there will be descendants of immigrants who will return to Yizhou, and more people will migrate to the nearby sparsely populated and fertile areas. Because Pizhou has descendants of the Hongdong people who migrated during the Northern Song Dynasty, and the indigenous people have a higher social status and right to speak, the majority of Yizhou immigrant descendants also believe that their ancestors are from Hongdong County. The descendants of immigrants who migrated through the ancient city of Picheng were not affected by the legend of hongdong county immigrants, which is the reason why two very different immigrant legends spread on both sides of the Huai River in Anhui.
The legends of the vast number of immigrant descendants of Yanwu Township, Laohu Lane, three Han Dynasty locust trees, ancient temples of the Han and Tang Dynasties, Zaolinzhuang Ferry and Hebei Jujube Wall are all real, all in the ancient Xia Pi City, they are mutually confirmed the information of the great migration.
Therefore, the above-mentioned large migration occurred in Liangbi, Chahe Town, and the Lunan region of northern Jiangsu, centered on Liangbi, is the real birthplace of the great migration in the north.
4. Pizhou has been a migration destination for immigrants since ancient times.
The reason why Liangbi is the center of the birthplace of great migration is because Liangbi is the location of the ancient Xuzhou City, which has developed land and water transportation since ancient times, the land is fertile, the products are rich, not only the local population is large, but also the number of people crossing the border is more.
We can see from the historical records that Pizhou has been a migration destination for immigrants since ancient times.
The Notes of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms pei song vol. 10: "Before xuzhou, the punishment was carried out. ["Cao Concealment" Yun: Since the Jingshi was rebelled by Dong Zhuo, the people moved east, and there was a lot of Pengcheng... "The Pengcheng refers to the jurisdiction of Pengcheng County.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Jingshi encountered the rebellion of Dong Zhuo, and the refugees at this time were "Duoyi Pengchengjian", the ancient town of Pizhou Wasuan was "Wuyuan County of Pengcheng County", and 5 kilometers north of it was xuzhou city (the site of present-day Liangwangcheng) during the Spring and Autumn And Warring States periods, and 40 kilometers west of the city was the seat of Fuyang County (Houtang) in Pengcheng County. The ancient Surabaya in the west of Xuzhou City has been a north-south transportation channel since ancient times, which will naturally absorb countless displaced people. During the Two Han Dynasties, Xuzhou was the richest region in the country, so ancient Xuzhou became the main destination for refugees.
The Book of later Han, vol. 73, reads: "Although Shi Dong Zhuo was reprimanded, Li Dai and Guo Feng were in chaos. It was time for the four sides to break off, and every envoy was sent to idle, and the tribute was given to Xijing. Zhao moved to Xuzhou Mu, general of Jia Andong, and Marquis of Liyang. At that time, the people of Xufang were prosperous, the valley was very rich, and many displaced people returned to them. The record shows that Xuzhou was still a rich land at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and most of the displaced people from all over the country were attached to Xuzhou.
Before the fourth diversion of the Yellow River in 1194, Pizhou was fertile and wild, with advanced agriculture, developed commodity economy, and convenient water and land transportation, and had always been one of the richest areas in the country and a population gathering area. After the Yellow River was diverted, Pizhou became a "flood corridor", and after years of floods, people's lives were difficult, and guxuzhou, which was once rich and prosperous, became the birthplace of refugees.
5. Evidence of xia pi university immigration.
There are many genealogies of descendants of immigrants throughout the country that record their ancestors from Xia Pi. A simple example is as follows.
(1) The genealogy of the Wu clan in Shouguang County, Shandong Province, which was repaired in July of the sixth year of the Kangxi Dynasty, records: "The origin of the Wu clan is xuzhou in Jiangnan, and the father and elder pass on the cloud to live in the black old bird nest of the Wulong River, and the giant clan is also." At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, it moved to Shouguang County, forty miles away from the city. The genealogy clearly records that the black old bird nest was in Xuzhou, and the Wulong River was the ancient name of the Xiyan River.
(2) The genealogy of the Yu clan in Huaibei, Anhui Province, records: "The Yu clan crossed from Xia Pi nan in the first year of the Eastern Han Dynasty (190) to avoid the rebellion of Dong Zhuo, and their ancestral residence was in the village of Yu in the fifteen miles east of xia pi county. "During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Xia Pi County was located in the ruins of Liangwangcheng in Pizhou, and the fifteen miles east of it was the village of Xixu, and the genetic test results of the descendants of the Yu surname were 002611 downstream, proving that the Yu surname and the Xu surname were of the same origin.
