Legend has it that the cuckoo mourns day and night, crying until the blood comes out.
Where did this sadness come from?
Why should this hatred be eliminated?
Li Shangyin wrote in his famous poem "Jinse":
Zhuang Sheng Xiao dreamed of butterflies, and wangdi chunxin trusted the cuckoo.
It turned out that the previous life of Cuckoo was the king of the ancient Shu kingdom- Emperor Wang.
The cuckoo cries blood, poignant and romantic, like the thorny bird written by australian writer Colleen McCullough, singing the heartbreaking love with a natural song.
But, this is an illusion.
Behind the cries of the cuckoos is the bloody slaughter and the overthrow of the highly civilized dynasty of the ancient Shu Dynasty.
Mr. Shen Congwen said: "Jingwei Stone, Cuckoo Crying Blood, Love Is Not True, and It Is Not Bad." ”
More than 700 years later, the Qin army poured into Shu like a river that broke through the embankment, and the enlightened Ming Dynasty, the last dynasty of the ancient Shu kingdom after twelve generations, finally ushered in the disaster. In the face of the tiger-like qin army, the Shu state completely lost its resistance and quickly disintegrated. The ancient Shu state, which had always been independent of the Chinese civilization, became the territory of the Qin state.
This land, which once created a brilliant civilization, has since become the granary of the Qin State, providing a solid foundation for the Qin State to unify the world.
The origin of the ancient Shu kingdom
In 1933, the American archaeologist Ge Weihan discovered more than 600 pieces of jade and pottery devices during the excavation of Guanghan in Sichuan, which opened the prelude to the mysterious archaeology of Sanxingdui. For decades, Sanxingdui has been bringing unexpected surprises to the world, and is gradually unveiling the mysterious veil of the ancient Shu kingdom, which is very different from the Chinese civilization. We suddenly realized that once in the land of Sichuan, there was a splendid civilization, which was independent of our Chinese civilization and had maintained a history of thousands of years.
Li Bai wrote in "Shu Dao Difficulty": "Silkworm bushes and fish, how dazed is the founding of the country!" Erlai is forty-eight thousand years old, and is not inhabited by Qin Saitong. ”
Silkworm bushes and fish are the kings who created the ancient Shu kingdom, and the forty-eight thousand years old is obviously a typical Li Bai-style exaggeration, but it also shows the long history of the ancient Shu kingdom from the side. For such a long time, the Shu kingdom was isolated from the Chinese countries and was not inhabited, which was enough to see that the difficulty of the Shu Dao was difficult to go to the qingtian. It is for this reason that it retains the independence of its own civilization.
Once the Shu Road is opened, it will disappear into the long river of history and sleep in Sanxingdui.
The "Benji of the King of Shu" written by YangXiong of the Western Han Dynasty contains:
"The ancestors of Shu were named Silkworm Bush, the descendants were known as Cypress Irrigation, and the next one was known as Yu Jiao, and these three generations were hundreds of years old, and all of them were deified and immortal."
This is the earliest record of the ancient Shu kingdom. The three shu kings, each ruling for hundreds of years, obviously could not be a fact. A more reasonable understanding should be that the three clans ruled the ancient Shu state for hundreds of years, or the three dynasties each maintained hundreds of years.
At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Du Guangting's Zhiwei novel "Immortal Transmission And Collection" wrote:
"The Silkworm Cong clan established itself as Wang Shu, taught people silkworm mulberry, and made thousands of golden silkworms."
It can be seen that the Shu kingdom has an inseparable relationship with the sericulture industry. The explanation of Shu in the Shuowen Jiezi is: "Silkworm in Aoi". Through further understanding, we can find that the ancient Shu state was a country that manufactured, distributed and exported silk products in the form of a general mobilization of the whole people.
Chang Xuan of the Eastern Jin Dynasty wrote the Huayang Guozhi (華阳国志) in which:
"Zhou Lost Gangji, Shu first called the king, there were Shu Marquis silkworm bushes, its eyes were long, the first called the king."
What is longitudinal, has always made many people wonder, until the portrait is dug out of Sanxingdui. From the masks of Sanxingdui, the signs of the ethnic ruling group can be inferred, such as black hair, brown skin, big eyes, and eagle hook nose. Obviously, this is a different civilization from the Chinese civilization, and the archaeological community calls it the Guanghan culture.
