Twenty-Four Solar Terms #[Starting from "Li Chun" and "Li Chun"]

Lichun is one of the twenty-four solar terms in the mainland tradition and the first of the twenty-four solar terms. Li Chun, the beginning of a new year, book XXVII of the Chronicle of History: "Li Chun Day, the beginning of the four o'clock (卒). Sima Zhen suoyin of the Tang Dynasty: "It is said that the spring day of Lili was the end of the four o'clock last year, and the beginning of this year." ”

In the folk Lichun there are many traditional customs, such as pasting the word "spring", eating spring rolls, etc., as well as the custom of "playing spring", also known as "whip spring cattle", so Lichun is also called playing spring.

The Spring Festival has been of great significance since ancient times, and because it is closely related to the daily life of the people, a large number of folk proverbs have appeared. Most of these proverbs relate to agriculture and climate, such as: spring is a day, and the grass returns to buds. At the end of the year, the planting land is calculated early. Spring rain arrives, get up early and go to bed late. Spring is cold, spring is warm. Spring one day, plumbing three points. Spring is sunny, and everything is good for harvest. Heavy snow in the spring, heavy rain on the 100th. Standing spring, running barefoot. Standing through the spring, the yang rushes. Fight the spring, there is yang. Hit the spring, freeze the tendons.

In folk proverbs, the use of Lichun can be divided into two categories: one is to directly use "Lichun" to "hit spring"; the other is to extend the usage, that is, to insert components in the middle, such as "Li Chun", "Li Over Spring", "Hit Spring", "Fight Spring" and so on. Not only does Lichun have such a usage, but the same two usages appear in the twenty-four solar terms of Lixia, Liqiu, Lidong and Lichun. The first usage is as follows: Lixia sweat wet body, heavy rain that day. Summer is not hot, and the grain is not knotted. People are happy when it rains in autumn, and people are sad when it rains in summer. Pick peppercorns in autumn and beat walnuts with white dew. There are food supplements in winter, and spring is brave like a tiger. Standing winter sunny, one winter clear; standing winter rain, one winter rain. The second usage is as follows: playing spring, standing summer, planting millet first and then planting hemp. Set up the summer and put the fan rack. Stand up autumn and throw the fan away. Autumn in the morning, cool in the evening. Autumn is established, where it rains, where it is harvested. Standing autumn, hanging hoe hooks. Winter is established, and the soil is not born. These folk proverbs are a very apt reflection of everyday life, especially with colloquialisms. In addition to folk proverbs, a second extended usage also appears in masterpieces of classical Chinese novels. For example, the fifty-sixth time in "Journey to the West": "The walker should only not know, and laugh with a smile on his face: 'Brother, if you fight like this, it is not true to fight the spring of the next year. The twenty-fourth time in the "Tale of the Awakening Marriage": "The sun and the moon are full of brilliance, the stars have no price, the spring is established, out of the nine, it is warm as a day, the grass buds and leaves gradually turn blue, and there is no change from cold to hot." The forty-first time in "The Dream of the Red Chamber": "The guest laughed and said: 'There is half a month in the autumn, and the morning and evening wind is cool and thin, so the hands are cold.'" The language of the characters in these novels is colloquial and colloquial.