(3) The genealogy of the Yu surname in southern Jiangsu records that the Yu surname was moved from Xia Pi to Southern Jiangsu during the Southern Song Dynasty, and the hall name was "Xia Pi Tang". The record indicates that the surname Yu in southern Jiangsu is a descendant of the "Xia Pi Great Immigrant".
There are many genealogical records of descendants of immigrants from Xia Pi, which will not be listed one by one.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="391" >6, Lower Pi Great Migration has five connotations</h1>
According to the analysis of the above immigration incidents, large immigrants are not simply from one place to another, often there are returns, and there are also re-migrations. In general, the Xia Pi University immigrants have the following five different connotations.
The first connotation is that the Yellow River seized Si into Huaihuai caused refugees to go north, the time is between 1194 and 1213, immigrants from pizhou three counties, the number of more than one million, mainly migrated to Shandong and Hebei and other places, the relevant immigration legend is the big locust tree immigrants and Hebei Zaoqiang immigrant legends.
The second connotation is that the Red Jacket Army war caused the refugees from Hebei and Shandong to flee, among which there were a large number of refugees who had previously fled to the north from Pizhou, and the related immigrant legends include the immigrants of the big locust tree, the immigrants of Laohu Lane and the immigrants of Zaolinzhuang, whose descendants spread throughout the southern half of China.
The third connotation refers to the migration of Yizhou immigrants organized by the Jin Dynasty imperial court to Pizhou, which is a large-scale immigration at the national level in the strict sense, and the population of Yizhou after immigration is zero, and Pizhou became the population reproduction center of northern Jiangsu and Southern Lunan in the last years of the Jin Dynasty.
The fourth connotation refers to the fact that from the end of the Jin Dynasty to the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, the descendants of immigrants living in Pizhou migrated to the surrounding areas again, which was a related large migration centered on Pizhou.
The fifth is pseudo-immigrants, which refer to natives who do not belong to the category of large immigrants, but according to others, they have also become "descendants of large immigrants".
Several migrations through the ancient city of Pi have different origins and destinations, resulting in different memories of descendants of immigrants. But The Old Crane Lane - Ancient Locust Tree - Zaolin Zhuang is the common memory of the migration journey.
Many descendants of refugees have determined the time of the migration of ancestors to the early years of the Ming Dynasty because before the Ming Dynasty, the imperial court strictly prohibited the cultivation of folk genealogies and monuments, and only the imperial court and princes and nobles were qualified to compile family history. Until the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, the imperial court allowed the people to cultivate the genealogy and erect monuments, which is the reason why the people everywhere can see the Ming Dynasty stone steles and rarely see the Song and Yuan Period stone steles. Later, due to various reasons, the ancestral monument was destroyed and the genealogy was lost, and it was difficult for the descendants of immigrants to grasp the complete information of the ancestor migration, and could only rely on part of the information to revise the family tree, resulting in incomplete and inaccurate genealogical information records.
Many genealogies of immigrants record that the migration time is the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, proving that the migration routes of refugees along Laohu Lane, Big Locust Tree and Zaolin Zhuang were never interrupted before the Qing Dynasty.
In the turbulent years, people were hungry and clothed, and it was fortunate that they could survive. When the descendants of immigrants were born in the prosperous world and engaged in genealogy revision, they found that the information of the ancestors of the past generations was basically absent, and the full-time folk genealogists took advantage of the loopholes to form a similar genealogical strange phenomenon with local characteristics in various places. Fortunately, the descendants of immigrants have the focus of memory in the place of migration, providing a memory code for the search for roots and ancestors.
In short, three ancient locust trees, ancient temples, old crane lanes, ZaolinZhuang and other information are in Pizhou Liangbi Village, coupled with Pizhou since ancient times is the destination and passage of human migration, the descendants of immigrants are looking for roots in pizhou area, a large range of northern Jiangsu lunan area centered on pizhou.