There are records of Shang Fa Shu and other records in the oracle bones, and some scholars believe that the ancient Shu kingdom existed in the Shang Dynasty at the latest. Artifacts unearthed at Sanxingdui also confirm this. The Sanxingdui sacrifice pit that has been excavated dates from about 3300 to 3000 years ago, corresponding to the middle and late Shang Dynasty. In the records of the Wu King's cutting, the shadow of the ancient Shu state participating in the war can also be faintly seen. As for how the army of the ancient Shu State leapt over the high mountains and mountains of "even the peaks to the sky" and participated in the Great War of the Central Plains, it is not known.
Cuckoo Crying Blood: Turtle Spirit Usurpation
According to the analysis of Mr. Zhu Dake's book "Ancient Chinese Gods", the end of Guanghan culture was that someone buried it in an orderly manner according to prior planning, including the idols of gods. Based on this, Mr. Zhu believes that this is the work of turtle ling, the founder of the "enlightened dynasty", and only in this way is it more logical to explain. According to this theory, seven hundred years before the Qin state annexed Bashu, the ancient Shu state had already disappeared.
The Benji of the King of Shu records the myths and legends of Du Yu and Turtle Spirits that describe the dynastic changes of the ancient Shu Kingdom:
Later, there was a man who fell from heaven to Stop Zhu Ti; a woman with fame and fortune, came out of the Jiangyuan Well, and became Du Yu's wife. He established himself as the King of Shu, the Emperor of Wang, and the Emperor of Zhiwen Mountain.
Wangdi Ji was more than a hundred years old, and Jing had a person named Turtle Spirit, whose corpse died, and the Jing people could not ask for it. The corpse of the turtle spirit followed the water to Guo, then lived, and met with Emperor Wang. Emperor Wang took the turtle spirit as the image.
When the Jade Mountain comes out of the water, the flood of Ruoyao. Emperor Wang could not rule, so that the turtle spirit would decide the jade mountain and the people would be at peace. After the turtle spirit ruled the water, Emperor Wang, with his wife, was ashamed, thinking that he was weak in virtue, and it was better than the turtle spirit, but he entrusted the state to go away, such as Yao's Zen Shun.
Turtle Spirit is on the throne, the number enlightened emperor, the emperor Lu Bao, also known as the enlightened. When Emperor Wang went, the Zi Zi (規) ming, so the Shu people mourned the Zi Zi (規) and si Wangdi.
It's a magical story. The founding myths of many ethnic groups have the plot of the gods and mortal women who combine to give birth to the ancestors of the tribe. Obviously, Du Yu, who fell from the sky, had a layer of divine flavor, but his narrative was completely different. The narrative of "a man falling from heaven" is like describing an ordinary man who has lost his foot and rolled off a cliff, but has great difficulty not dying. After Du Yu fell to the Land of Shu, he married a Shu woman who "came out of the well of Jiangyuan" and was named "Li" and established herself as the King of Shu. This obviously implies the meaning of the union of heaven and earth, but the union of heaven and earth does not give birth to anything, and the story does not mention anything about having children.
Judging from the structure of the story, this is likely to be the founding myth of the Du Yu clan, but it seems to have been deliberately tampered with, and Du Yu has changed from a god to a "man". Du Yu was the King of Shu, and for modern people who were accustomed to the title of Emperor, it seemed that there was no conflict between the King of Shu and the Emperor of Wang. But the word "emperor" was a title that was adopted from the beginning of Qin Shi Huang to be above the king, and before that" "emperor" meant god. For example, the Three Emperors and Five Emperors of the Ancients were all gods. That is to say, Emperor Wang was the god of the Duyu clan, or the Shu kingdom was a theocratic state, and the supreme ruler was regarded as a god, like the pharaohs of Egypt. Perhaps the title of King of Shu was also added to later generations.
So who would have tampered with the myth of the Du Yu clan?
The suspect is definitely an enlightened clan that subverts the rule of the Du Yu clan, but the subsequent founding story about the enlightened clan makes people wonder again. The myth of the enlightened clan also seems to have been tampered with. Because no clan would describe their ancestors as living dead, and the founding ancestor of the enlightened clan in the story, The Turtle Spirit, is a living dead.
