Thirty-one years after Hongwu, (1398) the old emperor Zhu Yuanzhang was 71 years old.
He still dragged his seriously ill body "day to day and day to make decisions, tireless as usual", but this time he could not do as before, and soon at the beginning of the fifth leap month, Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming Empire and a life of great strength, came to the end of his life. In accordance with Zhu Yuanzhang's previous will, Emperor Zhu Yunjiao succeeded to the throne, "announcing to the world, so that he can know his intentions." "In Xiaolingwei in Nanjing, the Ming Empire fell into unprecedented grief, and even many people fell into confusion. The collapse of Zhu Yuanzhang as the spiritual pillar of the empire has left many people nostalgic for the era when Zhu Yuanzhang's spiritual thoughts were everywhere, and no one knows that after the end of Zhu Yuanzhang's Ming Dynasty, a wave of "Zhu Yuanzhang fever" was set off.
Portrait of Zhu Yuanzhang
Why did the Qing Dynasty officials highly value Zhu Yuanzhang? Only because he fully inherited the territory of Daming and the thick family business, Kangxi did not deny it.
History once again goes back to 1699, 301 years after Zhu Yuanzhang's death. In the early summer of that year, the Kangxi Emperor began a southern tour, and the sacrifice to the Ming Tomb on Zhongshan was a major purpose of Kangxi. Kangxi said affectionately to the officials: "Hongwu of the Ming Dynasty was the king of entrepreneurship, and he twice toured the south to hold a ceremony and personally went to Dian Dian. Now that I am blessed, I should make another sacrifice. [1] The accompanying officials did not understand his meaning, as the emperor of the Qing Dynasty, why did he want to worship the emperor of the Ming Dynasty? One after another advised Kangxi not to go in person: "The emperor has made two southern tours, and He has personally gone to DianMu, and now he should send his ministers to offer sacrifices." ”
Kangxi understood their thoughts, but insisted: "Hongwu is the lord of heroic martial arts, and he is not comparable to an ordinary emperor." The soldier Shangshu Silda gave a tribute and went to pay tribute to him. Kangxi personally arranged for a comprehensive repair of Zhu Yuanzhang's mausoleum, and carved the four "Zhilong Tang Song" inscribed by Kangxi into plaques and hung them in front of the gate of the Ming Tomb. For this matter, the Qing Shilu wrote in an extremely solemn tone: "Jia Yin, ordered to repair the Ming Taizu Mausoleum, and hung the plaque of the imperial book 'Zhilong Tang Song'." 【2】
Zhilong Tang Song
In the end, the Qing Dynasty team represented by Kangxi gave a fair, objective and comprehensive evaluation of Zhu Yuanzhang, and in the official revision history books, he was considered to be "a disaster in Wuding and a peaceful rule in Wenzhi." "As the highest key.
How did Zhu Yuanzhang quickly establish the Ming Empire in 16 years? Throughout history, Zhu Yuanzhang has been the most righteous.
In March of the twelfth year, Zhu Yuanzhang, dressed in tattered robes, came to the outskirts of Haozhou to join the Red Turban Army. Later, he recalled: "In the past, he was forced into the mountains by the demons (the Red Turban Army). [3] He also said: Yuan Gang is not like the law of Pi Shizu, and Hao Jie is not a good thing.
Perhaps because of its unique temperament, it attracted the attention of Guo Zixing, the marshal of the Red Turban Army. Soon, this "ambitious and unpredictable" Zhu Zhongba became "Zhu Gongzi", and the strategic ability he showed during his war career allowed him to quickly rise to the position of chief military officer. After zhu zhongba became Zhu Yuanzhang, he began to chase deer in the Central Plains and embarked on the "sweeping away the world, encompassing the universe, encompassing the four seas, and swallowing the eight wildernesses." "The great cause of unification. [4]
Portrait of Xu Da
War is an amplifier, and he clearly magnifies Zhu Yuanzhang's ability, quality, and pattern. By the 27th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1367), the regimes of Chen Youyi, the Han Emperor of Jiangnan, and Zhang Shicheng, the King of Wu, were successively destroyed. After the unification of Jiangnan, Zhu Yuanzhang judged the hour and sized up the situation, and decided to carry out the Northern Expedition to the Central Plains and the Southern Ding coast at the same time, and seize the right to rule the whole country by force. [5] Like a broomstick, he demonstrated his strategic deployment between the old mountains and rivers, unifying the country in just sixteen years. Shortly thereafter, under the support of the front and back, Zhu Yuanzhang, dressed in a dragon robe, began to point out the country. In this regard, Ming Shi summed up Zhu Yuanzhang's world with extreme confidence, "the most correct position", "the rise of cloth clothes, the foundation of Haiyu, unprecedented in the Western Han Dynasty." [6] On the occasion of the imminent completion of the imperial inheritance, Zhu Yuanzhang returned to his hometown after a twenty-two-year absence to visit the graves of his parents, who had died many years ago, and said with deep emotion to the subordinates around him: "When I was in my hometown in the past, I called myself a farmer in the field all my life. And in the face of military turmoil, the action of the army is only a measure to protect themselves. I don't expect to be such a great undertaking today. Since I went to the township for more than ten years, now I have to return to the provincial mausoleum, and I can see it with my fathers and children for details, and when I meditate on my pocket, I can feel it. ”【7】
Suffering and glory have become two important spiritual magic weapons beside Zhu Yuanzhang.