In recent years, many people have found their ancestral roots near Pizhou. For example, the surname of Ni in Bengbu, Anhui Province, docked with the Ni clan of Hengshan Village in Lanling Town (less than 30 kilometers away from Liangbi) according to the legend of zaolinzhuang immigrants; the Yan clan of Suining County, Jiangsu Province, docked with the Yan family of Yanjia Village in Chahe Town according to the legend of the great locust tree magpie nest in Hongdong County; the Xie clan of Tengzhou City, Shandong Province, docked the Liangbi Xie clan of Pizhou according to the legend of the migration of the big locust tree in Xuzhou Yanwu; and the Zou clan of Fuyang, Anhui Province, docked with the Liangbi Zou clan of Liangbi according to the legend of the Zaolinzhuang immigrants.
The aforementioned Wang clan of Luodongxiou in Henan Province and the Yutai Wang clan in Shandong Province are obviously a line of the "Three Acacia Hall" Wang clan of Zaolinzhuang in Pizhou; the Tian surname branch of Taihe County, Fuyang City, Anhui Province, recorded that shandong Zaolinzhuang and Sanguanmiao are both in Liangbi.
In particular, the Xu clan of Wabu in Anhui Province records that its ancestral home is Old Partridge Lane in Jining, Shandong, and Liangbi is the location of the ancient Xuzhou City, which is the birthplace of the Xu clan, and the ancestral home of the Wabu Xu clan is described as Liangbi.
Written in the early years of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang 's Tianbao (742) to the second year of Emperor Suzong of Tang 's reign (757), the New Collection of Family Trees of the Wang Clan in the World of Heaven records the various surnames of the Wang clans near Xia Pi before the Tang Dynasty, which provides a new way of thinking for the descendants of the xia pi immigrants to find their roots. It is recorded as follows: Twelve surnames were produced in Pengcheng County, Xuzhou: Liu, Zhu, Zhi, Xu, Zhuang, Wan, Zhi, Song, Zheng, Gong, Chao, and Xing; four surnames from Xuzhou Lanling County: Xiao, Miao, Wan Qian, and Duanmu; eight surnames from Xiapi County, Sizhou: Guan, Yu, Shen, Pi, Gu, Guo, Pi, and Shui; And twelve surnames from Langya County, Yizhou: Wang, Yan, Zhuge, Miao, Xu, Ge, Ai, Gan, Hui, Chang, Zhi, and ; haizhou Donghai County produced ten surnames: Xu, Kuang, Qi, Bamboo, Yu, Guan, Ji, Mi, Chu, and Mao.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="407" >7, analysis of the causes of confusion in the legends of immigrants everywhere</h1>
(1) The immigration time is concentrated in the analysis of the early Ming Dynasty
1. The time of immigration in various places was concentrated in the early Ming Dynasty, because after the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, a hundred wastes were waiting to be rebuilt, and the imperial court in the first year of Hongwu took measures to reassure the people, and displaced people from all over the country obtained household registration and cultivated land.
The Ming Shi Taizu II reads: "(Hongwu First Year August) Nongshen, with the Jingshi Fire, the Four Directions of Water and Drought, the Zhao Zhongshu Province Assembly and The Civil ... Those who avoid the rebellion and return to business, listen to the reclamation of wasteland, and repeat for three years. The record indicates that in 1368 the imperial court issued a policy to encourage displaced people who had fled to various places due to the war at the end of the Yuan Dynasty to be exempted from three years of servitude and taxes for those who engaged in industry and reclaimed wasteland. This record should be the real reason why the genealogies of various places record the migration in the early Ming Dynasty, that is, the so-called early Ming immigrants were only refugees at the end of the Yuan Dynasty.
2. The great migration of the early Ming Dynasty, which began in the third year of Hongwu (1370) and ended in the fifteenth year of Yongle (1417), and lasted for forty-seven years, is another reason why the genealogical records of their ancestors are concentrated in the early Ming Dynasty. The actual situation is that the number of large-scale immigrants in the early Ming Dynasty accounted for only a very small number of the total population of the country, and the source, destination, and migration population of immigrants are specifically recorded.
3. Before the Yuan Dynasty, only the upper elites and landlord classes had the right to compile and revise the family tree, and after the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, the imperial court allowed the people to erect monuments to repair the genealogy, and ordinary people began to have their own family trees. Before the Ming Dynasty, few people can accurately record the clan information, thus forming a legend of the source of immigrants with distinct regional characteristics.
