The tiger and the wolf are neutral and do not obey the king
Saying that he is not subordinate to the jun is definitely a bit of a problem, the jun is not subordinate to the emperor and must not be clicked by the emperor, what is meant here is that he only values the people, who comes to be the king does not matter, the emperor takes turns, the people are heavy on the king, it means this meaning.
His name is Feng Dao, and history says that he was one of the eleven emperors of the five dynasties and eight surnames, and all of them were high-ranking officials at the level of prime minister, of course, some people said that it was ten, and some people said that it was twelve, which was not important, anyway, this is a courtier who assisted the emperor the most in Chinese history.
His list of assisted emperors does not need to be listed, one is more, the other is boring, it was the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, chaos abounded, the city head frequently changed the banner of the king, who holds heavy troops, the fist is hard can be the emperor and the king, everyone did not take this seriously, as long as there is food to eat, the people are not displaced is a good emperor, as for what orthodox and authentic, all are fake occasions, not the people care about things. The emperor is like this, and the person who can assist the subject is a loyal and good person, and vice versa is of course despised by people.
Feng Dao, zi ke dao, the number Changle lao, Yingzhou Jingcheng people, that is, today's Cangzhou, Hebei, five generations of concurrently served as the prime minister of many dynasties, and finally died of illness in the Later Zhou Dynasty, at the age of 73, posthumously honored as the King of Ying, with the posthumous title of Wen Yi.
He was evaluated by Wang Anshi as :"Able to bend down to the people, such as the Buddhas and Bodhisattvas", Su Dongpo also praised him, he had the reputation of "the people of the world who are not wise and foolish, all look up to the Tao as elders, and are happy to be praised by people", and was widely praised by people.
However, he was Ouyang Xiu's shameless and shameless wall grass that "did not taste the loss of the king and the country", and he was also the "traitor of the courtiers" in Sima Guang's eyes; Mr. Fan Wenlan even denounced him as "a slave among slaves". Generally speaking, he is a negative figure in Chinese history who has mixed praises and controversies, but the main body is a negative figure who condemns mostly.
However, at that time, the evaluation of him was much higher, he was a famous scholar of the country who was "unwise and foolish in the contemporary era, and all looked up to the Elders"; he was also a virtuous and famous minister who was called "depressed with the style of the ancients" and "deeply rooted in the body of the minister" in the "History of the Old Five Dynasties".
The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms were another turbulent era after the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the difference being that although the foreign chaos was not as terrible as it was in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, they were still the protagonists of the chaotic world; and what was worse was that whether the South or the North were all in a mess, looking around, there was almost no stable place in the whole country.
Feng Dao's ancestors were farmers and Confucians, had no permanent karma, and their family was poor. Shi Qizai "does not eat and clothe badly, bears rice to raise relatives, is eager to learn and can write, and does things to recite and satirize, although the snow is crowded, the dust is full, and Zhan Ruye is also" That is to say, he was born into a poor family, but he studied very hard, and if he was in a Corning world, it would certainly be no problem for him to be a middle-aged man.
He first joined the army of Liu Shouguang, the King of Yan, but this Liu Shouguang history called him "Jie Yan", which shows that it is not a thing, he not only imprisoned his father and attacked his brother, but also committed adultery with his mother, and is a notorious person in history. This Feng Dao was a righteous gentleman, who could do things under such people, so he abandoned him and turned around, serving under Li Keyong, the King of Jin.
During Feng Dao's period as an official, he lived frugally, did not have extravagance, did not have a bed mat, lived in a hut, layed a bundle of straw, and ate the same as that of a slave, and his reputation was very good. Later, when his father died, he returned home to guard the funeral, returned to the wilderness, paid himself a salary, and even sold his family property to help the disaster. The only thing he lives in is a straw hut. At the end of the term, he was awarded the Bachelor of Hanlin.
Even after he became rich, he still maintained this style; he was honest and self-disciplined, all the gifts of local officials, even if they were fighting rice and cloth, he refused all of them, and when he went out on expeditions, the soldiers gave him the beautiful women they had stolen, he never got close to him, but found another house to raise, and when he found his family, he immediately returned it...
Then, after several dynasties of Emperor Zhuangzong of Tang and Emperor Mingzong of Tang, he was promoted all the way, and finally achieved the status of Tongzhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi, who was like the status of prime minister. During these ten years, the monarchs and subjects were compatible, and until the end of the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Zong still worshipped him as Sikong, until the famous emperor Shi Jingyao invaded Luoyang and established the Later Jin.
Whoever becomes the emperor is the same for Feng Dao, and the emperors are also polite to him, this Shi Jingyao still takes Feng Dao as his face, and uses him more seriously, Shi Zai: "The power belongs to the Zhongshu, everything is big and small, and it is all returned to him." He sought to add Situ and concurrently served as a servant and was enfeoffed as the Duke of Lu. During this period, Feng Dao had repeatedly asked for retreat, but Shi Jingyao just did not agree.
Later, Shi Jingyao's son succeeded to the throne, JiaFeng Dao taiwei, and became the Duke of Yan. The kingdom was destroyed by the Khitans, and the King of Rong, Yelü Deguang, made Feng Dao his wife. After Han Gao Zu li, Feng Dao was returned to Han, and Han Zu worshiped as a Taishi. Zhou Bing rebelled, and Guo Wei usurped Han for Later Zhou.