There is nothing more amazing about this story than the appearance of the turtle spirit. When Emperor Wang, that is, Du Yu was more than a hundred years old, the body of a Chu man named Turtle Ling floated with the river to the Shu Kingdom, and was actually resurrected. Emperor Wang, seeing The Turtle Spirit, appointed him as the Minister of Shu. The name Turtle Spirit was rather strange, not like the name of a Chu person, but rather like the name of a demon or god. It can be boldly guessed that the totem of the enlightened clan is the turtle, and the turtle spirit is the god of water.
Turtles have a long history as divine animals. In Chinese mythology, Dayu's father, Cang Zhishui, failed to rule the water and was sent by Emperor Yao to zhu Rong to be killed at Yushan, and after the death of Yu, he was three years old and did not corrupt, and used a Wu knife to cut his abdomen out of Yu. After that, the body of the carp turned into yellow energy, and the capable turtle three-legged also.
"Left Transmission" Zhao Gong Seven Year Cloud:
"Xi Yao was killed in Yushan, and its deification was Huang Neng to enter Yuyuan."
It gives people a wonderful association here. Could it be that the corpse turtle spirit floating from the east with the river is the embodiment of the turtle?
The description below reinforces this association. The main work of the turtle spirit is the same as that of the carp, which is also to control the water, the difference is that the turtle spirit fails to control the water and is killed, and the turtle spirit succeeds in controlling the water in Shudi. Therefore, just as emperor Shun of the Chinese civilization ceded the world Zen to Dayu, who had successfully ruled the water, Emperor Wang also ceded the throne of the King of Shu to Turtle Ling. The turtle spirit took the throne and was enlightened, thus opening the era of the enlightened dynasty of the ancient Shu kingdom. However, another sentence was added to the story, after the turtle spirit ruled the water, Emperor Wang had an affair with his wife. Emperor Wang felt ashamed of this, so he ceded the country to turtle spirits. How an old man in his hundreds of years fornicated with people is puzzling. But a single sentence of "adultery" also tarnished the founding father of Du Yu's clan and the founding mother of the enlightened clan, which can really be described as killing two birds with one stone!
In this story, Emperor Wang voluntarily left after ceding Shu Guo Zen to turtle spirits. Therefore, the son's sorrow is that the king's misconduct is purely a personal tragedy. Apparently, Wangdi Zen let this section be the history of the enlightened clan tampering.
In the sixty volumes of the "Saying Guo He periodical", the name of the que yu ji (寰宇記) seems to reveal a little truth:
"After Emperor Wang fled, he could not regain his throne, and he died and became a crane."
Since Emperor Wang fled, he could not be reinstated, and there would be pursuers and usurpers behind him. Obviously, the real situation of Emperor Wang's Zen concession and departure is a coup d'état. Through this coup, Turtle Ling overthrew the rule of du Yu and opened the Enlightened Dynasty.
If you look at the origin of the turtle spirit and the connection with the myth of the Chinese carp, it can be boldly guessed that the Enlightened Clan is likely to be a clan that migrated from the Land of Huaxia in the East, and they are completely different from the Du Yu Clan and have a completely different culture. If this is the case, then Mr. Zhu Dake's view that the Enlightened Clan systematically destroyed the Guanghan culture can be explained.
Therefore, "the Shu people mourn the rules and think of the emperor", the sadness is not the fate of the emperor, but the loss of the entire culture, thinking not of the departed emperor, but the civilization represented by the emperor. Only when grievances and hatred reach the extreme, can supernatural phenomena appear, such as Jingwei reclamation, such as Dou'e Rain and Snow, and here Wangdihuajuan.
Feeling such grievances and hatred, the Tang Dynasty poet Wu Rong wrote:
"Every spring hates the wronged souls, and the blood stains the branches and reds and multiplies."
So, who exactly tampered with this story?
Maybe it was the conqueror of the Shu Lands later--- Qin!
An important debate in the Qin state
After introducing the ancient Shu kingdom, we returned to the main topic.
The Zizhi Tongjian describes a debate that determined the fate of the Shu state.
