Learn the efficient skills of interplanting Polygonatum polygonatum in kiwifruit forests

Learn the efficient skills of interplanting Polygonatum polygonatum in kiwifruit forests

Du Ge et al

Polygonatum polygonatum refers to the dried rhizomes of the lily plant Polygonatum polygonatum (Polygonatumsibiricum Red.), Polygonatum kingianum Coll.et Hemsl. or Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua. It is recorded in the "Compendium of Materia Medica" that it has the functions of tonifying the spleen and invigorating qi, dispelling rheumatism, strengthening the spleen and moistening the lungs. Modern medical research has shown that the rhizomes of Polygonatum polygonatum contain a variety of medicinal active ingredients, mainly including saponins, polysaccharides, polyphenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, steroidal saponins, amino acids and trace elements, etc., which have antioxidant, anti-tumor, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, blood lipid-regulating, protecting the cardiovascular system, regulating and enhancing immune function, delaying aging, anti-inflammatory, antiviral and other effects. With the wide application of Polygonatum polygonatum in clinical practice, it has broad development prospects in the development of new drugs and health care products. The scale of kiwifruit planting in the Funiu Mountains area of southwest Henan is large, and the economic potential for the development of kiwifruit understory is huge. In particular, Xixia is a well-known kiwifruit planting county in China, with about 9666.67 hm 2 of kiwifruit cultivation in the county. Xixia is located in the aftermath of the Qinling Mountains and the hinterland of the 800-mile Funiu Mountain, with a forest coverage rate of 83%, and is known as the "Green Kingdom". There are many mountains and few places in the territory, and the climate is mild and humid, which is especially suitable for the growth of Chinese medicinal materials. There are more than 150 kinds of precious Chinese medicinal materials that are included in the national pharmacopoeia catalogue, and Xixia is also known as the "natural medicine storehouse". Since ancient times, Huangjing has been used as both medicine and food, and its therapeutic and health care effects have been widely recognized. With the development of the big health industry and the gradual increase of market demand, the artificial cultivation area of Polygonatum polygonatum has increased year by year. Huang Jing likes shade, high economic value and stable market, which plays a prominent role in the development of forest economy in mountainous areas and the improvement of farmers' income. The promotion of the efficient cultivation technology of intercropping Polygonatum polygonatum in the local area has a significant effect on improving the planting efficiency of kiwifruit and Polygonatum polygonatum and is of great significance to rural revitalization.

1. Polygonatum polygonatum high-quality seedling breeding technology

How to improve the germination rate of seeds, reduce the cost of propagation, and improve the quality of seedlings has always been a difficult problem in production. On the basis of previous research, our team has developed a high-efficiency seed seedling technology of Polygonatum polygonatum polygonatum and the breeding base of Huangjing Polygonatum co-built with Tianrun Jufu Agricultural Development Co., Ltd. of Xixia County has been recognized as the "2022 Nanyang Authentic Medicinal Material Breeding Base" by the Nanyang Traditional Chinese Medicine Development Bureau.

1.1 Land selection and land preparation

Huangjing nursery should choose a plot with fertile soil, loose soil, high humus content and easy irrigation. Huangjing likes shade, and the seedling shed should be built with shade and ventilation facilities. Before sowing, apply enough organic fertilizer as base fertilizer in combination with land preparation, open drainage ditches, and rake the soil to make flat furrows or high furrows for sowing. Do not choose low-lying or poorly drained plots for seedlings and planting.

1.2 Seedling breeding

The cultivation of Polygonatum polygonatum has been recorded since the Tang Dynasty, and the cultivation of Polygonatum polygonatum in most areas is still dominated by rhizome propagation. In production, long-term use of rhizome propagation can easily lead to a series of problems such as the degradation of the germination and quality of Polygonatum polygonatum and the occurrence of serious pests and diseases. The cost of tissue culture rapid propagation technology is high, and the current yellow essence tissue culture technology is not mature enough to keep up with the production demand. Seed propagation is the best choice to solve the problem of polygonatum seedlings.

