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When it comes to the ancient emperors who slaughtered heroes, the first thing that people think of is generally Liu Bang, the ancestor of Han Gao, and Zhu Yuanzhang, the ancestor of the Ming Dynasty. In fact, Li Shimin, who has always been regarded as a model of "Ming Jun of the Ages", also killed the heroes of the dynasty.
Among the twenty-four heroes of the Tang Dynasty Lingyange, there was one who died the most tragically and heart-wrenchingly, and he was Zhang Liang, the Duke of Yunguo, who ranked 16th. Zhang Liang was wrongfully killed by Li Shimin for the crime of conspiracy.
In fact, soon after killing Zhang Liang by mistake, Li Shimin woke up, he knew that Zhang Liang was wronged, and deeply repented for his actions. If this was the case, why did Li Shimin have "ghost obsession" and had to kill Zhang Liang, a hero who had made great achievements in battle?
Zhang Liang, a native of Xingyang, Zhengzhou (present-day Zhengzhou, Henan), joined Wagangzhai in his early years, under the command of Xu Mao, and later entered the Qin Dynasty under the recommendation of Fang Xuanling and served Li Shimin.
Unlike other military generals, Zhang Liang was not only good at leading soldiers to fight, but also quite talented in governing the country and the country. Therefore, after Li Shimin ascended the throne as empress after the "Xuanwumen Change", he especially trusted and used Zhang Liang.
During the Zhenguan period, Zhang Liang successively held important positions such as Yushi Dafu, GuangluQing, Governor of the Three Prefectures of Xiaxia, Governor of Xiangzhou, Shangshu of the Ministry of Works, Governor of Luozhou, and Shangshu of the Punishment Department. Moreover, Zhang Liang was also awarded the title of Duke of Yun for his merits, and his ranking among the twenty-four heroes of LingYange was even higher than that of his old boss Xu Maogong.
Zhang Liang's tragic death stemmed not only from Li Shimin's suspicions, but also from his own superstitious alchemist and high-profile style.
Under the influence of Li Shi, his wife, Zhang Liang began to befriend alchemists and immersed himself in the study of the art of Wei Wei. In addition, Zhang Liang did not know how to restrain his sharp edge and wantonly adopted five hundred righteous sons. And all of this is just being used by people with hearts.
In the 20th year of zhenguan in the Tang dynasty (646 AD), Chang Dexuan, a native of Shaanzhou (陕州, in present-day Shaanxi County, Henan), accused Zhang Liang of deliberately plotting rebellion. Chang Dexuan's remarks are roughly as follows.
According to legend, there is a folk saying about the general trend of the world, which is:
"The Lord of the Bow Chiefs should be the Bedu."
Among them, "bow chief" is undoubtedly Zhang Liang's "Zhang" surname, and Zhang Liang happened to be in Xiangzhou at that time, and Xiangzhou was the old capital of the Northern Dynasty, so the "Beidu" in the proverb should refer to Xiangzhou. In summary,
“
The Lord of the Bow Chiefs should be the Bedu
”
The meaning of this proverb is:
Zhang Liang will rule the state and then seek the world.
Zhang Liang was greatly pleased by this, and asked Fang Shi Cheng Gongying: "I have dragon scales on my arm, if I raise an army, can I succeed?" (From the Zizhi Tongjian Volume 198 Tang Ji XIV, the original text is: "I have dragon scales on my arms, and I want to do great things, can I?" ”）
Then, Zhang Liang said to another alchemist, Gongsun Chang, "I have a concubine, and fortune tellers say that she can become an imperial concubine in the future." ”
Cheng Gongying and Gongsun Chang both followed Zhang Liang's wishes and said that there was his name in the proverbs, and he did have the appearance of an emperor, and he could become a great event in the future.
After listening to chang Dexuan's enumeration of these crimes, and then thinking about Zhang Liang's collection of five hundred righteous sons, Li Shimin could not help but be furious, so he began to investigate the original commission.
Li Shimin was particularly concerned about the "dragon scales", and specially sent people to check it out, only to really see that one of Zhang Liang's arms was covered with "dragon scales", Li Shimin could not help but tremble in his heart, and he was very afraid. In addition, cheng gongying and Gongsun Chang both admitted what Chang Dexuan had said, so Li Shimin expected that Zhang Liang would have the intention of rebellion, so he beheaded Zhang Liang and showed it to the public.
However, as mentioned earlier, Li Shimin regretted it soon after, because he understood that Zhang Liang had been wronged.
Zhang Liang's adoption of Yizi is only used to support the façade, Cheng Gongying and Gongsun often confess guilt and are only afraid of implicating themselves, as for the "dragon scales", it is actually because Zhang Liang suffers from skin diseases, which is now medical terms such as "psoriasis", commonly known as "psoriasis".
Just imagine, if Zhang Liang really had the intention of rebellion, how could he make the adoption of a righteous son known to everyone, and how could he tell Fang Shi his thoughts? Conspiracy to rebel is a heinous crime against the Nine Tribes, so where is the reason not to carry it out in secret but to make a big show of it?
Such a simple logic, we ordinary people can still understand, why did the wise Li Shimin make a mistake? The reason for this stems from his "trepidation" and "lack of confidence".
Why is Li Shimin "afraid"? And why "not confident"? This also begins with the change that changed the history of Xuanwumen.
As we all know, Li Shimin was able to ascend the throne as emperor through improper means. During the Xuanwumen Rebellion, he killed his eldest brother Li Jiancheng, crown prince, and his fourth brother Li Yuanji the Prince of Qi, and later forced his father Li Yuan to abdicate and give way to Xian. Since then, "forcing his father to kill his brother" has not only become evidence of posterity's criticism of Li Shimin, but also his own eternal heart disease.
Li Shimin's "trepidation" and "lack of self-confidence" made li shimin "panic" and "lack of self-confidence", and he was afraid that others would also learn from him and seize power through rebellion. Therefore, when he heard that Zhang Liang had the intention of rebellion, he began to be sincerely afraid, and even regarded "psoriasis" as the legendary "dragon scale". Under the highly tense emotion, Li Shimin completely lost the ability to discern, and Zhang Liang, a generation of heroes, became a ghost under the knife.
References: Old Book of Tang, New Book of Tang, Zizhi Tongjian