(2) Analysis of chaos in the place of origin of migrants
1. Take Shandong Province as an example.
Genealogies of various surnames throughout Shandong record that the ancestors of the first migration came from Hongdong County in Shanxi, Zaoqiang County in Hebei Province, Xiao yunnan and Xiao Sichuan in the early years of Hongwu. This article has analyzed that Hongdong County and Zaoqiang County did not immigrate to Shandong, and the small Yunnan immigrants are just another way of saying that the xiapi immigrants. During the Great Migration Period, Pizhou was geographically similar to the location of Yunnan Province in the national map of Yunnan Province, so it was named "Little Yunnan Immigrant", in fact, many descendants of Small Yunnan immigrants are determined to have their ancestors from northern Jiangsu. The Small Sichuan Immigrant is just another version of the Little Yunnan Immigrant.
Before the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, Shandong was the most populous province in the country, not the so-called "uninhabited people in a thousand miles" recorded in folk genealogy.
The Ming Shi Taizu Vol. 2 says: "(Hongwu 2nd year of the first month) Gengjiao, edict: 'The right cloth of the Yuanhuai, because of the chaos in the world, led the people to cross the river and protect the people and try to rule, and now there are five years in the tenth year. He Tianyu, all of them are determined. With the fate of the Northern Expedition, the people of Qilu fed grain to the army, and they did not worry about thousands of miles. The record shows that Zhu Yuanzhang's victory in the War against the Yuan dynasty depended heavily on the logistical support of the people of Shandong. This also reflects the large population of Shandong recorded in the history, thus showing that the so-called "Hongwu dispersion" of the people is imaginary.
"The people of Qilu feed the army and do not fear thousands of miles," which bears a striking resemblance to what Marshal Chen Yi said: "The victory in the Huaihai Campaign depends on the carts of the people of Shandong and the cannonballs of Dalian." ”
From the uprising of the Red Jacket Army to Hebei, Shandong and other places "no one in a thousand miles", "the people of Yizhou, the old and the young to migrate to Pi", to "the people of Qilu to feed the army, not afraid of thousands of miles", where did the people of Qilu come from during this period, especially in the years before the implementation of the Hongwu great migration policy, the population of Shandong has reached 5.19 million, which is obviously not explainable by "Hongwu immigrants".
2. Take the local human genealogy of Pizhou as an example.
(1) The genealogy of the Liangbi Xie clan records that the ancestors migrated from Hongdong County, Pingyang County, Shanxi during the Hongwu period in the early Ming Dynasty. The stone jie, which was erected in the fourth year of Hongwu, records that there were hundreds of Liangbi Xie clans in the fourth year of Hongwu, and all the people of the first twelve generations were ancient, and at the same time, the ancestors of the first migration were the villages that came from the Northern Song Dynasty, and were engraved with three generals who moved around the second and third dynasties. It can be seen that the Xie clan of Pizhou was not a Shanxi immigrant during the Hongwu period, and the genealogy that is regarded as the most precious treasure is not credible.
(2) The genealogy of the Liangbi Zou clan also records that the ancestors of the Zou clan moved from Hongdong County in the early Ming Dynasty. Over the years, the Zou clan of Pizhou has sent many people to Hongdong County to search for roots, and the result is that there are only a few dozen people with the surname Zou in Hongdong County, and they have all migrated in recent years.
The Genealogy of the Zou Clan of China records that "the Zou clan is the Zou of the Lower Pi Dynasty. "Liangbi is the city of Xia Pi, and the bridge is on the Xiaoyishui River in Qiaotou Village, 7 kilometers south of Liangbi." The "Zou of Xia Pi" refers to the Liangbi Zou clan, that is to say, the Liangbi Zou clan is a descendant of Zou Ji, and the Zou clan has settled in Liangbi for more than 2350 years, but they have become the descendants of the great immigrants of the great locust tree in Hongdong County in the early Ming Dynasty, which shows the absurdity of the genealogy.
(3) The genealogy of the Xu clan in Pizhou records that the ancestral migration sites also have their own origins. Pizhou is the core area of ancient Xuzhou, and the three cities of ancient Xuzhou are located in Liangbi, Xuxu (Yisu) and Liangwangcheng ruins. Liangbi is the city of Xuzhou before the Western Zhou Dynasty, the birthplace of the surname Yin, and also the ancestral root of the Xu surname; Xu Xu is the place where the Later Han Book records the defeat of Xu Yan's soldiers and moved the capital; the ruins of Liang Wangcheng are the city of Xuzhou in the Spring and Autumn Period, where archaeological excavations, excavated cultural relics and documentary records corroborate each other. The three cities of Xuzhou are in the same vein, proving that ancient Xuzhou is in the northwest of Pizhou.