The cloth complex, the emperor of the peasants' true colors, sympathized with the low-level masses, and thus set off the largest rectification of the bureaucracy.
Zhu Yuanzhang repeatedly expressed to the Empire the position he represented: "The peasants of the Yuanben are well aware of the sufferings of the people. The farmer knows that harvesting is difficult. Whenever he mentioned the hardships of the common people, he would sob for it, and zhu Yuanzhang couldn't help but think of the painful experience of implanting bone marrow for those landlords and corrupt officials who were rich and annexed land. To this end, he hopes to build a country where the people are fed and clothed, and he is the spokesman for the peasants.
In the fourth year of Hongwu," he instructed Zhongshu Province, "There is a lot of open space in Linhao now, and you should investigate the identity of those who have opened up the wasteland, so that they can cultivate equally, so that the poor have property, and the rich cannot annex." If a large household occupies more land and transfers it to the poor tenants, he will be punished. ”[8]
Emperor Ming Ancestral Training
As early as the edict of Hongwu's first year (1368 AD), he emphasized that he was "the right cloth of the Emperor Huai", and when he promulgated the "Ancestral Training of the Emperor Ming" six years later, he once again recounted his experience: "He was young and lonely and poor, he was on a long-term military turmoil, he committed himself to the army at the age of twenty-four, he was called a man for three years, and then he took over the handsome and trained the military... The government of the Geyuan Dynasty was appeased, and the polluters of old customs were cured. This passage indicates that his childhood experience made him deeply aware of the "hypocrisy of human feelings" at the end of the Yuan Dynasty. Faced with the greedy desire of officials and their hatred of corrupt officials, Zhu Yuanzhang issued the most severe anti-corruption decree in history, thus setting off the largest storm of rectification of officials in history. It is even refined to the point that officials cannot use the bus for private use: "Whoever travels on business, according to the rank, can take the official horse bus, and use the official camel, etc., in addition to the clothes they carry, the personal belongings carried must not exceed ten kilograms." "If you exceed it, you must whip it according to the number of pounds." He even strictly forbade officials to go to the countryside, believing that they had come to eat and drink and loot and harass the people: "When I was in the people, I personally experienced that many state and county officials were not sympathetic to the people, often greedy for money and lust, drinking and wasting, and all the people were sick and miserable, indifferent to them, and their hearts were really angry. For the corrupt criminals who sat down, Zhu Yuanzhang warned with a cruel "peeling grass", so that many officials were afraid before going to work and did not know whether they could come back today and hugged their families and cried bitterly.
How powerful is Zhu Yuanzhang's political legacy and Zhu Yuanzhang's spiritual legacy?
Zhu Yuanzhang vividly compared the image of governing the country to "building a house": "For those who are under the world, such as building a mansion." "I thought that to build a foundation, to build a big house, to cut and cut to use a warrior, and to paint algae painting must be a civilian minister." In Zhu Yuanzhang's thinking, the empire is like a big house, which will be crowded with all his subjects and people, and according to his concept, he will always live in peace and quiet, and he personally undertakes the construction and maintenance of this "Empire State Building".
