Excellent technology, but also need to test the super endurance? Jump the stage and off-road, comprehensive ability competition! What are the rules of intense group warfare and how will they be judged? From individual to team events, the only full male in the Winter Olympics?
Nordic biathlon, in 2022, can Asian countries break through the circle?
NORDIC COMBINED
The Nordic biathlon consists of two sports, ski jumping and cross-country skiing, and is the only event at the Winter Olympics so far that there is only a men's competition, and the competition is carried out in the order of jumping first and then cross-country. Participating athletes not only need to have the skills and guts of ski jumping, but also have the super endurance of cross-country skiing.
-History-
Nordic bivalve originated in the Scandinavian region of Northern Europe in the 19th century. Since Scandinavia rarely has high mountains like the Alps, alpine skiing is not popular in the local area, but ski jumping and cross-country skiing are very popular, so there are sports that have to jump far and skate fast similar to Nordic biathlon. The Nordic biathlon was included in the Norwegian Holmenkollen Ski Grand Prix in 1883 and gradually began to be promoted to the world in the early 20th century. It was included in the official competition at the first Winter Olympic Games in 1924. At the 1956 Winter Olympics, cross-country skiing distances were changed to 15 km. Beginning with the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, Canada, men's team events were added. The 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, France, increased the height of ski jumping to 90 meters. At the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, USA, cross-country skiing was first held in the Individual Pursuit.
Nordic biathlon content
-Competition Equipment-
Nordic biathlon competition equipment includes 7 pieces of skis, retainers, ski helmets, ski suits, ski gloves, ski goggles, and ski boots. There are two types of jumping platforms, the large jumping platform and the standard jumping platform, the large jump platform is 120 meters high, and the standard platform is 90 meters high.
Snowboarding (ski jumping)
The ski jumper is 2.3 to 2.7 meters long, and the wider the ski, the easier it is to gain lift in the air, but the widest cannot exceed 11.5 cm. There are 3 to 5 directional grooves at the bottom of the board, which can improve the efficiency of athletes' aerial flight.
Ski clothing (ski jumping)
Ski clothing fabric has the characteristics of high elasticity, windproof, waterproof, easy maintenance, ultra-thin and so on, which can effectively reduce air resistance. The jacket contains foam less than 5 mm thick to provide the necessary protection for athletes when they fall to the ground.
Ski goggles (ski jumping)
Ski goggles are used to protect the eyes, skiing must wear ski goggles, generally choose a spherical mirror with a relatively wide field of view.
Ski boots (ski jumping)
It protects the ankles, and to ensure flexibility, the ski boots are mostly made of leather. The waistband is mostly designed for high waist and ensures a certain forward tilt angle, which is conducive to athletes jumping and controlling the forward tilt posture of air flight.
Ski helmet (ski jump)
Ski jumping helmets are required to be streamlined. When exercising, it can not only effectively protect the head, but also have a certain warm effect.
Ski gloves (ski jumping)
Ski gloves should be both warm and cold-proof, as well as soft and abrasion-resistant. The fabric is generally made of impermeable natural leather and synthetic materials; the style is selected with five fingers separately for easy operation and use.
Ski clothing (cross-country skiing)
All clothing fabrics should have high elasticity, and should not be too tight while ensuring that the player's body can move freely. It should have basic characteristics such as windproof, waterproof, easy maintenance, and washable.
Ski cap (cross-country skiing)
It not only effectively protects the head, but also can play a certain role in keeping the warmth; mostly knitted fabrics, windproof and breathable, more comfortable.
Ski boots (cross-country skiing)
(1) Traditional technical ski shoes relative to freestyle technical ski shoes, the upper is low, to ensure that the ski shoes have a certain degree of support, but also to ensure that the ankle movement freely, so that athletes can make a variety of skiing actions.
(2) The upper of the freestyle technical ski shoes can cover the ankle bone and play a supporting role, while ensuring that the ankle joint moves freely, so that the athlete can stand on the snowboard in the best posture at any time.
(3) Multi-purpose ski shoes are not subject to any project nature, and can meet the technical requirements of freestyle and traditional.
Ski gloves (cross-country skiing)
It can effectively increase the friction between the hand and the cane, and it is better to choose one with moderate thickness, no folds, and a tight feeling to avoid blisters on the hand.
Snowboarding (cross-country skiing)
(1) Freestyle plate: The bottom of the freestyle plate is a large, smooth wax coating layer, which can effectively reduce the sliding friction. When choosing a snowboard, the length of the snowboard is generally 10 to 15 cm more than the height of the user, and the hardness of the snowboard should be adapted to its own weight.
(2) Traditional plate: The traditional plate has a certain tension and has a very obvious bow arc, which can be divided into the sliding part and the climbing part. The length of the snowboard is generally 30 cm more than the height of the user, and the hardness should be adapted to its own weight.
Ski poles (cross-country skiing)
The length of the poles is 0.9 times the height of the user.
Ski goggles (cross-country skiing)
-Playing Venue-
The nordic biathlon competition venue is the same as the ski jumping and cross-country skiing venues. The design of off-road routes should include uphill, undulating pavement, and downhill, each accounting for 1/3 of the proportion, and generally the route through the forest should be designed when conditions permit. In order to ensure the safety of athletes, the width of the line should be guaranteed to reach 4 ~ 5 meters, the snow surface should be tamped, pedaling and other treatment methods to ensure the quality of the snow, the thickness is at least about 30 cm, the downhill line should not be composed of sharp turns and steep slopes to ensure the safe passage of athletes.