The theme of the debate was whether Qin should conquer shu land.
Square: Sima wrong
Opposing: Zhang Yi
Judge: Qin Huiwang
background:
The Zizhi Tongjian writes:
Tho Shu attacked and each came to warn Qin. King Hui of Qin wanted to send troops to cut down Shu, thinking that the road was dangerous and narrow, and Han came to invade Qin, and King Hui of Qin wanted to cut down Han first, and then cut down Shu, fearing that it would be unfavorable, wanting to cut down Shu first, fearing that Han would attack Qin Zhizhi. Hesitation was undecided.
The State of Tho was in the early Warring States period, that is, in 368 BC, when Du Shang, the king of Shu, made his brother Du Yemeng the Marquis of Hanzhong. Although the State of Tho was a state divided by the State of Shu and was considered to be the same ethnic group, it united with the State of Ba against the State of Shu. Baguo was one of the princes of the Western Zhou Dynasty with the surname Ji, and belonged to the Zhuxia, that is, the Chinese nation. Due to the oppression of the Chu state, the state of Ba retreated to the west and came into direct conflict with the state of Shu. For the State of Shu, the behavior of the State of Tho was completely to eat inside and outside, so Du Lu, the king of Shu, after defeating the invading Pakistani army, pointed his finger at the State of Tho, intending to establish another Marquis of Tho. As a result, Tho Guo urgently appealed to Qin Guo for help. But what they did not expect was that this move was actually to lure wolves into the house, which directly led to the demise of the three kingdoms of Shu, Tho and Ba.
Qin had long coveted the Shu kingdom, and the Huayang Guozhi Shuzhi recorded:
In the life of King Zhou Xian, the King of Shu had the land of Praise and Han. In the middle of the hunting valley, he met King Hui of Qin. King Hui left the King of Shu with Jin Yiyi, and the treasures of the king were materialized into earth. Hui Wang was furious. Qunchen He Yue: "Heaven inherits me, and the king will get the land of Shu." "Hui Wang Hi.
Although Qin Shu came, but the difficulty of the Shu Dao was difficult in the era of the Qingtian Heavens, how could the King of Shu meet with the King of Qin Hui? This is completely a crooked passage in the later generations, but it also reflects the ambitions of the King of Qin for Shudi from the side. The Kingdom of Tho came to ask for help, which just gave the Qin State a good opportunity.
Zhang Yi, however, opposed it, advocating an eastward attack on Korea instead of wasting energy in a useless rongdi land like the Shu state.
The Zizhi Tongjian records:
Sima Que and Zhang Yi argued before King Hui, Sima Mistaken wanted to cut down Shu, and Zhang Yi said: "It is better to cut down Han." Wang Yue: "Please hear what he said." ”
Zhang Yi's character has been described in detail in the previous article. During the Warring States period, the Zongheng family lobbied the princes based on private interests, and the long-term interests of the state were not taken into account. For the evergreen foundation of the Qin state, Zhang Yi, a Wei stateman, was not interested. The most important thing for him was to march east into the Central Plains during his reign and seize the power to rule the princes.
Therefore, Zhang Yi advocated "attacking Xincheng and Yiyang by attacking Sanchuan" and "committing the crime of the King of Zhou and invading the lands of Chu and Wei." “
Zhang Yi said:
Zhou Zi knew that he could not be saved, and the Nine Treasures would come out. According to Jiuding, the case map book, the son of heaven to order the world, the world does not dare not listen, this king also.
Jiuding is a national treasure that symbolizes the state power, and according to legend, after the success of Dayu Zhishui, the world was divided into Kyushu, and Kyushu was made to offer bronze and cast Jiuding, symbolizing Kyushu. According to the regulations, only the Son of Heaven can use jiuding, so jiuding is also a symbol of the son of heaven. During the Spring and Autumn Period, there is an allusion that the King of Chu asked the King of Chu to conquer the Central Plains, which fully illustrates the symbolic significance of Jiuding. Zhang Yi's goal was to seize the Nine Dings and blackmail the Heavenly Son to order the princes.
Relatively speaking, Shudi is really an insignificant existence.
Now Fu Shu, the country of the west and rong Zhai of Lunye, our soldiers and laborers are not enough to become famous, and the land is not enough for profit.
