At the recent academic activities for the 50th anniversary of the excavation of copper galloping horses, Professor He Shuangquan's academic propositions on the discontinuation of copper galloping horses have aroused wide recognition. Leitai Han tomb was mistakenly called for 50 years, now should restore the real age of the mausoleum, I believe that soon, the copper galloping horse and Leitai ancient tomb should have breakthrough academic research results.
First of all, the Leitai Ancient Tomb should be a former Liang Ancient Tomb. Professor He Shuangquan believes that the age of the tomb is the key to the tomb, and all problems arise from this. We propose that it is not a Han tomb but a Jin tomb, which is based on the excavation of Han and Jin tombs in Hexi in the past decade. Since 1984, we have excavated a large number of tombs of the Five Dynasties of the Western Han Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Jin Dynasty, the Qianliang and the Tang Dynasty in Wuwei Hanzuo Wuba Mountain, the Xiguan in Wuwei City, the Xindiantai (airport) in Dunhuang, and the Early Beach Slope of Wuwei Cypress Tree, and combined with the Jiayuguan and Jiuquan Dingjiazha Jin and Sixteen Kingdom Tombs excavated in 1972 and 1977, comprehensive comparative studies have made us realize that although the Han and Jin tombs in Hexi are more complex, they also have obvious characteristics of the times, and it is not difficult to divide the boundaries between them. As long as these data are systematically compared, they can be listed as: the three major sections of the Han and Jin Dynasties. Han tombs include the three sections of the late Western Han Dynasty, Xinmang and Eastern Han, which often belong to the same cemetery, which is relatively concentrated, and there are no Jin tombs. For example, the Wuba Mountain and Mozuizi Tombs, the basic characteristics are: the Western Han And Xinmang periods were dominated by earthen caves, and brick chambers appeared in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The structure is the same, namely single or double chambers, narrow sloped tomb passages, small ear chambers, adobe closed doors, indoor multi-curved roofs, and also herringbone roofs. Brick tombs are made of large and heavy bricks, and the heat is not high. With the burial currency, there are five baht and oizumi fifty two kinds, pottery combinations: pot 1, pot 2, pot 1, stove 1, 奁 1, warehouse 1, coffin without iron nails, mortise and mortise set, black lacquer coffin, the coffin is rectangular. The size of the tomb varies from large to small, generally for two people buried together. Jin tombs and former Liang tombs often belong to the same place, mostly see the chronological celadon vases and wooden texts, so the era is clear, taking the Wuwei dry beach slope, Xiguan, Dunhuang Xindiantai, Jiuquan Jin tomb (Emperor Wu Sima Yan Xianning to Emperor Jianxing) as an example. Its characteristics are: the tomb structure has changed the Eastern Han burial customs, thick burial peak, generally larger scale, generally built with brick masonry, the surface of the ground has a tall grave pile, oblique long tomb passage, and vertical stone for the zhi. The burial chambers are all deep and consist of a door, a corridor, anterior, middle, and back, and an ear chamber. Multi-domed, domed, inlaid with a square brick algae well lotus pattern in the top, and decorated the interior with black and white. Above the tomb entrance are built imitation wooden buildings to illuminate the wall, decorated with brick carvings or painted with color. The bricks are long and gray, thin and firm, high in heat, 32-38 in length, 16-19 in width, 4-5 cm thick, dry masonry, sandwiched between sand or small stones, no grass mud, and the main room is built in four corners of the lampstand. The pottery combination, first of all, a set of drinking utensils (kettles, koshiki, pots, pots, pots, pots, bowls, etc.) is placed in the left and right ear chambers of the front room, and bricks are used to form stoves and cases, forming a kitchen scene. Secondly, the front room is arranged with bowls, plates, plates, cups, lamps and other daily utensils, which appear to be orderly. Coffins are placed in the back room, and iron nails are commonly sealed. The burial currency has half two, mangy money, five baht, mainly five baht, and many varieties. The tombs were stolen early. The Former Liang Tomb (321--368), taking the dry beach slope of Wuwei and the Xindian Terrace of Dunhuang as examples, is characterized by: the structure and scale of the tomb inherit the style of the Jin Dynasty, tall and magnificent, complex structure, but only empty shelves. Brick tombs are gradually declining, mainly earthen caves, no decoration, few and rough burials, rare metal products, most of them use wooden utensils, and the amount of