-Competition Tips-
Slip aid
Skid aid refers to the movement of athletes sliding along the slope of the ski slope from the starting platform to the starting point. When assisting in the skid, in order to increase the speed, the athlete needs to lean forward in a streamlined posture to reduce air resistance, and the speed of the skid is usually more than 110 km/h.
Jump
When taking off, athletes should pay attention to the direction and timing of the wind, and use the high speed obtained by the ski to take off from the end of the stage.
Flying in the air
The distance from the landing site to the end of the stage is the distance flown by the runner. In order to gain lift, the player leans forward during the flight, sharply angles the skis, and the arms are close to the side of the body. The two skis unfold in a V-shape. The flight time in the air is 5 seconds (big jump) or 3 seconds (standard table).
landing
Athletes will have an impact force of about 3 times their own body weight when landing, in order to reduce the impact, the feet should be lunged forward and backward when landing, bending the knees and opening the arms to maintain balance.
Wind
Headwinds help runners take off, downwinds do the opposite. At the start of the race, the contestants wait at the starting platform for the departure signal and the best wind direction. If the signal turns green and does not depart within 15 seconds, the player will lose the race.
-Contest Rules-
The order of departure of the Winter Olympic Ski Jump is the reverse order of the athletes' ITB points, and the order of cross-country skiing is determined by the ranking of the results of the ski jump, and the highest scorer starts first. The departure interval between two adjacent athletes is determined by their difference in scores in the ski jumping competition, with a 4-second delay for every minute they are behind.
Each team in the team competition consists of 4 athletes who wear red, green, yellow and blue bibliographs according to the order of appearance, and cannot be changed during the competition time. The order of departure for ski jumping is determined by drawing lots. In cross-country skiing, the first to start is the team with the best overall score in the ski jumping competition. The departure time of the two adjacent teams is calculated according to the performance of the ski jumping competition, according to the rule of delaying the departure by 1.33 seconds for every 1 minute behind. The 2nd, 3rd and 4th athletes in each team wait in the baton receiving area and set off as soon as the baton is completed, while the first team to reach the finish line is the 1st in the Nordic biathlon race. It is worth noting that in the team competition, the order of appearance of each team of ski jumpers is the order of appearance of each team of cross-country skiers, and cannot be adjusted arbitrarily.
-Competitions-
Personal - Ski Jump Standard / Cross Country Skiing 10 km
The program includes a 90-meter high ski jump and a 10-kilometer cross-country skiing. First, a ski jumping competition is held, where each athlete has two chances to jump the platform, and the "posture score" and "distance score" add up to the athlete's total performance. In terms of "posture score", the five referees will score the "accuracy", "perfection", "stability" and "overall stability" of the posture during the entire process of the athlete's take-off and landing. The "Distance Score" is based on the "K point", if the player fails to reach the "K point" after jumping, the distance from the "K point" will be converted into a score, calculated at 2 points per meter, deducted from the "Posture Point". If the "K point" is exceeded, it will be added to the "Posture Point" at 2 points per meter, resulting in a total score. The order of departure of cross-country skiing is determined by the ranking of ski jumping results, the athlete with the first ski jumping performance starts from the starting point first, and the subsequent athletes will start successively according to the departure time difference converted from the score difference with the first athlete, and after 10 kilometers of cross-country skating, the athlete who reaches the finish line first is the first.
Personal - Ski Jump grand jump / Cross country Skiing 10 km
Athletes begin with a 120-meter-high ski jumping race followed by a 10-kilometer cross-country ski race. The biggest difference from the Standard is that all athletes have only 1 chance to jump the stage. The scoring rules are the same as those of the standard table, and both are based on the "posture score" and "distance score" as the scoring criteria. The rules of cross-country skiing are the same as those of the standard platform, and the results of ski jumping are used as the order of departure of cross-country skiing competitions, cross-country skiing distance is 10 kilometers, and the athlete who reaches the finish line first is the champion of the whole competition.
Groups - Ski Jump / Cross-Country Skiing 4×5 km relay
Each team has 4 players, and each athlete has a two-jump opportunity, each of which is scored on the plus of a "posture score" and a "distance score". Each team has a total of 8 points, and the 8 points are combined to calculate the final score of ski jumping for each team. The team with the best ski jumping results will start first in the cross-country ski relay, and the other teams will be converted into seconds according to the difference in ski jumping performance, which will be used as the length of time between departure sequences. The 2nd, 3rd and 4th athletes of each team wait in the baton receiving area, and immediately after the baton is completed, they set off for a cross-country glide for 5 kilometers, and the team that reaches the finish line first wins.
-Beijing Winter Olympic Games Content-
The Nordic bi-event at the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics will produce a total of three gold medals. The competitions include men's individual -ski jumping standard/cross-country skiing 10 km, individual - ski jump / cross-country skiing 10 km and team - ski jump / cross-country skiing 4×5 km relay. The competition will be played in Zhangjiakou.
-All-Time Winter Olympics Medal Table-
Looking at the two medal tables in Northern Europe in the past four Winter Olympics, Austria, Norway, Germany and other European countries are traditional veteran powers with strong strength. The Asian country of Japan is unique, and has reached the top three in the past two consecutive years and achieved good results. I hope that the mainland Nordic athletes can create miracles at the Beijing Winter Olympics!
Author: Wang Jin, Liu Lei, Yuan Wanhe, Beijing Forestry University
This study is: "Research Results of the 2016 Humanities and Social Science Research Planning Fund of the Ministry of Education "Research on the Visual Orientation System of the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics", Project Number: 16YJA760037
[Editor-in-Charge: Li Yuan]