Sima Wrong gave a fierce rebuttal to this. Sima mistakenly believed that the Qin state was "small and the people were poor" and that it was not in the long-term interests of the country to rush eastward, and that before embarking on the royal road, it should first strengthen the country and enrich the people, and lay a good foundation first.
Sima Mistaken said:
Those who want to enrich the country should do their breadth, those who want to conquer the army should enrich their people, those who want the king should do their bontes, and those who have three assets are prepared and the king will follow.
That is to say, expanding the territorial area, improving the people's living standards, and enhancing the international image and reputation of the Qin King are the three elements of a strong country, and attacking Shudi can just meet these three requirements. The Shu kingdom is a small country like the Tho kingdom, which is really an evil country. Since the State of Tho took the initiative to ask for help, the State of Qin should be a teacher of justice. In this way, one side annexes Shu land, and the other side can also usher in international praise, where is such a good thing?
So Sima mistakenly said:
The land is enough to spread the country, and the wealth is enough to enrich the people and the soldiers, and it does not hurt the people, but he has obeyed. Pulling up a country and not thinking that the world is violent, and profiting from the West Sea and the world does not think that it is greedy, is my name in one fell swoop, and I have the name of prohibiting violence and stopping chaos.
As for Zhang Yi's claim, Sima Mistaken believed that this would arouse the indignation and uneasiness of the major princes, and if the various princely states united to fight against the Qin state, it would push the Qin state into a dangerous situation.
He said:
Attacking Korea now, robbing the Son of Heaven, notoriety, but not necessarily profitable, and having the name of injustice, and attacking the world is not desired, and it is dangerous.
In the end, the opposing side Zhang Yi was defeated, and King Hui of Qin listened to Sima Que's advice, raised an army of 300,000 people, and marched into Shudi.
Wuding Myth: Opening up the Qin Shu Trail
In Li Bai's poem, Shudi "Erlai is forty-eight thousand years old, and is not inhabited by Qin Saitong." "So how did the 300,000-strong army of the Qin State enter the Shu Lands?"
The answer is through the Qin Shu Trail.
Qin Shu Trail, also known as Shiniu Road, when Liu Bang used Zhang Liang's strategy, the Ming Repair Trail darkness Chen Cangzhong, burned and repaired it was this trail.
Yuanhe County Chronicle. Xingyuan Province. In Baocheng County, it is recorded that:
Chu Chuan Dao, a stone cow road, Zhang Liang ordered the Han King to burn the boardwalk, showing no return of heart, that is, this way also.
So why is this boardwalk called Shiniu Road, and how is it built? There is a very interesting story about this, that is, the legend of Wuding.
Northern Wei Li Daoyuan 《水經注. "On the Water" records:
King Hui of Qin wants to cut down Shu without knowing, so he makes a five-stone cow, and places gold on his tail, and he can gold. The king of Shu made Wuding enlightened. Qin made Zhang Yi and Sima mistakenly find a way to destroy Shu, because they knew the Shiniu Road. ”
King Hui of Qin made five huge stone cattle, placed gold under the cow's butt, tricked the king of Shu into saying that the stone cow could pull out the gold, and promised to sacrifice these five stone cows to the king of Shu. The King of Shu was overjoyed and ordered Wuding to open a trail and transport the five stone cattle back. Zhan Daocheng, Shi Niuzhi, the King of Shu found himself deceived. Along with Shi Niu was the Tiger and Wolf Division of the Qin Kingdom.
So who are the five dings who opened up the Stone Cow Road? According to the "Huayang Guozhi Shu Zhi", Wuding was the five lux of the Shu kingdom, with infinite strength, "able to move mountains, lift ten thousand jun." Regarding Wuding, there is also a legend in the Huayang Guozhi:
King Hui knew that the King of Shu was lustful, and promised to marry five daughters to Shu, and Shu sent five Ding to welcome him. Also to Zi Tong, saw a large snake, into the cave. One man wrapped his tail and pulled it, and could not help it, until five people helped each other, and shouted at the snake. When the landslide occurs, five people will be crushed and killed, and the five daughters of Qin will be followed. The mountain is divided into five ridges, and there are flat stones on the top of the straight (its) top. The king of Shu was wounded, and Nai Dengzhi, because of his fate, was known as the Five Women's Tomb Mountain.
