In the first month of the first year of Hongwu (zhizheng 28th year, 1368), Zhu Yuanzhang was called Emperor Jianming. By August, Xu Da's army had invaded Dadu, and the Ming Dynasty's Northern Expedition ended in victory, and the Yuan Dynasty had since collapsed. However, the Mongol empire did not end there, and on the eve of Xu Da's invasion of Shangdu of the Yuan Dynasty, Emperor Yuan Shun fled to Shangdu with his family and a large number of Northern Yuan bureaucrats to continue the rule of the Yuan Dynasty, known in history as the Northern Yuan.
Although the Northern Yuan Dynasty is in a quiet corner and its territory is far less than that of the Yuan Dynasty, it is a period of rapid economic and cultural development in the history of the Mongols. For the rulers of the Ming Dynasty, the Northern Yuan was a thorn in their eye and a thorn in their flesh, and they vowed to destroy it. From Zhu Yuanzhang to Zhu Di, the Ming Dynasty repeatedly went north and attacked the Northern Yuan. However, the Ming Dynasty never completely eradicated the Northern Yuan forces, and this northern empire created by the Mongols accompanied the entire history of the Ming Dynasty.
Retreat to the northern desert, and the Central Plains are lost
On the eve of General Xu Da's army to capture Dadu, Emperor Yuan Shun took his family and fled to Shangdu. The Yuan Dynasty collapsed, but for Emperor YuanShun, he was not without the opportunity to counterattack from the south. At this time, in addition to the Mongol homeland where Emperor Huizong of Yuan sat, there were also Shanxi and Gansu occupied by Tamerlane, Liaodong occupied by Naha, and Yunnan under the jurisdiction of Zaravarmi. Moreover, the Northern Yuan still maintained contact with the forces of Goryeo and Wu'er. Therefore, Beiyuan still has a power that cannot be underestimated.
However, The Northern Yuan was facing the Ming Dynasty, which had been established from the flames of war, zhu Yuanzhang, Xu Da, and Chang Yuchun, who had experienced hundreds of battles. In the winter of the 28th year of Zhengzheng (1368), Emperor Huizong of Yuan ordered the general Kuku Timur to send troops from Shanxi to retake Dadu, but while still on the march, Zhu Yuanzhang understood the intentions of the Yuan army, and he ordered Xu Da to lead an army to raid Taiyuan. The Yuan army returned to the rescue, suffered heavy losses, and Shanxi was retaken by The Ming. The following year, Shangdu was attacked by the Ming army, 10,000 soldiers of the Yuan army were captured, and Yuan Huizong retreated to Yingchang.
Even so, the Mongols were still thinking of the vast territory of the Golden Family, and they did not give up their land and wealth, and constantly invaded the south in an attempt to seize power. The Ming Dynasty suffered greatly from it, and in order to eradicate the scourge, the 150,000 Ming army divided into three routes in the first year of Xuanguang (1371) and attacked the north of the desert. However, the Ming army of the Northern Expedition did not take advantage, and the Western Route Army led by Feng Sheng and the Middle Route Army led by Xu Da both failed, and only the Eastern Route Army led by Li Wenzhong won the victory.
This battle gave Northern Yuan a chance to breathe, and Zhu Yuanzhang did not dare to act rashly, so he changed his thinking, set up a guard post, and summoned the kings and soldiers of Northern Yuan. This policy played a very good role, and the generals of the Northern Yuan Dynasty submitted to the Ming Dynasty one after another, and the forces opposing the Ming Dynasty were greatly weakened.
After a slight free hand from the north, Zhu Yuanzhang attacked Yunnan, and he ordered Fu Youde, Lan Yu, Mu Ying and others to lead an army to attack Yunnan. Soon, Yunnan was pacified. After pacifying Yunnan, Zhu Yuanzhang asked Lan Yu and others to attack Liaodong. Seeing that the Ming army was menacing, Naha led his troops to surrender, and Liaodong belonged to Mingyou.
Imperial power fell by the wayside, and infighting continued
After the reconquest of Liaodong, the Ming Dynasty cut off the connection between the Northern Yuan and Goryeo and other places. Zhu Yuanzhang seized the opportunity and launched the Battle of The Fishing Sea. After this war, the Golden family lost its status as a central khanate among the Mongols, the Mongol tribes became independent, and the Northern Yuan fell into civil strife. During this period, two Mongol forces rose up, namely the Tatars and the Vara.
During the reign of Ming Chengzu and Renxuan, neither the Tatars nor the Valar dared to rebel against the Ming Dynasty. However, during the reign of Emperor Yingzong of Ming, those who ruled eastern Mongolia first led their troops to attack the Ming Dynasty on the grounds that the Ming Dynasty refused to trade. In the Battle of Tumu Fort, the Ming army was also defeated first, and the town of Zhu Qi, the Emperor of Ming Yingzong, was captured. Three months later, he also made a comeback and led his troops to attack Beijing. Yu Qian and others insisted on holding on to Beijing and repelled Ye Xian, which avoided the disaster of national subjugation.
After returning to Vala first, he had a dispute with the puppet Khan. He also sent troops first to attack The Detachment, and ordered, "All the Miao people, the leaders of the Yuan Dynasty, will be killed." After slaughtering a large number of golden descendants, he also first called himself "Great Khan of Heavenly Saints" and established the name "Tianyuan". He also first used military and diplomatic means to "take advantage of the victory and coercion of Zhufan, east and Jianzhou, Wuliangha, west and Chijin Mongolia, Hami", since then, the power of The Wallachians has reached its peak. (History of the Ming Dynasty)
However, Ye Xian's actions also caused many people to be dissatisfied. Eventually, he was assassinated, and after his death, the Wallachia gradually declined, and was divided into two parts: the Durbert department under his eldest son Boronahal and the Dzungar tribe under the second son Azuma Timur.
Of course, for the Golden Family, the First and The Wallachians are outsiders, and the descendants of Genghis Khan are the orthodox of the Northern Yuan. However, when he also died first, Genghis Khan's heirs were busy with infighting, they fought for power and profit, and it was not until Dayan Khan ascended the throne that the Northern Yuan achieved a short-lived ZTE.
However, just as the Mongols had a chance to breathe, the Jurchens, who had previously been conquered by them, quietly rose. Nurhaci and Emperor Taiji continued to use troops against the weakening Mongol Empire, and many Chahar forces defected to Houjin.
In April 1632, Emperor Taiji led an army to the west, and Kutuktu Khan had to flee west. Two years later, the Great Khan, who wanted to restore the glory of the Yuan Dynasty, died in loneliness and helplessness. The year after his death, Dorgon once again led an army to the west, and Erzhu Jin Erkongoluo Erzhe offered the Imperial Jade Seal. At this point, the Khanate of the Great Mongol Empire was severed, the Northern Yuan Dynasty was completely overthrown, and the Mongol Empire came to an end.
Resources:
History of the Ming Dynasty