coins is small and of inferior quality. It can be seen from this that the rise and fall of the Hexi Han and Jin Dynasties and even the former Liang tombs are closely related to the changes in the political and economic situation at that time, and its heyday was in the Western Jin Dynasty. We compare the Leitai Tomb to this reality. For example, the scale, structure, and shape are all in line with the above-mentioned Jin tombs. Even those subtleties are no exception, such as imitation wood buildings illuminating walls, moi pattern tomb roofs, bricks, tomb building methods, interior decoration, pottery, copper forks, copper cuts, amber beads, etc. in the burial items are basically the same as those excavated from the Dunhuang Xindiantai Jin Tomb. Another example is the bronze figurine, copper horse, copper unicorn, wooden cow (sic, suspected to be "copper bull" - "philosopher's living room" note) and the wooden figurines, wooden horses, wooden cows, and wooden unicorns in the early tomb of The Former Liang on The 19th Qianliang Slope of Wuwei Dry Beach Slope, both in shape and color. For example, the coins produced are the same as those excavated from jiayuguan and jiuquan jin tombs. All these commonalities clearly tell us that leitai tombs are not Han tombs, and their relative dates should be in the early Liang dynasty before the end of the Jin Dynasty, that is, after the first year of Emperor Jianxing (313). This is the trend of the times, and the evidence is overwhelming.
Secondly, for decades, people started with the inscriptions unearthed in Leitai and believed that "Ji Zhangjun" was the owner of the tomb, and his official position was "Shou Zhangye Chang". As for Zhang Wan, Zhang Xiu, Zhang Jiang, etc., starting with the inscription, choosing the Zhang surname prominent figure in the Eastern Han Dynasty, digging up its hidden potential, quite like "La Lang Match", there is no complete and credible academic chain. Some people deliberately conceal other evidence of excavated artifacts in order to prove their opinions. That is to say, the research direction has always been one-sided, interesting, and blind.
What is one-sidedness? Superstitious inscriptions, taking the inscription as the guideline, disregard the horizontal connection between the excavated regional environment and similar ancient tombs; superstitious belief in the Eastern Han official position of "left riding a thousand officials", disregarding the local official position variation of Wei and Jin, and hard drilling the dead end of the historical celebrities of the Eastern Han Dynasty; the superstition of "four out of the text and five baht" is the coinage of the Eastern Han Ling Emperor period, and few people are willing to make different calls on the mistakes of examining this thesis.
What is conformity? In the study of copper galloping horses, it seems that people shout horses, but in fact, there are few lonely, and there are many experts in the cultural system who are good at standing for the so-called authority in a certain aspect, and people are also cloudy, exposing the shallowness of their education and the utilitarianism of the times. So far, most of the voices have avoided the heavy and light topic of examining what kind of bird the horse is, and the comprehensive study of the discontinuity of the Leitai tomb and the artifacts excavated in the tomb chamber has no reasonable and well-founded voice, and has not made a rich exposition of the cultural connotation of the copper galloping horse.
What is blindness? Looking at many papers on copper galloping horses in the past few decades, most of them are one-sided and self-justifying; some people enter from small concepts and read out from the big picture; they are independent of each other and never have the consciousness of academic joint research; there is no systematic research general purpose, that is to say, until today, the study of copper galloping horses has not yet established a framework for archaeological environmental science, cultural comparison, archaeological methodology, historical concealment, surname ethics, and so on.
Third, the historiography of Wuwei in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wei and Jin Dynasties, and the Sixteen Kingdoms has no foundation, and it is still hidden in the classics, and it has not been systematically excavated and sorted out. Looking at the many papers on the study of copper galloping horses in the past few decades, the history of Wuwei in this period has seriously existed homogenization and copying, and the citations are lacking, and the similarities are similar. The study of the Copper Galloping Horse should be based on the extensive roots of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the Wuwei Historiography, Literature, Surname Studies, and the Cultural Relics of Hexi.
