Nietzsche is the world's famous philosopher, and it is undeniable that he has a brilliant side, but on the other hand, there are also some scums in his thought that are not suitable for the development of the times, such as the saying: morality is only a fiction used by the inferior group to hinder the higher. In foreign countries, few serious scholars have taken it seriously. Certainly not without applause, there are, such as Heidegger. As for the rebuttal, it has already been refuted by very famous philosophers.
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche was born in 1844, and at the university he was brilliant in the study of classics and linguistics. In 1869, before graduating from university, Bazell University offered him a position as a professor of linguistics, which he accepted, at the age of 25.
However, after arriving in office, Nietzsche took a long vacation due to illness, intermittently for 10 years. In 1879, not knowing whether he could not do it or the school could not stand it, Nietzsche retired from the university. After another seven or eight years, Nietzsche was utterly insane until his death.
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche
As mentioned earlier, Nietzsche did have a brilliant talent. But this is mainly manifested in his classical studies and linguistics. These aspects are more directly related to art and aesthetics.
Nietzsche's first book was The Birth of Tragedy, the original title in German, "Tragedy Born from the Musical Spirit," written in 1872, when he was 28 years old. The book shows that he was influenced by Schopenhauer's literary ideas and Wagner—the title page of the book reads "To Wagner" in homage to Wagner.
In this book, it cannot but be said that there are wonderful features, but because it really belongs to the field of art and aesthetics, it is not to mention here.
After 1883, Nietzsche wrote "What Zaratusla Said"; in 1886 he wrote "The Other Side of Good and Evil"; in 1887 he wrote "The Lineage of Morality". These three books are considered to be philosophically related works. After his death, his sister, mainly in 1990, compiled and published a collection of letters.
Nietzsche, like his "spiritual godfather" Schopenhauer, has achieved nothing in philosophy, and to put it more thoroughly, has achieved nothing. As Russell put it, Nietzsche "did not create any new specialized theories in ontology and epistemology; his importance was first and foremost in ethics."
Arthur Schopenhauer
Nietzsche's ethics has the following three characteristics— first, it is related to the "will first" doctrine he inherited from Schopenhauer, which is the foundation of his ethics and thus the core point of his ethics. Second, Nietzsche did not advocate the absence of "morality"; he despised, belittled, and attacked the morality of the masses, and promoted the "virtues" of the nobility, that is, the "superman". Thirdly, it must also be said that Nietzsche's curse on popular morality is mixed with tireless invectively cursing women and attacking Christianity.
Nietzsche adopts a "paradox of reverse reason" in his book The Other Side of Good and Evil, trying to shock the reader and accept his "view of good and evil".
He said he liked "evil" over "good." Usually, people think that what is right for oneself is just for others, and what one does not want others to do is not to do it oneself— much like the Chinese saying, "Do not do to others what you do not want to do to others"—Nietzsche said, "These words make me hate this vulgarity."
These are traditional virtues, he said, and the true virtues, on the contrary, are not something that everyone can have. This virtue does not teach caution; it separates those who possess it from others; it is hostile to order and to the detriment of inferiors. The superiors must go to war against the common people, for on all sides are mediocre people who have joined hands and are trying to become masters. "Everything that condons, softens, and puts 'the people' or 'women' ahead of them has a beneficial effect on universal suffrage, that is, the rule of the 'inferior',' he said. ”
Nietzsche's posthumous manuscript
Nietzsche also associated this popular morality with Christianity, collectively referring to it as "slave morality." He said he wanted to see what he called "noble" people take the place of Christian saints. "Noble" people are by no means universal types of people, but aristocrats with ruling power; "noble" people can do cruel things, sometimes they can do things that are considered crimes by vulgar eyes; "noble" people will learn to sacrifice the majority, learn to practice harsh discipline, learn to show tyranny and cunning in war.
In short, the "noble" people will recognize the role of cruelty in aristocratic superiority — "Almost everything we call 'higher upbringing' is based on the sublime and intensification of cruelty." "The "noble" man is essentially the embodiment of the will to power.
That is to say, Nietzsche does not deny morality in its entirety, but only the morality that applies to the vast majority of people, but advocates a morality that allows a very small minority to be cruel and dominated by the vast majority.
Russell once said, "What should we think of Nietzsche's teachings?" How true is this doctrine? How useful is it? Is there something objective in it? Is it just a patient's fantasy of power? He went on to answer: "It is undeniable that Nietzsche, though not among the specialized philosophers, has exerted a great influence among those with literary and artistic attainments. ...... If his thoughts were only a symptom of a disease, it must be very popular in the modern world. ”
Bertrand Arthur William Russell
Russell said that for many things that are merely Nietzsche's megalomania, "it must be ignored." Nietzsche's goal, the only thing that works, "is to organize like the fascist party or the Nazis."
Russell said: "I hate Nietzsche because he likes to meditate on pain, because he elevates conceit to an obligation, because the people he admires most are conquerors whose glory lies in their cleverness to make people die."
Russell said that there are some who are clearly on the side of the majority of the world, while Schopenhauer and Nietzsche are shamelessly on the side of the very few who enslave the majority. Such a very small number of people were later Hitler and the Nazis. Look at Hitler's Mein Kampf, which basically comes from Nietzsche's ideas, from his way of expression, and there are too many.