Later Zhou's Guo Weijia Feng Dao was a Taishi and Zhongshu Ling, and he respected him even more in the ceremonial encounter, and even "entered the right and did not call him by name", and later his son, the sage Zhou Shizong Chai Rong, remained with him as always, Feng Dao died of illness in the Sejong Dynasty, and Sejong heard about it and quit the dynasty for three days.
Feng Dao has been a high-ranking official in his life, enjoying glory and glory, but I have not moved. But this reader like him, deeply immersed in Confucianism, should still have a sense of loyalty, this change of master is more frequent than the change of shirt, is there no self-blame in his heart?
In his later years, "Changle Old Self-Narration", we can see the trajectory of his thoughts, "The time is insufficient, what is the insufficient?" It is not possible to unify and determine the eight directions for the maharajah, and it is sincerely ashamed to be a former official, so how can it be answered. From this passage, we can see that Feng Dao still has a sense of self-blame, he is also a person with political ideals, and he also wants to "unify for the maharaja" to achieve his political ambitions, but he has never met such a mingjun.
It is true that as he said, the era he lived in and the kings he served, except for the last Guo Wei and Chai Rong, who were the kings of the world, but unfortunately, Guo Wei and Chai Rong did not take a year off, and they went away with hatred within a few years of their ascension to the throne; the others were all inferior images, and it was needless to say that the father and son of the Shi family needless to say, and the few colors of the Li family in the Later Tang Dynasty were either murderous and chaotic tyrants, or young Confucians who were loyal and indistinguishable. None of them are roles that can "unify", this Feng Dao just wants to be a former Qin king Meng, but he also has to have the talent of the Qin King Fu Jian appear.
Although we can be sure that Feng Dao and Wang Meng are not at the same level in terms of male talent, the two are not comparable. However, in that chaotic world, it was not easy to save one's life, and I don't know how many masters of the world, ambitious ministers, and scholars full of articles died tragically under the butcher's knife or were destroyed in tyranny.
In fact, in that era, you really can't see which one can unify the world and which one is a promising king; the Han people were almost killed during the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and this vitality was also restored when it was extended to the fifth generation. Therefore, there is no such thing as a traitor in the hereafter.
The concept of the so-called "loyal king" that was valued by later generations was actually very weak before the Song Dynasty, at least it had not yet formed universal values. The concept of Feng Mingjun, which was postponed during the Spring and Autumn Warring States period, was still very marketable, thinking that Shang Martin, Li Si and many others, which were not serving foreign countries, their great achievements in unifying the world for the Qin Empire were not praised by posterity to this day.
Evaluating a historical figure, can not be separated from the actual situation at that time, that marquee generally frequently ascended to the throne of the emperor, which is worthy of Feng Dao's allegiance, I am afraid that today there will be no conclusion, if you use extreme moralization, arbitrarily nail Feng Dao to the cross of history, then it is like using a simple black and white to define the world, both distorted and uninteresting.
In the eyes of ordinary people, he has gone through so many dynasties, and he must be extremely smooth as an official, like the traitorous villain, relying on sneaking horses to please those in power. In fact, this is not the case, Feng Dao is not a two-faced and three-sword person who wins the emperor's favor by patting his ass, on the contrary, he is a very moral person, he is not greedy for money, he is not lustful, he does not make enemies, and he is a clear stream in the era of wufu.
More importantly, he cares about the people, never forms a party, and has wisdom, good judgment, tolerance, and knowledge of advances and retreats, so that people with such moral character will not attract criticism and slander when they build a temple.
He pays attention to the cultivation of talents, whether it is a cold soldier or a high gate, all of which are used by the imperial court; he is absolutely in love, and he is immediately accomplished in ten thousand words; he is outstanding in literature, gorgeous and beautiful, and his righteousness contains ancient ways. In particular, he engraved the "Nine Classics", which laid an important foundation for the revival of Confucianism in the Song Dynasty.
He has been through many dynasties and years, in fact, the know-how is not profound, he is no matter which of you is the emperor, I will not change, I will do my own things well, while doing my own work, taking into account the interests of the people. This is the essence of his invincibility. As he himself summed up: "But the sect has no evil, and the wolves and tigers also stand in the bush." ”
Therefore, I think that it is understandable to put aside the fact that later generations have measured the behavior of Feng Daozhi's N subjects in the way of "loyalty" and not shamed him, at least while preserving himself, he still did a lot of good things for the people at that time, but unfortunately, history is not written by beneficiaries, and in the historical mind of Chinese, form often accounts for a larger proportion than reality.
Another very important point is that Feng Dao had a very good reputation at that time, he had always shown himself as a literati, never involved in military power, which was not a threat to the emperors of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms who started with the army, so this was the most reassuring to them.
Since there was no threat to imperial power, why not use its fame and prestige to gain momentum for the dynasty. Therefore, on the surface, looking at the ranks of Feng Dao's Third Duke and Third Division, there are a lot of official titles, but in fact, just like the Minister of the Navy of Mongolia, it is just an honor.