These words are a matter of commonality. After 50 years of research on copper galloping horses, they are now negating each other and almost zeroing out. The view that "four texts and five baht" was coinaged during the Lingdi period of the Eastern Han Dynasty was denied, the official position of the Eastern Han Dynasty of "Left Riding Thousand Officials" was questioned, and the tomb owner suspected Zhang Yi, Zhang Xiu, Zhang Jiang, etc. were denied one by one. The only thing that stands for it is He Shuangquan's view of the archaeological environment.
Big waves! The zeroing of the miscellaneous refutation view is equivalent to a breakthrough point in the study of copper galloping horses. First, a comprehensive examination of the inscription was brought to the table. In addition to inscriptions such as "Left Riding Thousand People Guarding Zhangye Chang", we should also pay attention to the evidence that was previously ignored such as "Zhangjiachen Yizong", "Chen Li Zhong", "Chen Li", "Family Slave", etc. These inscriptions show that the owner of the Leitai Tomb belongs to the rank of the prince, and in the explanation that the Leitai burial products were given by others. In addition to the stolen and lost in 1969, the excavations of more than 230 Leitai tombs cannot be restored to their established positions, and there must be errors and uncertainties in the arrangement of the bronze carriage and horse honor guards. If this is the case, why do many people continue to examine the original position of the ancient tomb artifacts according to the position of the carriage and horse arranged by the present people? How can academia cut enough to do it?
Second, the tomb owner's dynasty has expanded from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Sixteen Kingdoms period. As early as the 90s, some people questioned that the copper galloping horse was not from the Han Dynasty, but from the Jin Dynasty. This sensitized some people, including officials and experts in the Han Dynasty. Officials believe that if Ma Ru is from the Han Dynasty, then the Leitai Tomb is not called the Leitai Han Tomb; some experts are also hindering the research from continuing to move forward in order to defend the discontinuity of the 70s. In fact, if the copper galloping horse is a Jin Dynasty horse, it will affect the artistic value of the horse at all; it is not an early thing of the Han Dynasty, it is a valuable and influential thing, and this misunderstanding should be abandoned. With the recent advancement of research, most experts have defaulted to the Leitaihan Tomb as the mausoleum of the former Liang King, and the evidence chain is complete. If it is the former Liangguo main mausoleum, the historical value of the copper galloping horse will be greater, and the historical status of the Leitai ancient tomb will be higher.
I would like to add some historical materials on surnames for the reference of researchers. Lei Tai Tomb will eventually tilt towards the Zhang Rail family, Zhang Rail's hereditary and resume, Professor He Shuangquan may have some errors due to the hasty research. In this supplement:
The Book of Jin "Biography of Zhang Rail" records that Zhang Rail is the seventeenth grandson of King Changshan, and the Spring and Autumn of the Sixteen Kingdoms is "Seventeenth". If the average I is normally calculated as 35 years, then the period of 250-280 is the fifteenth Zhang Rail, which is consistent with history. For example, the seventeenth, then Zhang Rail was born after 320, which obviously does not match. King Changshan was the title of Zhang Er in the early Western Han Dynasty, the capital was in Ji, and the history secretary was from the Da Liang people's clan. I went through the "Genealogy of the Zhang Clan of Da Liang", checked the omissions in it, and sorted out the hereditary table from Zhang Er to Zhang Rail, which was the fifteenth:
Zhang Er ---- Zhang Ao (died 182 BC) - Zhang Luxury - Zhang Xing - Zhang Lian - Zhang Stomach - Zhang You - Zhang Ji - Zhang Xue - Zhang Yuan - Zhang Gong - Zhang Da - Zhang Zai - Zhang Lie - (Zhang Wen, Zhang Tiyi as Zhang Xi) - (Zhang Su, Zhang Rail)
From the perspective of feng shui, the Leitai ancient tomb seat Gengxiangjia is a typical Gengsanjia arrangement, and the water comes from Kun and out of Gong, which is the image of Wang Zhao. Unfortunately, there is a lack of qi, the position of the Gong is low, and the life expectancy of the descendants is not long. He also created a spiritual pool to replenish qi. Just think, if it is not Liangzhou's ability to open the house, who dares to use migrant workers to dig a large pond? Therefore, from the perspective of feng shui, it belongs to the tomb of the former Liang Zhang family, and its three first is cloth, and the Zhang Rail of the pig can prosper the descendants, and the Zhang Shi of the rabbit is worthy of this tomb.
