Kiwifruit is a perennial fruit tree, the economic life can be up to 50 years or more, long-term fixed growth in the same place, absorb and consume a lot of soil nutrients every year, if the management can not be timely, sufficient, comprehensive supplement to the nutrients consumed by the soil, kiwi trees often appear deficiency symptoms, affecting the yield and quality of the product, and then affect the economic benefits.
1. Nitrogen deficiency
symptoms
It is more common, especially in orchards with extensive management after entering the fruiting period. Generally speaking, the nitrogen content of the dry matter of new leaves with normal growth should be 2.2-2.8%, and when the content drops below 1.5%, the plant growth is weak, and the leaf color changes from thick green to light green, or even completely yellow, but the leaf veins remain green. The apex of the old leaf first shows an orange-brown scorched withered shape, and expands along the leaf vein to the leaf base, the necrotic part is slightly curled upwards, and the fruit does not develop normally, reducing its commerciality.
Prevention and control measures
During colonization and every autumn and winter, sufficient base fertilizer and organic nutrition fertilizer Jiamei dividend are applied. From the end of May to July, the nitrogen fertilizer was applied twice, and the foliar spray of 0.3%-0.5% urea solution or 0.1%-0.3% ammonium nitrate solution was applied 2-3 times at an interval of 7 days. In addition, planting green manure is also a good way to supplement nitrogen.
2. Phosphorus deficiency
Mostly on old leaves, it is rare in the garden. It is only when the phosphorus content of the leaf dry matter is less than 0.12% and the growth is severely hindered that the obvious symptoms appear. The old leaves first expand from the apical lower veins and lose their greenery, the front of the leaf is dark red, the main and lateral veins on the back of the leaf become red, and the base is deeper.
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From 15 days after flowering to 40 days before fruit picking, use calcium superphosphate or calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer mixed with 10-15 times decomposed farm manure compound fertilizer, ditch into the ground and then flood irrigation, you can also spray Jiamei brain platinum 1000 times 2-3 times on the foliar surface during the growth period.
3. Potassium deficiency
The potassium content of kiwi fruit healthy leaves is 1.8%-2.5%, and if it drops below 1.5%, potassium deficiency symptoms will occur. The first symptom of potassium deficiency is weak growth in the budding stage, small leaves, dark yellow-green in severe cases, and mild green loss of the leaf margins of old leaves, curling upwards, and wilting (especially in the high temperature period during the day, the performance is more prominent, the symptoms disappear at night, and it is often mistaken for lack of water). Later, the leaves are permanently curled, the mesophyll tissue between the fine veins is often uplifted upwards, the leaf margin fades to a pale green color, and gradually expands towards the inter-vein and lateral veins, leaving a band of green tissue near the main vein and at the base of the leaf. The faded green tissue quickly withers, from light green to dark brown, and finally it is scorched in the sun, and the leaves are torn apart and easy to fall off.
Early drip irrigation per acre or flush Jiamei bonus 1 bag + Jiamei brain platinum 1 bag; or Jiamei bonus 1 bag + Jiamei profit to 4-5 kg, while foliar spraying Jiamei brain platinum 1000 times liquid 2-3 times.
4. Calcium deficiency
Most of them are manifested in the new leaves that have just matured in the same year. The first is that the color of the basal leaf veins becomes dull, even necrotic, and gradually expands to form necrotic tissue blocks, the leaves are brittle, dry and fall off, and the branches die. When calcium is excessively deficient, the root end dies. Symptoms are present when the calcium content of the leaves is less than 0.2%.
Increase the application of organic activated nutrition package fertilizer Jiamei dividend, improve the soil, pay attention to watering in early spring, timely drainage in the rainy season, and promote the absorption of calcium by plants. Because kiwifruit requires a large amount of calcium. Calcium supplementation is conducive to fruit storage, so in the growing season per acre drip irrigation or flush Jiamei dividend 1 bag + Jiamei brain platinum 1 bag, while foliar spraying Jiamei brain platinum 1000 times liquid, about once every 15 days, spray 3-4 times, the last time should be 21 days before fruit picking is appropriate.