The ancestral root of the 26 surname is also in Pizhou, and molecular anthropology has determined that the gene sequence of the surname is 002611 downstream CTS6279. Descendants with the surname Officiation only need to test the genes of the ethnic group to know the place of origin of their ancestors.
Pizhou has a large number of surname genealogies recorded as immigrants from Hongdong County in the early Ming Dynasty, and most of the surnames can be found in the list of donors inscribed in the Stone Tablets of the Yuan Dynasty in Pizhou.
According to the Ming and Qing "Records of Pizhou" and the Ming Dynasty's "Selection book of military posts", there were more than 300 Pizhou generals above the three pins of the Ming Dynasty, and the number of officers below the zhengsanpin was even greater, and the large number of pizhou generals proved that the population of Pizhou before the establishment of the Ming Dynasty was large. Ming Jiajing's edition of the "Chronicle of Pizhou" records: "Jingtai was three years old, with five thousand eight hundred and forty-eight households and one hundred and eleven thousand seven hundred and eighty-four mouths. The record shows that 84 years after the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, there were 111784 people in Pizhou, which shows that the number of people in Pizhou at the end of the Yuan Dynasty was tens of thousands.
Pizhou generals guarded the military guard all over the country, and there should be not a few descendants of Pizhou people who moved everywhere due to the army in the early Ming Dynasty.
3. Analysis of the chaos of immigrant legends in other places.
(1) The area where the locust tree is spread by immigrants.
As mentioned above, it has been argued that there are various legends in the birthplace of the great locust tree immigration, and its true birthplace is in Liangbi, Pizhou, especially the legend of the large locust tree immigrants in Hongdong County, Shanxi Province, which has a wide influence, and the aborigines of Liangbi, where the great immigrants originated, have their surnames and families related to them, which has influenced others to follow the clouds.
(2) Old Crane Lane immigrant circulation area.
Due to the different pronunciation of dialects, people in ancient times were generally illiterate, resulting in many similar immigrant legends, such as: old partridge nest, old stork nest, old stork nest, old stork lane and other immigrant legends, in fact, are derived from the old bird lane river.
The Laohuxiang River is located in Lanling County and northwest of Pizhou, during the migration period the river belonged to the jurisdiction of Shandong Province, the upper reaches of the river were Jining Road jurisdiction in the Yuan Dynasty, Yanzhou Prefecture in the Ming Dynasty, and Pizhou in its lower reaches. Jining Old Crane Lane, Yanzhou Old Crane Lane, Shandong Old Crane Lane and Pizhou Old Crane Lane represent only the same river.
(3) Zaolinzhuang immigrant circulation area.
Three Han Dynasty locust trees, Han Dynasty ancient temples, and old Crane Lane River are all in Liangbi, and it is determined that the relevant immigrant legends circulating everywhere originate in the ancient Xia Pi City, and Zaolin Zhuang is the "Lower Pi Zao Lin Zhuang Ferry Port" recorded in the literature, then the birthplace of Shandong Zao Lin Zhuang immigrants must be in the ancient Xia Pi City. In particular, the area north of Pizhou 310 National Highway has long belonged to Shandong in history, and the ZaolinZhuang must be recorded as "Shandong Zaolinzhuang" by the descendants of immigrants. Some descendants of immigrants went to Yanzhou to look for the "Zaolin Zhuang" on the hill, and some went to Weishan Lake to look for the "Zaolin Zhuang" in the lake, and their conclusions were nothing more than self-deception. Zaoliangzhuang and Zaolingang are just the evolution of the pronunciation of Zaolinzhuang.
(4) Hebei Zaoqiang immigrant circulation area.
The birthplace of the large locust tree immigrants, zaolinzhuang immigrants, and laohuxiang immigrants is determined in Liangbi, Pizhou, and the birthplace of Hebei Zaoqiang immigrants is also in Liangbi, pizhou not only has the Yellow River, but also zaoqiang.
The same immigration incident has become an immigrant legend with local characteristics, which is nothing more than the long age of the immigrant, the untimely recording of the family history of the immigrant, the change of administrative division, the operation of professional genealogists, the restriction of cultural level, and the privileges of feudal families, which causes the legends of immigrants to vary from place to place.