Judging from Zhang Rail's famous Gua Tai (泰) "Guan", chu jiu yao is a tomb, which is the gold in the sea, and the main seat direction is Gengxin jin, which is consistent with the leitai ancient tomb seat. Judging from the Ninety-Two People's Position Yinmu, Zhang Shi and Zhang Jun, who belong to the rabbit, should be the owners of the Leitai Tomb.
Based on various considerations, Leitai Tombs 1 and 2 should be the tombs of the Zhang Rail Family, and it is not excluded that there are also tombs No. 3 and No. 4. Leitai Ancient Tomb is the largest possible zhang shi. It may also be that Zhang Rail built a tomb of yiguan for his ancestor Zhang Er, named Lingjun, in order to respond to the Heavenly East Well. At present, there is no strong evidence chain, which is left for expert reference and research in order to make a breakthrough.
Attached to my 2004 small paper published in the "Wuwei Literature and History Materials", it may be able to throw bricks and stones:
Zhang Rail's early chronicles are described
Li Linshan
The founder of the former Liang Kingdom, Zhang Rail (255-314), lived before the age of 46, and his life and deeds are rarely recorded in various history books, and the brief accounts in the Book of Jin are inconsistent with historical facts. Zhang Rail's early life deeds, there are currently three kinds of doubts in the academic circles, and the special examination is as follows:
Zhang Rail's birthplace problem
Zhang Rail (255-314), living in Yiyang, Henan, was a native of the Wu clan of Anding (one said Ningxia Guyuan people, one said Pingliang people, one said Jingzhou people). Kao: Anding Commandery (安定郡) in the Western Jin Dynasty, under the jurisdiction of the Liangzhou Assassin History Department, bordered by present-day Baiyin in the north, Longxi in the west, Guyuan in Ningxia in the east, and Jingyang in the south. Wushi , a county of Anding County, spans the two provinces of Ganning, Guyuan and Pingliang. The Zhang Rail family's "hereditary filial piety", under the Jinjiupin Zhongzheng system, should live in the county town or county town, then it is impossible to be in the township around Guyuan, excluding the possibility of Guyuan.
The historical truth is that the Zhang Rail family moved to Neihuang County(present-day Qi County, Henan) as early as the time of Zhang Lie's grandfather, Zhang Lie, because of officialdom. Zhang Lie served as Huang Ling during the Cao Wei period. Zi Zhang Wenguan to Taiguan Ling, "ranked six hundred stones", was in charge of the emperor's imperial meal. When Zhang Rail was a child, the Zhang family lived in Yiyang, and there is historical evidence: "I want to send the lord Bo Wei to pay tribute to Yiyang, so that the fat will be under the jurisdiction, and the old will be returned to Yiyang." "The old return to Yiyang" proves that Zhang Rail has a field residence in Yiyang. At least before he was born to the age of 10, Zhang Lived in his hometown in Yiyang.
The Zhang Family may have left their ancestral home of the Anding Wu clan earlier, but the age that can be clearly inferred should be the Huang Lingshi within Zhang Lieshi. Zhang Rail and his descendants were divided into Liangjing, and Wushi County, Anding County, was also part of the former Liangjing, but Zhang Rail and his descendants did not leave any information to go to anding county. It can be seen that the Zhang Rail family is titled "Anding Wu people" in the history books, which is the reason for the county Wang Yarong. Anding County is one of the most important counties in China for the Zhang surname. The Tang Dynasty Du Bao wrote "Surname Compilation", and 43 places such as Anding were Zhang Surname Junwang; Chen Pengnian of the Northern Song Dynasty wrote "Guangyun", and 14 places such as Lie Anding were Zhang Surname Junwang; Song Lian of the Ming Dynasty wrote "Zhang Clan Genealogy Map", and 43 places such as Anding were Zhang Junwang. Books such as "Guangyun" and "Zhang Clan Genealogy Map" also list "Wuwei" as Zhang Surname Junwang. In recent years, Ningxia Guyuan and Gansu Jingchuan have competed for Zhang Rail as their respective Yi people, and the Jingchuan people have even designated Zhang Yimou as a descendant of Zhang Rail. These disputes are wishful thinking. The fair historical fact is that Zhang Rail's grandfather had already lived in Henan during his grandfather's generation, and was "stable Wu people", which was a county wang.
