Looking at Yue Haituo
Zhangshanying Town History and Culture Essay No. 7
Rong Qi Jade Emperor Temple dominates Jundu Mountain
One
Zhangshanying Town has a profound history and a long history of culture, and is the area with the most abundant archaeological achievements in Yanqing. In terms of prehistoric culture, Paleolithic and Neolithic cultural sites and relics have been found in Lujiahe, Foyukou, Zhongyangfang and other places. In terms of settlement culture, in the cultural relics burial area under the Hujia camp, archaeology has found the settlement site of the plain area in the Warring States period. At the foothills of the Western Nanshan Mountains in Haituo Mountain, the investigation excavated seven cave settlement sites represented by the ancient cliff dwellings in the late Tang and early Liao dynasties. In terms of religion and culture, the ruins of the White Pagoda Temple of the Liao Dynasty were found at Foyukou, and the ruins of Yingmeng Temple in the Ming and Qing dynasties were found on the north hill of Jinjiabao. In terms of the culture of the Great Wall, military buildings such as castles, beacon towers, and pass walls were found, and weapons and equipment such as Flang machines and tao lei were unearthed.
Especially in terms of tomb culture, not only the Jin Dynasty brick chamber mural tombs were rescued and excavated in Yanjiabao, but also the tombs of shanrong culture (also known as jade emperor temple culture) in the Spring and Autumn Warring States period were found in the Jade Emperor Temple. The Shanrong culture tomb group is rich in connotation and distinctive characteristics, and is a major discovery in many archaeologies in Yanqing. It is mainly distributed in the Jade Emperor Temple in Zhangshanying Town and Hulugou and Xiliangyao in Jiuxian Town. Among them, the largest tomb group located in the east of Yuhuangmiao Village, with a total of 400 tombs, the excavation time lasted from 1986 to 1991, and more than 60,000 cultural relics were excavated. In 1989, on the site of the Jade Emperor Temple Cemetery, the first museum in China named after the ancient northern tribal culture , the Shanrong Culture Exhibition Hall, became an important window to display the archaeological achievements of Yanqing.
Figure | Shanrong Culture Museum
Figure | Panoramic aerial view of the Jade Emperor Temple Cemetery
According to historical records such as "Zuo Chuan" and "Historical Records", Shanrong was one of the oldest northern tribes in the pre-Qin period, which had appeared in the Yao Shun period, and its production and lifestyle were similar to those of the Xiongnu, with "shooting and hunting animals for a living", "moving with animal husbandry", "salted meat, clothing its leather", the activity area was adjacent to the northern part of the Yan kingdom, and each tribe had its own chieftain leadership. They have no writing, no surname, and everything is "bound by words." In the early Spring and Autumn Period, Shanrong's military strength was so strong that it once claimed to dominate Northern Yan, and repeatedly launched wars against the surrounding princely states, such as "Fa Zheng", "Fa Qi", and "Fa Yan", so that "Qi Hou made beggars to Zheng", or "Yan sued for Qi". Around the end of the Warring States period, Shanrong mysteriously disappeared and has since disappeared from historical records.
Two
The discovery of the cultural relics of the Jade Emperor Temple is mainly based on tombs, and the tomb specifications are vertical pit tombs, which are divided into three levels: large, medium and small. Among them, there are 8 large tombs and 392 small and medium tombs. The tomb is divided into a trapezoidal shape, a convex shape, a curved ruler shape, a rectangle with a corner and other shapes.
Figure | Large convex tomb
The burial style is mostly a single burial with straight limbs on the back, and the tomb direction and head orientation are almost the same to the east, which is a traditional burial custom inherent in the Jade Emperor Temple cemetery. According to statistics, there are 366 tombs facing east, accounting for more than 90% of the entire cemetery. The deceased, both men and women, young and old, have covered burial customs, because their faces have covered copper buckle ornaments, and some copper buckles also have sack marks glued to the back, which indicates that the covered copper buckle is a decoration attached to the sackcloth covered scarf, which is left on the face after the decay of the overlay towel, which reflects that the Shanrong people have a simple religious concept.
Figure | The location where the clad copper buckle was unearthed
In addition, the custom of martyrdom has been found in tombs, in which the head or limbs of an animal are buried. There are a total of 254 tombs with martyrdom, and the animal types of martyrdom are mainly horses, cattle, sheep and dogs, and horses are the first of the martyrs. The higher the size level of the tomb, the greater the type and number of martyrdom. Most of the martyrdom is placed at the eastern end of the tomb, which is basically the same as the head of the deceased.
Figure | Tomb No. 175 of the Jade Emperor Temple and martyrdom at the eastern end
Three
The Jade Emperor Temple cemetery unearthed a rich variety of burial varieties, including pottery, gold, bronze, stone, agate, turquoise, mussels, bones, shells, bamboo, leather, etc., a total of 11 types of 124 species, a total of 60,772 pieces of large and small utensils.
Figure | Necklace of agate beads, turquoise beads
279 pieces of pottery were unearthed. The shape of the vessel is mainly clay pots, but also pots, beans, cups, cups and so on. Pottery is mainly divided into two categories: sand-filled pottery and clay pottery. The sand sandwich system is mainly sand red pottery or sand red brown pottery, and the clay system is mainly clay gray pottery, with a small amount of clay black pottery. The two pottery families have coexisted in one cemetery for a long time, which is the main feature of the development of Shanrong culture in Yanqing.