5. Iron deficiency
It is more common in barren, sticky or alkaline gardenland, and is mostly manifested in young shoots and young leaves. The leaves thinn, the veins lose green, turn pale green to yellowish white, and the early veins are green. In severe cases, most of the leaves become orange-yellow or yellowish-white and easily fall off, with few results. When the nursery is deficient in iron, the seedlings yellow and grow extremely slowly. Iron deficiency occurs when the dry matter iron content of leaves is less than 60 ug/g.
The causes of iron deficiency are complex, some are due to soil iron deficiency or high pH value, which makes it difficult to release iron, and some are due to waterlogging and rotten roots, which reduce the absorption capacity of iron and lead to iron deficiency. The iron demand of kiwifruit is higher than that of apples, pears and other fruit trees, and special attention should be paid when cultivating in areas with soil pH above 7.5.
When correcting, corresponding technical measures should be taken according to the actual situation. But the cure is to change the soil and cultivate fertilizer. Adult kiwi orchards can be combined with autumn base fertilizer, a large amount of organic fertilizer mixed with ferrous sulfate (generally the dosage per plant is 1-2kg). In case of emergency, the diseased strain can be sprayed with 1000 times of Jiamei product to facilitate recovery.
6. Magnesium deficiency
Mostly in the middle and late mature leaves of growth, the leaf flesh is pale yellowish green, the leaf margin is faded, and extends to the central lateral vein of the leaf, the leaf base remains green, and sometimes the leaf edge fades green. In severe cases, it loses green, the tissues are necrotic, and it is horseshoe-shaped in parallel with the leaf margin. When the magnesium content in the dry matter of the leaves drops to 0.1%, symptoms of magnesium deficiency occur.
Mild magnesium deficiency garden, can be foliar spray 1000 times liquid Jiamei point 2-3 times; magnesium deficiency garden, can be mixed with organic fertilizer root application, per 667 square meters of magnesium sulfate 1-1.5kg.
7. Boron deficiency
Young new leaves are prone to occur. First, irregular yellow patches appear in the middle of the young leaves, and expand along the main and lateral veins, but the leaf margins are normal and do not lose green. The young leaves of the apical young branches are deformed and distorted, and the growth of the branches is affected. When the dry matter boron content of leaves is less than 20 mg/g, boron deficiency symptoms appear, but are not very common.
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Foliar spraying with Jiamei Brain Platinum 1000 times liquid is better (because kiwi fruit is particularly sensitive to boron, special care should be taken when applying boron or spraying boron, and the spray concentration must not be too high, so as not to cause boron poisoning). Light sand loam soils and soils with low organic matter content are generally prone to boron deficiency, and such soils have a better effect on boron fertilizer as a base fertilizer.
8. Zinc deficiency
The zinc content of kiwi fruit healthy leaves is 15-30 μg/g, and when the content is lower than 12 μg/g, zinc deficiency symptoms will occur. The new shoots will appear "lobular disease", the old leaves have bright yellow inter-veined fading green, the leaf above the gradual red, the leaf margin is more obvious, while the leaf veins remain dark green, the green-lost part is in stark contrast with the healthy part, but does not produce necrotic spots.
2-5 weeks before germination, combined with the application of basal fertilizer, each fruiting tree mixed with zinc sulfate 0.5-1 kg, can also be sprayed with Jiamei Brain Platinum 1000 times liquid 3 weeks after flowering, sprayed once every 7-10 days, a total of 2-3 sprays. In addition, if there is too much phosphorus in the soil, or if the phosphate fertilizer is applied too early, it will also affect the absorption of zinc by kiwifruit and cause symptoms of zinc deficiency.
9. Lack of chlorine
Kiwifruit is sensitive to chlorine and requires large amounts. When deficient, it often affects the absorption of potassium fertilizers. In chlorine deficiency, scattered leg green appears first between the main and lateral veins at the apex of the old leaf, and then expands from the leaf margin to the main and lateral veins, sometimes the leaf margin is continuously greenless, and the old leaves are often rewinded in cup shape. Root growth is weakened, the tissue at 2-3 cm from the root tip is enlarged, and it is often suspected to be a tumor of the root knot nematode. In rainy areas, the chlorine in the soil is easily leached and lost, and chlorine deficiency can also occur when the chlorine content of the dry matter of the leaves does not reach 0.8-2.0%.