Zhang Rail's early official problem
The Book of Jin describes Zhang Rail's early years, which is too harsh and concise, less than 100 words. Zhang Rail's 46-year-old career calendar mainly includes "Emperor Fu of the same county, hidden in Yiyang Female Mountain." At the beginning of the Tai Dynasty, he was influenced by his uncle Xi Guan Wupin. Zhongshu Supervisor Zhang Hua discussed the righteousness of the scriptures and the profit and loss of political affairs, and even more, it was said that the stability of the Zhongzheng was to hide the good and suppress the talents, and it was the beauty to talk about it, thinking that it was the essence of the two products", "The Wei general Yang Jue, set aside the tao, except for the prince, the people who were scattered, and the military division of the West Expedition." However, these accounts are contradictory to those contained in other history books, so Zhang Rail's early career has become a mystery.
So, what was Zhang Rail's early career calendar?
1. Female Jishan's reading period. "Track is young and sensitive and eager to learn", which shows that Zhang Rail received enlightenment education very early. "Tai Shi Chu, by uncle Xi Guan Wu Pin", "Tai Shi" is the era name of Emperor Wu of Jin, where 10 years, "Chu" refers to the first 3 years, therefore, Zhang Rail's manager in his youth has two speculations: one is that he was attacked by his uncle, gave the official Wu Pin Rank, and left the female mountain to go to Luoyang; second, although he was attacked by his uncle, in addition to the five pin official rank, but did not leave the female several mountains, still studying at the female Jishan Emperor Fu, Zhang Rail was influenced by his uncle Guan Wupin, it can be seen that his uncle Zhang Xi had no heirs, Zhang Rail Chengqi, and passed on Zhang Xi, who took advantage of Zhang Xi's five pin officials, otherwise , should be Zhang Xizi "five products of acceptance". In addition, Zhang Rail's father, Zhang Wen, was a servant of the Taiguan Ling, and was an outstanding position of "ranking this six hundred stones", ranking above the five products, and Zhang Rail should be subject to Zhang Wen's official. He was not subject to Zhang Wen's official, but he had to be subjected to Zhang Xi's official, whose status was inferior to Zhang Wen's, and there was no doubt that Zhang Xi lacked heirs.
During the Han and Jin Dynasties, officials who were born before they were allowed to succeed their sons were called "heirs", and such records abounded. However, in most cases, after the death of an official, his "heirs" are generally only worthy of food and status, and most of them no longer hold the office of the father before his death. Zhang Rail "received the five products of his uncle Xi Guan" because he inherited the heir, the uncle died, and the heir was worthy of the grain and status, but he did not come out of the father's actual office. At that time, Zhang Rail was about 10 to 13 years old, still at the age of Tong Meng, and there was no possibility of leaving his hometown to become a career. Therefore, Zhang Rail accepted his uncle's "Five Pin Officials", but still studied in Yiyang Nujishan and did not go to Luoyang. If he had gone to Luoyang, how could a child who had only been studying for more than 5 years appear later, "Zhongshu Supervisor Zhang Hua and The Rails on TheOry of Scripture and The Profit and Loss of Political Affairs,...... Think of the essence of the two products "what about the strange talk? Zhang Hua, a scholar of the Western Jin Dynasty, "with literary talent, his fame is important for a while, and the commentators all call Hua Yi the Three Dukes." It can be seen that Zhang Rail's years of study in the female Jishan are at least before he marries his wife Xin Shi.
In his youth, Zhang Rail was like-minded because his teacher Emperor Fumian and Zhang Hua had served as officials in the same dynasty in the past. Emperor Fu recommended a letter to Zhang Hua, and Zhang Rail visited the mansion to ask for a recommendation, and the two of them "discussed the economic righteousness and the profit and loss of political affairs", which was more reasonable.