(3) Analysis of the credibility of immigrant genealogy
The folk genealogy fever began in the early Qing Dynasty, hundreds of years after the JinYuan period during the Great Migration Period, and the authenticity of such genealogies was bound to be greatly reduced.
During the Kangxi Dynasty, there were many professional genealogists in the folk, and they had a fixed pattern of compiling family trees, and most of the genealogies were just written with different surnames and names, and such genealogies did not have much historical value.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="443" >8, Northern Jiangsu Lunan is the birthplace of large-scale migration has been verified by molecular anthropological results</h1>
The development of paleoanthropology, genetics, and molecular anthropology has solved many problems left over from history, especially the problem of the source of human migration in various places. Many of these studies have confirmed the historical events of the Xia Pi Great Migration.
In October 2013, the National Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology of Fudan University studied the Y chromosome and found that there were three super male ancestors in the Han Chinese population, all of which belonged to the subgroup under the O haplogroup. Their descendants make up about 44% of the Han male population. Of these, O3a1c (002611, F11) accounted for 16%, O3a2c1a (M117) accounted for 15%, and O3a2c1* (M134, F444, F46) accounted for 13%. Among them, the first proportion is the ancient Subei people gene, which experts speculate is the genetic gene of the Boyi family, which is also consistent with archaeological excavations and historical records of the ancient Xu kingdom in the northwest of Pizhou.
1. Dr. Yan Shi of Fudan University tested the gene sequence of hangzhou natives, and the test result was that the gene sequence of most people in Hangzhou was O3a1c-002611, which was the most distributed in northern Jiangsu, indicating that Hangzhou people and northern Jiangsu people were highly homologous. In history, there is no historical incident of Hangzhou migration to northern Jiangsu, which proves that the large-scale migration that spread everywhere occurred in northern Jiangsu.
2. The genetic test results of Nanjing natives show that more than 42.4%, accounting for the largest proportion, prove that the genes of the indigenous people of Nanjing and the people of northern Jiangsu are highly homologous, which also supports the history of immigration in Xia Pi.
3. In March 2021, the selection results of the "2020 Top Ten Advances in Chinese Science" organized by the High Technology Research and Development Center (Basic Research Management Center) of the Ministry of Science and Technology were announced: the research on the ancient genome revealing the evolution and migration history of Chinese groups in the past 10,000 years was selected. The study found that the overall proportion of paleo-southerners in the southern population decreased very much, so much so that some even dominated by paleo-northern components; while the northern population was still dominated by paleo-northerners. Studies speculate that since the Neolithic Age, there has been a large-scale southward migration of people north of the Yellow River, which has caused a large number of ancient northerners to spread and spread to the south, thus having a significant genetic impact on the southern population.
The results of the study show that most of the current southerners come from the north, and Liangbi, which is at the choke point of north-south transportation, is historically the most important place of migration on the migration route. Since the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, especially major historical events such as the Wuhu Chaohua, the southern crossing of the Yiguan, the diversion of the Yellow River, and the uprising of the Red Jacket Army, a large number of northern refugees have led to the southward movement of a large number of northern refugees, and the laohuxiang river, the ancient locust tree and the Zaolinzhuang ferry port where Liang bi is located will inevitably become the roots that the descendants of immigrants will always remember.
In summary, the migration of large locust trees in Hongdong County, Shanxi, Zaolinzhuang in Shandong, Laohuxiang in Shandong, Zaoqiang in Hebei, Shandong, and Hebei in Hongdong County, Originated in Liangbi Village, Chahe Town, Pizhou City.
The history of xia pi migration lasted for more than 1,000 years from the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the middle and late Qing dynasty, and the legend of xia pi migration mainly refers to the great migration of the population of northern Jiangsu and Lunan after the fourth diversion of the Yellow River, as well as the southward migration of refugees from Hebei and Shandong caused by the uprising of the Red Jacket Army.
bibliography:
[1] History of the Ming Dynasty, Records of the Ming Dynasty
[2] History of the Song Dynasty
[3] History of Jin
[4] "History of the Yuan"
[5] Pizhou Chronicle
[6] Hongdong County Chronicle
[7] Chronicle of Yanzhou Prefecture
[8] Chronicle of Zaoqiang County