Choose plants that are more than three years old and free of diseases and pests. Because the seeds of Polygonatum polygonatum have obvious ripening effects, they need to go through a period of dormancy before germination. Seeds need to go through a long time to emerge from natural dormancy, and the emergence rate is low, the uniformity of seedlings is poor, and the seeds are generally treated by low-temperature germination to improve the seed emergence rate. When the berries turn black and ripen in autumn, the fruit is harvested and the peel is removed, and the seeds with plump, smooth appearance and free of diseases and pests are selected. The ratio of seeds and wet sand is 1:5, add 0.5% carbendazim and stir evenly, store it in a pit 30 cm deep in a cool place, and keep the humidity at about 40%. The seeds were sieved in mid to late March of the following year and soaked in warm water at 40 °C for 24 h. When raising seedlings, seeds can be sown on demand, strip sowing and other methods. After sowing seeds in the seedbed according to the row spacing of 5~10 cm, it is covered with 1 cm thick fine sand and 2 cm thick fine soil. The surface of the seedbed is covered with a layer of wheat straw to moisturize and water, and the seedbed is kept warm at 20~25 °C. Remove the wheat straw before emergence, and control the plant spacing about 5 cm after seedlings to ensure the shade and moisture of the seedbed. Strengthen seedbed management, timely ventilation, seedling refining, weeding, watering, and top dressing to promote the healthy growth of seedlings. The growth rate of seedlings directly bred by seeds was slower. Foliar sprays of potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be applied to promote growth. When the seedlings grow for 2~3 years and the rhizome length reaches 3~5 cm, transplant them.

2 Cultivation and management technology of intercropping polygonatum polygonatum in kiwifruit understory

2.1 Kiwifruit understory land preparation

The shade of kiwifruit orchards in summer is about 60%, which is very suitable for interplanting Polygonatum polygonatum vulgaris. The soil of kiwifruit orchard is mostly fertile and loose sandy soil, which is suitable for planting Polygonatum polygonatum vulgaris. Poor soil, arid and pure sandy soil are not suitable for planting Polygonatum polygonatum . After the autumn and winter kiwi pruning, clean the field.

A 50 cm production trail was left on each side of the kiwifruit rows, and 15 000 kg/hm 2 of rotten farm manure was applied to the middle part, and then mechanical tillage was carried out, and the soil was treated with 5% phoxanthion 0.12 kg/hm 2. Land preparation requires the soil to be turned more than 30 cm deep. After the plot was leveled and raked finely and dried for 5~7 days, it was made into a furrow about 15 cm high, and the furrow width was 1 m narrower than the row spacing of kiwifruit.

2.2 Polygonatum polygonatum cultivation and field management techniques

2.2.1 Rhizome digging and transplanting

Using rhizome propagation, we should choose strong plants without diseases and pests, dig up rhizomes in autumn or early spring, and cut off 2~3 nodes of tender rhizomes. Treat the wound with plant ash and plant it after it has dried a little. Spring planting takes place from March to early April. Prepare the furrow surface, open the horizontal ditch according to the row spacing of 20~25 cm, the depth of the ditch is 8~10 cm, the bud head of the seed block is upward, and it is placed along the ditch. Lay flat at intervals of about 20 cm. Cover with fine soil 5~6 cm thick, slightly suppressed. Fields with poor soil moisture should be watered thoroughly after planting to ensure the survival rate. Watering once every 6~7 days to keep the soil moist and conducive to seedling emergence.

Using the seed breeding method, the transplanting can be carried out after the seedlings fall in mid to late November every year or before the Qingming of the following year, and the transplanting should be carried out in sunny weather. During the transplanting period, it is necessary to transplant in time after the seedlings are raised, shorten the transportation time, and try to protect the tubers and roots of Polygonatum polygonatum from being damaged.

When transplanting, a furrow with a depth of about 8 cm was opened perpendicular to the kiwifruit row, and the bud tips were planted upward, and the plant row spacing was controlled at 20~25 cm. After planting, water is sufficient to fix the roots, and then irrigated in time to ensure soil moisture and promote the germination of yellow essence buds.

Autumn planting of yellow essence should do a good job of keeping warm and cold. Cover straw and straw before frost, and remove mulch when the weather warms up in the spring of the following year.

2.2.2 Medium Tillage Weeding

During the growth period of Polygonatum polygonatum plants, it is necessary to cultivate and hoe the grass in time. Cultivating can loosen the topsoil, increase temperature and moisture, and help promote underground growth. In the first year of transplanting, frequent tillage and weeding should be carried out in the early stage of growth. After that, weeding is carried out in May, July and late September every year. In the first year, weeding should be done lightly to avoid injury to the rhizomes and promote the strength of the plant. After that, weeds are mainly pulled out manually. Weeds should be removed as soon as possible to prevent weeds from competing for nutrients.

