Gong Zizhen of the Qing Dynasty "Kyushu was angry with the wind and thunder, and Wan Ma Qi was sad; I advised Tiangong to shake it up and demote talents in an eclectic manner." "By extension, the Qing Dynasty was an era of ten thousand horses and no life, an era of long-term ideological imprisonment, an era of servility and eight strands.
The Qing Dynasty ruled the entire Han Chinese with a population of less than a million for more than two hundred years, which was more than a hundred times stronger than the Yuan Dynasty. He will not directly exclude the Han scholar class like the Yuan Dynasty, and will not carry out a barbaric division of the three,six, nine and other clans.
He adopted the ruling strategy of "Manchu-Han co-rule, with the Manchus as the mainstay and the Han nationality as a supplement".
Then the ruling ideology of the Qing Dynasty will be summarized by defensive and xenophobic keywords.
The defense of the Qing Dynasty was to carry out a special and terrifying rule from the two aspects of cultural ideology and class compaction
1. We all know that feudal society is the contradiction between the peasant class and the landlord class. Then, for the Han nationality at the bottom of the rule, the way to support the people is to persuade the peasants to do the basics, and can not be separated from the agricultural work, to carry out related industrial and commercial activities, so the bud of capitalism at the end of the Ming Dynasty will be completely snuffed out.
2. Ideological defense or prevention is even more stringent, and the "literal prison" cultural and ideological confinement means implemented by the Qing Dynasty as we know it directly demarcates the ideological bottom line and the red line of touching, and often raids the family and exterminates the family or exiles the frontier as slaves.
Although the Qing Dynasty followed the Confucian culture of Confucius and Mengmeng, it was already a reformed Confucian culture, and the project of the Four Books and Five Classics was to enslave the entire scholar and intellectual class in the form of eight strands of text.
So you see that the works of Figures such as Gu Yanwu, who were a bit of a capitalist trend derived from the late Ming Dynasty, were directly included in the list of banned books.
For example, Dai Shimin, the widow of the Ming Dynasty during the Kangxi Dynasty, used the former Ming era name in the book, and was directly exterminated; the Lü Liuliang case in the Yongzheng Period, which is also an independent intellectual of the Han nationality, is still not loved by the Manchu rulers, and can only be the coffin of Lü Liuliang after his death, and the descendants and disciples of the disciples are either killed or exiled, which is simply the first case of the Qing Dynasty's text prison.
The opportunity to rely on the great emancipation of culture and ideology has been broken.
The xenophobic ideology of the Qing Dynasty was to strangle all unstable factors in the cradle for the "stability" of the Manchu rule of the Qing Dynasty.
During the 200 years of the Qing Dynasty, Western society went from feudal society to the establishment of a capitalist social system, which experienced the Renaissance era, and then opened the first industrial revolution to replace manual work with machinery; the second industrial revolution was the era when western countries and Japan completed the capitalist system and replaced mechanization with electrification. This means that the new social productive forces and models will flogg the old feudal state.
But looking back at the first and second industrial revolutions experienced by Western countries, they relied on natural resources such as coal and other minerals and maritime trade, and foreign conquest and colonization to complete the original capital accumulation.
1. During the Qing Dynasty, the mining of resources such as coal and copper mines was banned for more than 100 years from the Ming Dynasty to the present, or it was forbidden and opened and prohibited.
The means of production that have completed the capitalist advance have been cut off.
2. For example, foreign trade began the policy of banning the sea from the Shunzhi period, and then began to set up the Department of Foreign Trade after the Kangxi period to quell the San Francisco Rebellion and recover Taiwan, but in the later years of Kangxi, it directly banned the sea policy and opened the "closed country" policy.
3. For example, the advancement of weapons, the technological progress of various types of red-clad cannons and muskets in the late Ming Dynasty directly made the Qing Dynasty unfavorable after entering the customs. However, after the real completion of national reunification, such new weapons are also "knives and guns in storage". By the Qianlong period, "shotguns" had also been banned from being hidden and confiscated, because it was one of the factors of instability. Therefore, when you saw the first Opium War, what weapons did the Qing government take to confront people, and how many people died on the storm road with large knives.
Then the new type of weapons is one of the capitals of foreign conquest, and it is also broken.
Therefore, if you refer to the factors of the progression from feudal society to capitalist society in western countries at that time, you will fully understand that the Qing Dynasty has fallen behind, and all fields are completely incompatible.
Telling a single example can best reflect the attitude and view of the British towards the Qing Dynasty at that time. In 1793, when the "Ten Elderly People" Qianlong celebrated his eightieth birthday, the British mission pilgrimaged to the emperor of the "Heavenly Dynasty" and paid homage to shou, sent muskets, clocks and watches and many other novel Western things, and intended to trade with the Qing Dynasty. However, the Qianlong Emperor believed that "the blessings of the world, the coming of all the nations, the four sides of enwei, and the submission of barbarians" were symbols. He also instructed the governors of various places to entertain these foreigners and let them see the scene of the "Heavenly Dynasty and the Kingdom of Heaven."
This also shows that from that moment on, the two institutional cultures of China and the West will inevitably move towards a fierce collision, or the Qianlong Emperor still does not know that from that moment on, the Western countries have sharpened their knives to pigs and sheep, and to the Qing Dynasty's "heavenly kingdom".
The British mission Magalney said that China is a sleeping master and a lamb to be slaughtered, like a state of "a hundred-footed worm dead but not stiff".
In 1840, Britain led the First Opium War, opening the door to China.