In summary, Zhang Rail's early life experience can be expressed as follows: Zhang Rail received home studies at an early age, read Confucianism, and after a little older, he entered the female mountains, worshiped the hermit Emperor Fumian as a teacher, and accepted the study of systematic scriptures. Before the age of 13, his uncle died, and he continued to be the heir, enjoying the position of five pins, and still left his daughter to study in several mountains. Before the age of 18, he married a woman with the surname Xin in Yiyang. Xin Shi, literate, virtuous wife. Zhang Shi grew around 276, and his second son, Zhang Mao, was born in 278. When he was young, through the recommendation of Emperor Fumi, he visited Zhang Hua, who was then Zhongshu Ling, and was heavily valued by Zhang Hua. After Zhang Hua's recommendation, he was a guest of the Wei general Yang Jue, that is, a staff member.
2. The period of the prince's house. In the first month of 267, Emperor Wu of Jin made Sima Zheng crown prince. In July 274, the crown prince's biological mother, Empress Yang, died of illness. On November 21, 276, Emperor Wu of Jin, in accordance with the request of the late empress, made the empress's sister Yang Zhi the new empress. In December, Emperor Wu of Jin made Empress Xin's uncle Yang Jue a Wei general. In 281, Yang Jue, together with his brother Yang Jun (Empress Yang's biological father) and younger brother Yang Ji ,"Began to use things, made friends with each other, and resembled inside and outside", known in history as the "Three Yangs". Yang Jue had taken control of all matters in the Eastern Palace by this year at the latest. At the latest in this year, Zhang Rail became Yang Jue's client. Because, on February 18, 281, Zhang Hua was expelled from the dynasty and "the military of Youzhou in the capital province" was released until emperor Wu of Jin returned to the court as an official after his death, and was released for 10 years. Therefore, between 281 and 291, Zhang Huayuan was in Youzhou, and it was impossible to sit with Zhang Rail and discuss the scriptures.
Zhang Rail served as Yang Jue's "Tu" for a period of between 276 and 281, and Zhang Rail was between the ages of 21 and 26. Zhang Rail's father, Zhang Wen, was a taiguan ling, with a prominent position, and Zhang Rail was inherited by his uncle Wupinguan, and it was impossible to delay his appointment until he was more than 20 years old. In addition, when Yang Jue served as a general of wei, it was 276 years old, and Zhang Rail was 21 years old. Because Yang Jue had no title in the historical records 276 years ago, even if Empress Yang was newly established, "after the emperor was first hired, her uncle was on the table..." "Zizhi Tongjian" states that people must first be crowned with county hope and title posture, Yang Jue first appeared in the history books, only as "Hou Uncle Jue", which shows that there was no real position before. However, by 277, the "Zizhi Tongjian" suddenly appeared in the "Wei General Yang Jue" record, which shows that Yang Jue was first named a Wei general, which should be from the end of 276 to July 277.
According to the Book of Jin and the Chronicle of Official Positions, after Yang Jue became a wei general, he was in charge of the affairs of the Eastern Palace. It is proved that Zhang Rail first entered the Wei General's Mansion as a guest, and then was appointed as the prince of the house through Yang Jue. At this time, two speculations appeared: one was that Zhang Rail was first appointed as "Shu" and then as a prince sheren; the other was Zhang Rail as a prince and a prince. Prince Sheren, han official name. Rank 200 stones, palm tai womb guard. When Zhang Rail first entered his career, it was impossible for Yang Jue to confer the important position of Prince Su Wei on a person who did not know the roots, so it was more reasonable to first be a prince and then to be with the prince. "The Wei general Yang Jue was set aside as a prince and removed the prince's sheren", which is the first "removal" and then "division", which also confirms that it is the first for the prince and then the prince for the people.
In summary, Zhang Rail's experience of going out of shi should be, fairly speaking, as follows: When Zhang Rail was in his 20s, he was recommended by Zhang Hua and was asked to be "掾", that is, the main book of the Wei General's Palace. During the Western Jin Dynasty (281-290), Zhang Rail was played by Yang Jue, and Emperor Wu of Jin ordered him to be crown prince and responsible for the Eastern Palace Guards. On April 20, 290, Emperor Wu of Jin died, and the crown prince Sima Zheng took the throne as Emperor Hui of Jin. The old people of the Eastern Palace were all dissolved, and most of the officials of the Eastern Palace were reused. Because Zhang Rail was in charge of the important position of Su Wei, he was immediately promoted to the position of Scattered Horseman.