2.2.3 Water and fertilizer management

Polygonatum is afraid of dampness and waterlogging, which is similar to the growth habit of kiwifruit. Long-term soaking in water will reduce the permeability of the soil, affect the respiration of the roots, and cause root rot. Water in time in hot and dry weather. The garden should always be kept moist, and pay attention to drainage during the rainy season to avoid root rot. The drainage and irrigation work of Polygonatum polygonatum can be carried out simultaneously with that of kiwifruit.

Polygonatum polygonatum is a chlorine-resistant crop, and kiwifruit is a chlorine-loving fruit tree. Polygonatum polygonatum should not be top-applied with chlorine-containing compound fertilizer, which is easy to cause polygonatum to taste bitter and absorb moisture. Yellow essence topdressing should be carried out separately from kiwifruit. Polygonatum topdressing combined with tillage should be carried out 3 times a year, in May, July and late September. 300 kg/hm 2 of three-element compound fertilizer was applied each time, and 750 kg/hm 2 of high-quality farmhouse fertilizer or multi-organic fertilizer was applied to accelerate the formation and growth of rhizomes. The application of farmhouse fertilizer or diversified organic fertilizer is conducive to saving costs and increasing efficiency, improving soil and improving quality.

2.2.4 Thinning the buds and picking the top

The flowering and fruiting stage of Polygonatum polygonatum lasts for a long time, consumes a lot of nutrients, and affects the growth of rhizomes. Relevant experiments showed that there was a significant difference in yield between budding picking and non-budding. Removing flower buds in time before flowering can promote the concentrated transfer of nutrients and improve yield and quality.

Plants that are too tall are prone to lodging, which affects the accumulation of nutrients in the tubers. Timely topping is conducive to improving the yield of Polygonatum polygonatum When the plant height reaches about 1.2 m, pinch off the top shoots to transfer nutrients to the rhizomes, which is conducive to increasing the yield.

2.2.5 Pest control

Common diseases in the cultivation process of Polygonatum polygonatum include leaf spot, root rot, black spot, anthracnose and so on. At harvest time, the garden is cleared, the sick and residues are burned first, and then the soil is disinfected, which can effectively reduce the source of disease. In the early stage of leaf spot disease, 1:1:120 Bordeaux solution or 50% carbendazim 1 000 times solution was sprayed for prevention and control, with an interval of 7 days, and sprayed 3 times in a row. To prevent and control root rot, drain water in time after rain, and spray 3 times with 50% carbendazim 800 times solution at intervals of 7 days. Black spot is one of the main diseases of Polygonatum polygonatum (Polygonatum polygonatum vulgaris), which is a fungal disease that mainly damages leaves, and its pathogens can overwinter on the soil and diseased residues, and invade and infect when the temperature rises. At the beginning of the disease, yellow-brown irregular lesions begin to appear at the tip of the leaf, and the edge of the lesion is purple-red; as the disease progresses, the lesion spreads and spreads, and finally the whole leaf wilts, and the disease becomes more severe in the rainy season. Before and at the beginning of the onset of black spot disease, 1:1:100 Bordeaux solution or 50% antibacterial special 1 000 times solution was used, with an interval of 7 days, and sprayed several times. Anthrax is also a fungal disease that mainly damages leaves. The prevention method is similar to that of leaf spot and black spot. For prevention and control, difenoconazole or pyraclostrobin + flumethrin 1 000 times can be sprayed.

In the process of cultivating Polygonatum polygonatum vulgaris, common insect pests include underground pests such as tigers and grubs, as well as planthoppers. Tiger and grub mainly harm the rhizomes and seedlings of Polygonatum polygonatum Insect infestation infestation will affect the growth of seedlings or lead to the death of seedlings, and reduce the quality and yield of Polygonatum polygonatum polygonatum It can be watered with 90% trichlorfon 1 000 times the solution. Use sweet and sour, black and green single-tube double-light lamps or poison bait to trap and kill adult insects. To control planthoppers, you can use a yellow plate coated with oil to trap them, insert them into the field with wooden sticks, and apply oil frequently. Spraying 3 000 times of 2.5% deltamethrin emulsion can kill both adults and eggs.