Figure | Oval belly jar of sand red pottery
Figure | Clay clay folding shoulder jar
A total of 334 tombs with buried bronzes have been buried, and 17,790 pieces of various types of bronzes have been excavated, which are roughly divided into 6 categories, such as ceremonial tools, weapons, tools, harnesses, ornaments and currencies.
The number of bronze ceremonial vessels is small, only 22 pieces, most of which are containers, which are larger than other types of bronzes, and appear in sets or groups, which is related to the level of tombs. Among them, there are 20 pieces belonging to the Central Plains culture, and the instruments are Ding, Dun, Gong, Bowl, Dagger, 罍, Cup, Bucket, Pan, Zao, (钅和), etc., indicating that the Shanrong tribe has had long-term close exchanges with the Central Plains. There are only 2 pieces of indigenous people, and only 1 kind of vessel shape, that is, the cooking vessel bronze hammer.
Figure | Bronze
Figure | Bronze gilt
There are a total of 395 bronze weapons, including three types of straight-bladed dagger bronze short swords, three-piercing go-throughs and arrows. The straight-bladed dagger bronze short sword is a representative artifact of the Shanrong culture, with a total of 86 pieces unearthed, including a double-ring sheep-shaped short sword, a hollow flat spherical head short sword, a single ring short sword, etc. This kind of bronze short sword with various forms has a certain evolutionary trend throughout the Spring and Autumn Period, the sword body develops from the long type to the short type, the sword body is shortened, the sword handle is lengthened, the sword grid is developed from the hanging shoulder type to the flat shoulder type and the upturned shoulder type, and the sword head form evolves from double horn to double ring snake. The sword head ornament gradually evolved from the early days to the sheep's horn pattern, animal face pattern, and nest pattern, and gradually evolved to the classic features of the hollow ball pattern, the hollow sheep head pattern, and the hollow grid pattern, and then to the sheep eye pattern and snake pattern in the late period.
Figure | Straight-bladed dagger-style bronze short sword
Figure | Straight-bladed dagger-style bronze shortsword hilt decoration
There are 423 pieces of bronze tools, there are more types of tools, there are sharpeners, tungsten, chisels, cones, needles, cone (needle) pipes, box shapers, bottle shapers, etc., with bronze sharpeners the most, reflecting the diversified production lifestyle of the Shanrong people at that time.
Figure | Bronze sharpener
Figure | Bronze conical needle tube fittings
There are 213 pieces of bronze harnesses, including titles, mosses, savings, copper bubbles, copper hoops, rings, etc., and the number of copper bubbles is the largest. Through the excavation of horse harnesses, it is shown that horses are irreplaceable "partners" of the Shanrong people and have an important position in daily life.
Figure | Bronze horsebit
Bronze ornaments are the most numerous and the most diverse among all types of utensils, with a total of 16,734 pieces, mainly wearing ornaments, clothing, copper buckles and other ornaments, of which the most ornaments are worn. Most of these utensils have animal ornaments, including tigers, horses, deer, leopards, dogs, pigs, sheep, snakes, birds, etc. The ornaments are mainly realistic and the shapes are lifelike. Through animal ornamentation, you can get a glimpse of the primitive religious concepts and tribal traditions of the Jade Emperor Temple culture.
Figure | Bronze with hook
Figure | Bronze plaque
There are only 3 sharp-headed sword coins, although the number is rare, but it is a physical example of the cultural exchange between Shanrong culture and Yan culture. Some studies believe that the origin of the Yanguo sword coin is related to the Shanrong culture, and the sharp-headed sword coin of the Shanrong culture has developed into a "匽" knife coin in the Yan culture.
There are a total of 26 pieces of gold utensils, all of which are ornaments, including brand ornaments, necklaces, earrings, charms, gold and copper shells, etc. According to the analysis, the purity of gold is very high, and the gold content is as high as 99%. Among these ornaments, the Golden Tiger brand and the Golden Juan are the most typical.
Figure | Gold earrings
The golden tiger-shaped plaque is the only gold animal-shaped plaque, its vivid image, exquisite casting, casting holes in the eyes, claws and tail ends of the tiger, originally inlaid with turquoise, is a golden dazzling ornament. This plaque not only strongly reflects the tenacious survival belief of this tribe, but also highlights the primitive and mysterious totem worship.
Figure | Golden Tiger-shaped plaque
Gold-shaped ornaments, shaped like crescents, are pressed from gold flakes. It is worn on the neck of a male leader and exhibits a special status. This form of gold jewelry is only found in the remnants of the Shanrong culture and is another unique cultural factor of the Shanrong culture.
Figure | Gold-shaped ornaments
General Secretary Xi Jinping once pointed out: "Understanding history is inseparable from archaeology." The discovery of any remain must reflect a piece of local history and civilization. These relics are not only the dwelling place of culture, but also the embodiment of our glorious history and culture. Through the rich archaeological and historical research of Zhangshanying, the heritage on the vast land of Yanqing has been brought to life, so that we can fully understand the history of Yanqing, summarize the law of the development of things, retain the memory of nationality and culture, and better create the future of Yanqing.