Potassium chloride can be applied to orchards during the fruiting period, 10-15 kg per 667 square meters, in 2 divided doses, with an interval of 20-30 days.
10, lack of copper
The copper content of kiwi fruit healthy leaves is 10-15 μg/g, and when the copper content in the leaves is less than 3 μg/g, symptoms of copper deficiency will appear. It is characterized by a uniform pale green color of young immature leaves, followed by an aggravation of inter-vein green loss, and finally a white, brittle and non-ductile leaf, and hindered growth. When there is severe copper deficiency, the growth point dies and turns black, the leaves fall early, and the germination rate is low.
Copper sulfate can also be applied to soil before germination, and Bordeaux liquid can also be applied in combination with disease prevention foliar sprays (but foliar copper sulfate spraying should be avoided, as kiwifruit is particularly sensitive to copper salts, especially in the early stages).
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11. Sulfur deficiency
The sulfur content of kiwi fruit healthy leaves is 0.25%-0.45%, and when the content is less than 0.18%, it shows symptoms of sulfur deficiency. Symptoms are similar to chlorine deficiency, with slow growth and pale green to yellow young leaves. The difference is that sulfur deficiency occurs mostly on young leaves, and old leaves are still normal. The edges of the young leaves are pale green or yellow at the beginning, and gradually expand, maintaining only a "wedge-shaped" green at the junction of the main and lateral veins, and finally all the young leaves lose their green. Unlike nitrogen deficiency, when sulfur deficiency is severe, the leaf veins also lose their green color, but they do not scorch.
Sulfur deficiency is generally not prone because most sulfate fertilizers contain more sulfur. When sulfur is deficient, it can be adjusted by applying ammonium sulfate, potassium sulfate and other fertilizers, and 15-20 kg can be applied every 667 square meters, and it can be applied once in the growing season, or twice at intervals of 1 month.
12, manganese deficiency
The manganese content of kiwi fruit healthy leaves is 50-150 μg/g, and the manganese deficiency symptoms are manifested when the manganese content of newly mature leaves on the vegetative branches is lower than μg/g. Symptoms of manganese deficiency usually begin with new leaves, with pale green to yellow inter-veined fading green, and in severe cases all leaves show symptoms. The greening begins at the leaf margin, then expands between the main veins and advances towards the midrib. When the manganese deficiency is further aggravated, the entire leaf except for the leaf veins turns yellow, the small veins are uplifted, and the gloss of the affected leaves increases.
Manganese deficiency orchards can be applied in the soil, manganese chloride, manganese sulfate, etc., it is best to combine organic nutrient fertilizer Jiamei dividends to be applied in stages, generally every 667 square meters of manganese chloride or manganese sulfate 2-5kg, can also foliar spray 1000 times liquid Jiamei point, sprayed once every 7 days, a total of 2-3 sprays. For manganese deficiency caused by excessive soil pH, compounds such as sulfur powder, calcium sulfate and ammonium sulfate can be applied to reduce soil pH and improve the effectiveness of manganese.
13. Lack of molybdenum
Kiwifruit has a very low demand for molybdenum, with a molybdenum content of only 0.04-0.2 μg/g in healthy leaves, and hypoglyxics occurs when the molybdenum content in the leaves is less than 0.01 μg/g. Molybdenum deficiency can cause dwarfing of the tree body, the fruit becomes smaller, the fruit taste becomes bitter, the leaf surface lacks luster and brittleness, and the initial scattered punctate macula gradually develops into faded spots with yellow circles on the periphery, which can be perforated.
Molybdenum deficiency is generally rare in kiwi orchards, but it should be noted because the lack of molybdenum can easily lead to abnormal accumulation of nitrate in the tree. Foliar spraying of 0.1%-0.3% potassium molybdate can be applied in the absence of molybdenum, and the effect is better.
bibliography:
"Kiwi fruit common 12 kinds of deficiency symptoms, and correction methods! Martial Arts Kiwi
"Kiwi deficiency and its prevention and control measures" Century Pesticide Network
Technology Park | Characteristics of Kiwi Fruit Deficiency" Week to Kiwi Fruit
The picture comes from the crop technology group and references of The Trimble Specialty Agricultural Products Exchange Platform