King Hui of Qin sent the King of Shu five stone cattle, and sent five beautiful women, the King of Shu still sent Five Ding to greet, when he came back on the road encountered a big snake, when the five people pulled out the tail of the snake from the cave, a landslide occurred, and all five people and the beautiful women of the Qin Kingdom were killed. The king of Shu mourned, but he seemed to mourn the loss of five beautiful women, not five luxes, so he ordered that mountain to be called The Five Women's Tomb Mountain, not the Five Ding Tomb Mountain.
This is also a very strange story, five dings, five stone cows, five beautiful women, are all five this number, what is the specific meaning? Why did the King of Shu care so much about these five beautiful women of the Qin Kingdom? What does the great snake mean? This is a headless case.
Li Bai wrote in his poem: "The earth collapse mountain destroys the heroes to death, and then the heavenly ladder stone stacks are hooked together." ”
Maybe Wuding is the Shu craftsmen who built the boardwalk, maybe the snake symbolizes the Chinese countries with the dragon and snake as the totem, and the five Qin women represent the integration of the two ethnic groups of Shu and Xia. The Qinshu Trail is 600 kilometers long and stretches from Chengdu to Hanzhong in Shaanxi. Building such a large-scale boardwalk should have sacrificed many craftsmen. The State of Shu would rather lose such a huge amount of manpower and material resources to build this boardwalk, and it is absolutely impossible just to carry stone cattle or marry the beautiful women of the Qin State.
From the King of Shu's greed for gold, it can be seen that the economic model of the Shu kingdom is based on commercial trade centered on sericulture, and only in this way will there be a huge demand for gold, which in the eyes of the eastern agricultural countries has become a greed that lacks virtue.
The Shu kingdom built the boardwalk to expand the trade line, but this trade line became a way to bury the death of the Shu kingdom, and the snake not only destroyed the five heroes, but also swallowed the Shu kingdom into its mouth.
The Huayang Guozhi ShuZhi records:
In the fifth year of the Zhou Shen Dynasty, in the autumn, the Qin grand masters Zhang Yi, Sima Zuo, and Du Weimo, etc., cut Shu from Shiniu Dao, and the King of Shu refused to do so from Yu Meng, and was defeated. Wang fled to Wuyang, where he was killed by the Qin army and the Enlightened Clan perished. King Shu XII.
This is 316 BC.
In this year, the Qin army destroyed the State of Shu, and incidentally destroyed both the State of Ba and the State of Tho, and the Prince of Qin Hui made Prince Shu the Marquis of Shu, and Zhang Ruo was the Prince of Shu, and Shu County.
The significance of the Qin occupation of Bashu
The qin conquest of Bashu was a historical event that had a great impact on Chinese history.
Just as Sima Que said above, the Qin state was originally small and poor, and compared with the large eastern and southern countries such as Qi Chu, which had many large people and were quite rich, the Qin state had no advantages to speak of except for its excellent work style of bearing hardships and standing hard work.
Map of the early Warring States period
However, the annexation of Bashu allowed the Qin state to solve the bottleneck of its own development. The State of Qin suddenly became a great power, forming a situation of encroaching on the State of Chu. Three years after the capture of the Shu state, there was an incident in which Zhang Yi used tactics to sabotage the Qi-Chu alliance, and there was a series of lian heng lobbyists who destroyed Zhang Yi. The pressure of the Qin state on the eastern princes increased sharply.
Map after the Qin state annexed Bashu
Shu belonged to Qin, and Qin was strong, rich, and light.
After the Qin state conquered the Shu land, it built an irrigation network that plays an important role today, and the Chengdu Plain became the "Country of Heavenly Palace". The Minjiang Basin became the barn of the Qin army. In 310 BC, the Qin state built a new capital in Shudi, based on the template of the Qin capital Xianyang, which was Chengdu.
In the same year that the Qin state annexed Bashu, a major historical event also occurred in the far north of the Yan state, which almost destroyed the Yan state by the state of Qi. This is the incident of Yan Wang Chan Rang, which will be described in detail in the next article.