The high sense of responsibility for the Ming Empire made Zhu Yuanzhang exceptionally diligent. On a day in September of the seventeenth year of Hongwu, the internal and external divisions played 1660 chapters and 3391 pieces, and in the face of the huge pressure of such a normalized work, Zhu Yuanzhang also had to lament: "How can one person deal with such many tasks, how can he go through all these tasks, and if there is an inconvenience in the affairs of the government, the harm of the only surname will be the harm of the world." The only worry of the body will be the worry of the four seas. Despite such a high degree of rotation, he still did it tirelessly. For thirty-one years, under his auspices, his personal color has infiltrated every corner of Daming. These include politics, economics, military, and culture. Two hundred and eighty years later, Shunzhi admired Zhu Yuanzhang so much that he thought that Emperor Tang and Song Zu were not as good as Zhu Yuanzhang's great talent. "Why? There are good people in the government of kings and virtues, and there are those who are not perfect. To the regulations and regulations laid down by Hongwu, the plan is Zhou Xiang, so it is said that the kings of the past are inferior to Hongwu ye. [10] In the 26th year of Hongwu, according to the statistics of the Ministry of Households, the cultivated land area reached more than 8.5 million hectares, an increase of 3.26 million hectares compared with the highest figure of cultivated land in the Northern Song Dynasty (more than 5.24 million hectares). The population of the country is more than 60 million, exceeding the maximum number contained in the "History of the Yuan", and the country's field income alone is as high as more than 32.78 million stones, which is nearly twice that of the Yuan Dynasty's revenue of more than 11.1 million stones, which is the real prosperity of the Ming Dynasty. 【11】
Zhu Yuanzhang calligraphy
Zhu Yuanzhang repeatedly put forward solemn warnings in the "Ancestral Precepts of the Emperor ming", believing that he could truly "take the world as a worrier" and "only the king of entrepreneurship, the lord of ZTE, and the sage of Shoucheng can do it". As for the "ordinary kings" who "grow up in the palace", they are bound to use the world to find pleasure for themselves, so "the death of the country begins from this time". Unfortunately, this prediction appeared repeatedly among the emperors of the middle and late Ming Dynasty, such as the Zhengde Emperor who was playing freely and Jiajing who was bent on practicing Dan and cultivating, the Wanli who had not been in the dynasty for decades, hiding in the harem to study the carpenter's apocalypse, and such an intensive appearance of "strange" descendants of emperors was rare in history.
In this prediction, Zhu Yuanzhang could only summarize and sigh: "If the king who keeps the success is always in awe, and takes the ancestors' worries about the world as his heart, he can always be favored by heaven." If you are sluggish, you will be more troubled, but don't be afraid! Although all the designs that were beneficial to future generations were done, in the end they could only be entrusted to the so-called "Mandate of Heaven", which shows how weak Zhu Yuanzhang was in this important matter. From another point of view, Zhu Yuanzhang's political and spiritual legacy is an infinite attachment to his descendants. For this reason, he finally issued a roar: "Those who dare to change the ancestral law in the future generations will have no forgiveness for the theory of adultery!" ”【12】
Ending: The emotional encounter personally experienced by the lonely Zhu Yuanzhang interprets the Daming version of "Alive"
At the age of fifty-four, Zhu Yuanzhang began to build a mausoleum for himself, and he seemed to be too familiar with life and death, and even the tragic experience of the past made him seem more sophisticated.
Film and television image
Putting aside the perspective of career success, emotionally speaking, Zhu Yuanzhang is quite unfortunate. The loss of four loved ones in a row in thirteen days at a young age is self-evident for a child. Many years later, Zhu Yuanzhang recalled the misery of that year in the "Imperial Tomb Monument": "Brother hurt for me, I cried for my brother, the emperor daydream, crying broke his heart!" "The soul is leisurely and looks for parents without existence, and the ambition is depressed and pretending." During the entrepreneurial period, he seemed to forget this loneliness and began to devote himself to the military and chase deer in the Central Plains. Until the age of fifty, his hair-tie wife Empress Ma died, and Zhu Yuanzhang's emotional world once again went into loneliness. What's more, since then, Zhu Yuanzhang has repeatedly experienced white-haired people sending black-haired people. At the age of sixty-five, his crown prince Zhu Biao died, and all his plans were disrupted, and this once incomparably powerful man actually cried loudly and tearfully when the courtiers' meeting was studying the question of succession.
At the age of seventy-one, seven of his twenty-six sons had died. People who became emperors in Chinese history "called themselves "lonely and widowed" and called themselves "lonely family" and "widowed people", and this kind of great loneliness is undoubtedly a kind of destruction for human nature. In March of the 71-year-old, his favorite third son, Zhu Yu, died of illness, knocking Zhu Yuanzhang down at once, and soon, Zhu Yuanzhang completed his magnificent life in infinite desolation.
exegesis:
[1] Records of the Ancestors of the Qing Dynasty, vol. 193.
[2] Records of the Ancestors of the Qing Dynasty, vol. 193, Kangxi 38 April.
[3] The Book of Bald Lu with Yuan Chen.
[4] "Jia Yi Passed the Qin Theory".
[5] "Ming Dynasty Military Unification War".
[6] "Ming Shi Taizu Benji".
[7] Records of the Ming Dynasty, vol. 20.
[8] The End of the Chronicle of the Ming Dynasty.
[9] Records of the Ming Dynasty, vol. XX.
[10] Records of the Ancestors of the Qing Dynasty.
[11] "The Biography of Zhu Yuanzhang" by Wu Han.
[12] Records of Ming Taizu