3. Scattered riding during the regular service period. Scattered horseman Chang Shi, Han official, originally was an attaché of the Emperor's honor guard. During the Western Jin Dynasty, the scattered horse changshi became a "prominent position", "preparing to cut to the near pair, picking up the remains and filling the gap", and was an important adviser of the emperor, with a high status. Judging from the records of the Book of Jin, "The Chronicle of The Scattered Horsemen and the Military Division of the Western Expedition", Zhang Rail granted the post of Scattered Riding Changshu shortly after Emperor Hui ascended the throne, but not both positions were actually granted at the same time.
From the record of "the first month, with the scattered riding changshi and the stability of Zhang Rail as the history of Liangzhou's thorns", it can be inferred that Before Zhang Rail was stabbed in Liangzhou, it was already two positions at the same time.
"Zhengxi Military Division" is an adjutant post under the command of the General Zhengxi. Between 290 and 301, the Western Jin dynasty court only issued an edict in the first month of 296, appointing Sima Wei, the King of Liang, as the general of the Western Expedition. Ma Wei was awarded the title of Grand General of the Expedition to the West, and the imperial court was still required to appoint officials of the General's Office of the Great General of the Expedition to the West, and Zhang Bidang was transferred to the "Division of the Western Expedition" at this time.
Some history books one-sidedly believe that Zhang's appearance as the assassin of Liangzhou was due to Qu Yi's desire to gain the favor of Sima Lun of xiangguo and "Yin Tu Hexi". In fact, after Zhang Rail became the "Military Division of the Western Expedition" in 296, he was a key figure in the connection between the Liang King and the imperial court sitting in Xijing. The "Great General of the Expedition to the West" held a part-time position as "Duyong and Liangzhu Military", and was a special member of the imperial court who was specially assigned to take charge of the affairs of the northwest border. By 301 years ago, Zhang Rail was very familiar with the yong, liang, military, and geographical situation. In addition, the General Zhengxi was in charge of the Qiang Colonel's Department, and the Qiang Colonel's lieutenant would be concurrently held by Liangzhou Assassin Shi. Zhang Rail is the history of liangzhou thorns, and he was transferred from the "Military Division of the Western Expedition" to "Lieutenant Of the Guards", and the personnel relations are more reasonable, which is one of the reasons why Zhang Rail can serve as the Lieutenant of the Liangzhou Thorn History and the Guards of the Qiang.
Secondly, Zhang Rail's "quest for the history of Liangzhou" should first be through the relationship between the northwestern feudal governor Liang Wang and the western general Sima Wei, and also through the relationship between Sima Lun of xiangguo, but also to win the favor of Emperor Hui. All three are indispensable, especially there must be a balance between Sima Wei and Sima Lun. When Sima Lun abused power, he was promoted to the rank of general of the Western Expedition, and after Sima Lun's fall, he was reused by the new abuser Sima Ran. Zhang Rail served as the "Military Division of the Western Expedition", which belonged to Sima Wei's subordinates, and naturally he was both prosperous and prosperous. Otherwise, if Sima Lun was unilaterally promoted, from Sima Lun's death, "all those who were used by (Sima Lun) Lun were expelled, and only those who survived" were dismissed, and Zhang Rail was dismissed from liangzhou's assassination post in a one-size-fits-all manner. Zhang Rail was able to obtain the position of Liangzhou Assassin, and Sima Wei was the most critical supporter.
The "Essence of Two Products" controversy
The Book of Jin contains an interesting history of Zhang Rail: "Zhongshu Supervisor Zhang Hua discussed the meaning of the scriptures and profits and losses with the track, and even more so. It is said that stability is the essence of the two products. Judging from this historical data, the time when Zhang Hua and Zhang Rail "discussed the economic righteousness and the profit and loss of political affairs" should be between 291 and 296, when Zhang Hua was promoted to the post of Zhongshu Supervisor, and Zhang Rail was between the ages of 37 and 42. In this way, Zhang Rail's early eunuch career had the following speculations made by some people now: when he was a teenager, he was influenced by his uncle Wupinguan, and in his youth, he was discouraged, until he went to Chang'an to travel after the age of 36, and "discussed the profits and losses of economic and righteous political affairs" with Zhang Hua, and was heavily valued by Zhang Hua, recommended to Yang Jue, and became Yang Jue' man. Soon, he was sent to the Throne of Jinhui. I know that shortly before 301 years ago, I was promoted to a regular attendant.