In the process of pest control, it is not only necessary to ensure the healthy growth of Polygonatum polygonatum but also to fully consider the sustainable development of field ecology. It is difficult to control the diseases and pests of Polygonatum polygonatum once they occur. Implementing the principle of "prevention first, comprehensive control" is the key point to reduce the yield and quality of Polygonatum polygonatum due to the harm of diseases and insects. In the process of disease control, according to the insect situation and local conditions, the underground pests should be treated above ground, adults and larvae combined, and the field and field should be selected. Priority is given to the selection of low-pollution pesticides for control. When exterminating insect pests, physical methods such as ultrasonic treatment and light trapping are preferred.

3. Harvesting and processing of yellow essence

3.1 Harvesting

In this cultivation mode, Polygonatum polygonatum is generally harvested after 3 years of cultivation. The harvest period is from the end of the year to February of the following year, with late autumn and early winter being the best. The best harvest time is when the section is creamy yellow or light brown. The rhizome is thick, thick and plump, and the polysaccharide content of Polygonatum polysaccharide is the most abundant.

3.2 Processing

3.2.1 Drying

After harvesting, the rot scars and fibrous roots in the rhizomes are removed, the sediment is washed away, and the rhizomes are graded and processed in batches according to the size of the rhizomes. Polygonatum polygonatum was dried at 55 °C for 24 h, removed and kneaded, and then dried at 50 °C for more than 2 days. The dried rhizome obtained in this way is the Chinese herbal medicine Huangjing commodity. Pay attention to ventilation during the drying process, and take it out in time after drying.

3.2.2 Liquor

Rice wine has the effect of removing the taste of numbness, helping the medicinal potential, and enhancing the tonic effect. Take 100 kg of pure yellow essence and 20 kg of rice wine, mix well, place it in a tank or other suitable container, seal it, heat it in a water bath until the wine is absorbed, the color is black and moist, and there is no numbness in the mouth. After the treatment, the wine yellow essence is dried until the skin is slightly dry, and then the slices are dried. Avoid direct contact with iron during the production process. After the wine, the yellow essence is nourishing but not greasy, and has the effect of channeling.

3.2.3 Nine systems

Nine Steamed and Nine Sunned Yellow Essence (Jiu Huang Jing) is a traditional Chinese medicine that tonifies and nourishes qi. Fresh yellow essence is cleaned when it is dried to seventy or eighty percent, steamed in a water bath for about 0.5 h, after drying, add 10% yellow essence weight of yellow wine and mix well, heat in a water bath, and simmer until the wine is absorbed. Then put the yellow essence into the solid bottom steaming drawer (to facilitate the collection of yellow essence juice) and steam for about 1 h. Knead the steamed yellow essence, dry it until it is semi-dry, mix in the yellow essence juice and an appropriate amount of rice wine, and simmer until it is absorbed. The same method is the same as before, repeatedly steamed and dried 9 times, until the surface of Polygonatum Polygonatum is brown and black and shiny, the texture is soft, and the taste is sweet.

4 Concluding remarks

The intercropping of yellow essence in kiwifruit orchards can avoid direct sunlight in summer, reduce the occurrence of sunburn, increase the multiple cropping index, reduce the use of pesticides and labor costs, and increase the average annual benefit by about 30,000 yuan/hm 2. The green prevention and control technology of diseases, insects and weeds in kiwifruit orchards, the integration technology of water and fertilizer and the cultivation of yellow essence are integrated, which reduces the use of pesticides and fertilizers, protects the ecological environment of kiwifruit orchards and yellow essence planting, effectively reduces agricultural non-point source pollution, promotes the improvement of agricultural production environment, improves the quality of "fruit" and "medicine", promotes the development of all-for-one tourism, drives rural industries, and helps rural revitalization.

Polygonatum not only has high medicinal value and economic value, but also is a good food therapy. Different origins and species of Polygonatum polygonatum are different in cultivation management, and reasonable management and fertilization can help Polygonatum polygonatum plants grow healthily to obtain higher yield and quality. Cultivation density is one of the most important factors affecting the yield of Polygonatum polygonatum polygonatum (Polygonatum poly The influence of water and fertilizer management on the yield of Polygonatum polygonatum is also very important, and the management of water and fertilizer should be carried out reasonably according to the fertilizer characteristics and water demand of Polygonatum polygonatum polygonatum In addition, in the cultivation process, we should pay attention to weeding and pest control. The use of scientific cultivation mode, timely management according to local conditions, in order to better improve the yield and quality of Polygonatum polygonatum polygonatum