The Modern Chinese Dictionary interprets Li Chun as follows: "[Name] one of the twenty-four solar terms, on February 3, 4, or 5." The mainland customarily takes spring as the beginning of spring. (-//---) [Moving] Cross the Spring Festival; Spring Begins: Spring begins: Spring is established, and the weather will become warmer. "The interpretation of Lixia, Liqiu, and Lidong is similar to that of Lichun. The Modern Chinese Dictionary clearly states this structure in its examples: "Some multi-word entries have a double slash '//' in the middle, indicating that other components can be inserted in the middle." Other components can be inserted in the middle of the meaning of the same word, some of the meanings cannot be inserted in the middle of other components, the phonetic conjunctions of the whole word can be inserted, and the meanings of other components can be marked with parentheses (-//-) after the number of the meanings (-//-) such as [speaking] fāyán (-//-) ..., the meaning term indicating "speech" can be inserted into other components, and the meaning term cannot be inserted into other components. "Linguistics refers to such words as adjoining words. A clutch word is a word that has a whole meaning, but can insert other components in the middle and can be limitedly extended. Conceptually, it is a "word", but in actual use, it is different from the word in our cognition: its meaning solidification is manifested as the characteristics of the word, and other components can be inserted in the middle of the structure, which can be expressed as the characteristics of the phrase, but its extended form is limited, and it is different from the phrase. Therefore, it has the characteristics of words and phrases, but it is different from words and phrases. Native Chinese speakers can use acrostic words without thinking, but their characteristics of also words and non-words have caused great trouble to foreigners learning Chinese. Foreigners do not know when they can be taken apart and used, when they are not to be taken apart, what ingredients can be inserted in the middle, and what ingredients must be said in the middle. This is precisely because the clutch words have irregularity, freedom of expression, and richness of expression.

Like "Li Chun", one or more meanings can be extended to use a clutch word called a polysemantic clutch. Polysemantic clutches can be divided into two categories: one is that individual meanings can be inserted into components, and the other is that all meanings can be inserted into components. Individual meanings can be inserted into the ingredients, such as "apprentice", which the Modern Chinese Dictionary explains: "[Name] A young person who learns to trade in a shop or learns technology in a workshop or factory." (-//-) [Move] As an apprentice: Learned for a year as an apprentice. "Apprentice" has two meanings: one is a noun, which means "a person who learns technology" and cannot be extended; the other is a verb, which means "to be an apprentice", which can be extended to: apprentice, apprentice, apprentice for a year. Similarly, the first type in the Lichun proverb above is noun usage, and the second type is the verb usage. There is also a situation where all meanings can be extended, such as "moving", which the Modern Chinese Dictionary interprets: "(-//-) [move] to move his home elsewhere: he moved last year." Generally refers to relocation location or relocation location: The factory has moved. "Moving" has two meanings, both verbs, and both can be extended. The first form of extension is: to help Master Zhang move his home and move his home to the edge of the field. The second meaning extends the form: the head has moved. Of course, the fact that it can be extended does not mean that it must be extended, and it is more common not to extend the use.

Polysemantic clutches can be classified according to whether the meaning terms are all segregated, but the extended forms of clutches in the same subclass are quite different, such as: Li Chun, only "Li Chun", "Li Yue Chun", "Li Strike Spring" and other usages, the extended form is less, and only one word can be inserted in the middle. Some clutch words have more extended forms, such as "bow", and the extended forms retrieved in the corpus of the Center for Chinese Linguistics Research of Peking University are slightly as follows: bow, bow, bow, bow, bow, It is even possible to change the order of the front and back: this bow goes down, and his bow is deeper than theirs. It is rare for a clutch with such a rich form of extension as "bow", and most of the clutches have an extended form between "Li Chun" and "Bow". Which word has an extended form without regularity is unforeseeable. However, acrostic words have common characteristics: from a structural point of view, it is common that the front word is a verb, the back word is a noun, and the combination is a verb structure. In Chinese, the moving object structure is an advantageous structure, which will have a classimetric effect on other structures, so that what is not a moving object structure becomes a moving object structure, such as "the indignation of others", "generosity" originally only two words together can express the meaning, but it can be extended and used, and used such as the moving object structure. There are also some newly produced words, such as"heeling" is a new word included in the sixth edition of the Modern Chinese Dictionary, which is a verb-type clutch word of both verb name and class, which can be expanded to "follow a post". It can be seen that the verb object clutch word has a strong vitality.

In short, from "Li Chun", we recognize the extensiveness of the extended use of clutch words, and then analyze the expansion of different clutch words and their characteristics, and find that the use of these clutches is more common in spoken language, with different forms of extension and no derivability, and the rich diversity of modern Chinese expressions can be seen here. (Guangming Daily)