This speculation is contrary to historical facts and reasonableness in several places: First, zhang Hua was released from the Zhongshu Prison in June 291, "it was the time when Zhang Hua was a Zhongshu supervisor and a Zhongshu supervisor", but when Zhang Hua was a Zhongshu supervisor, Yang Jue was killed by Empress Jia on March 8 of this year, and Shi Zai: "When Zhang Hua was sentenced, he told Dong'an Gonggong: 'The table is in shihan, you can ask Zhang Hua'. ...... The trumpets cried out, and the torturer broke his head with a knife. Since Yang Jue had already been killed when Zhang Hua was serving as the Superintendent of Zhongshu, how could Zhang Rail be Yang Jue's "Shu"? There is clearly a time contradiction.
Second, it is assumed that Zhang Hua entered the dynasty for the second time and was transferred from Youzhou to the imperial court as crown prince Taifu in August 290. Zhang Rail and Zhang Hua "discussed the meaning of the scriptures", were highly valued, and recommended Yang Jue as a thief. Then, zhang rail belonged to Yang Jue's "Tuan" people, and should belong to Zhang Hua's party and Yang Jue's party, then in March of the following year, after Empress Jia launched a coup d'état, Yang Jun and Yang Jue's henchmen "all of them were yi of the three ethnic groups, and thousands of people died," Zhang Rail must be among those killed; on April 3, 300, Sima Lun launched a coup d'état and killed Zhang Hua, and Zhang Hua's party "killed all of them, still Yi three tribes", and Zhang Rail was Zhang Hua's "instrumental" person. It must be among the beheadings. The feud between Zhang Hua and Sima Lun grew between 290 and 300 years, during which time, if Zhang Hua was the first to be shi, he would rely on Zhang Hua and Yang Jue, who were Zhang Hua and Yang's protégés, and would be hated by Empress Jia and Sima Lun, and Yang and Zhang would be killed one after another, so how could Zhang Rail escape? It can be seen that Zhang Rail's initial age is at least not after 281 years. Therefore, the above speculation is not valid.
Brief list of Zhang Rail's early eunuchs:
255 AD (the second year of Cao Wei Zhengyuan): Zhang Rail was born in Yiyang, Henan, and belonged to pigs.
From 260 to 268 AD (during the reigns of Cao Wei Jingyuan and Cheng Xi, in the early years of the Western Jin Dynasty), Zhang Rail entered the Female Mountains and studied the scriptures with Emperor Fumi as a teacher.
From 265 to 268 (the first year of the Western Jin Dynasty), Zhang Rail was influenced by his uncle Zhang Xiguan Wupin and was still studying in Nujishan.
In 270 (the sixth year of the Western Jin Dynasty): Zhang Lu married his wife Xin Shi.
271 AD (the seventh year of the Western Jin Dynasty): Zhang Shi, the eldest son of Zhang Rail, was born and belonged to the rabbit.
278 AD (the fourth year of Xianning in the Western Jin Dynasty): Zhang Mao, the second son of Zhang Rail, was born and belonged to the dog.
From 276 to 281 (during the Xianning and Taikang years of the Western Jin Dynasty): Zhang Rail lived in Luoyang, worshipped Zhang Hua, and was among Them; soon, the Wei general Yang Jue opened Zhang Rail as Zhang Lu, the master of the Wei General's Palace.
From 281 to 290 (during the Taikang period of the Western Jin Dynasty), Yang Jue played Zhang Rail as the crown prince and was in charge of the Eastern Palace Guards.
After 290 AD (the first year of the Western Jin Dynasty): Zhang Rail served as a regular attendant on a scattered horse.
After 296 AD (the first year of the Western Jin Dynasty): Zhang Rail concurrently conquered the Western Army.
301 CE (the first year of Yongning in the Western Jin Dynasty): Zhang Jiqiu was made the Assassin of Liangzhou and a lieutenant of the Qiang Dynasty.
In 307 (the first year of the Western Jin Dynasty), Zhang Jun was born in Liangzhou and belonged to rabbits.
Source: Liangzhou History and Culture New Solution