Fujian Longyan special early ripening mandarin production technology
Yuan Yunfen
Yanshi Town, Silla District, Longyan City, with an average annual temperature of 19.6 °C and an annual rainfall of 1600 mm. The soil is purple and red soil, the soil layer is deep, the soil is relatively loose, the organic matter content is high, the ecological environment around the garden is good, the drainage and irrigation conditions are good, and the transportation is convenient. The planted extra-early ripening mandarin oranges can be pumped three times a year in Yanshi Town, and the average annual plant yield is 60kg to 80kg. The fruit is flat and round, seedless, the average single fruit weight is 100g ~ 150g, the skin is thin, smooth and delicate, the fruit shape is beautiful, the flesh is crisp and juicy, the flavor is sweet and sour, the edible rate is more than 85%, and the soluble solids are 10% to 12%. Through transplanting and colonization, fertilizer water management, canopy management, flower and fruit management, etc., the base has built a demonstration base of high-yield cultivation technology of about 100hm 2 of extra-early ripening mandarin oranges in Yanshi Town. The main points of the production technology of extra-early ripening mandarin orange are introduced as follows:
1 Seedling breeding
1.1 Establishment and management of the mother garden
It is required to choose an area with good isolation conditions, 3km away from the orchard, there is no entry and exit of the regular floating population, the transportation is convenient, the light is sufficient, and the water source is convenient. The source of seedlings in the mother garden requires seedlings that have been detoxified and treated with pure scion grafting.
1.2 Construction of seedling bases
1.2.1 Land selection and base fertilizer application. The nursery land should be selected in the open terrain, leeward to the sun, good sunshine, convenient transportation and drainage and irrigation, non-polluting sandy loam soil or fertile red loam soil, alluvial soil, and more than 3km away from citrus orchards. The seedling land should be fertilized with sufficient base fertilizer, and organic fertilizer 2000kg/667m2 ~3000kg/667m2, calcium- magnesium and phosphorus fertilizer 150kg/667m2 ~180kg/667m2, lime 70kg/667m2 ~80kg/667m2.
1.2.2 Disinfection of seedbed and rootstock seeds. The seedbed is disinfected with low residual agents, and the rootstock seeds are disinfected by warm soup soaking seeds, dry heat method or medicinal seed mixing after the diseased seeds and deflated seeds are removed.
1.2.3 Sowing and grafting. Autumn sowing is from August to September, winter sowing is from November to January, and can be sown with harvesting, and spring sowing is carried out from mid-February to mid-March. Grafting time: August to September or spring from February to March after autumn shoots mature. The scion source is collected from the mother garden established according to this scheme, and the spring is mainly cut and the autumn is mainly single bud belly.
1.2.4 Seedling stage management. It is necessary to strengthen the management of water, light and mild ventilation at the seedling stage, strictly prohibit the use of highly toxic and highly residual pesticides at the seedling stage, and prohibit hormone stimulation.
1.2.5 Nursery standards: In accordance with the "three certificates" system. Seedlings are required to be robust, thick branches, thick leaves, thick green in color, shiny, upright and stout trunk, thick main roots, developed lateral roots, no quarantine pests and diseases, and primary or secondary seedlings according to citrus seedling standards. Spring nursery is the mainstay, supplemented by autumn nursery. The seedlings should be filled with water and the seedlings should be raised, and after grading, every 50 or 100 plants should be a bundle, and the mud should be wrapped with straw or film to prevent squeezing and exposure during transportation.
2 Construction of extra-early ripening citrus orchards
2.1 Garden Selection
Choose a slope or terraced garden away from the main highway, with a slope below 25° and a slope facing south or southeast. The soil is fertile, the soil layer is more than 1 m thick, the low hilly red loam, the alluvial plain, and the sandbar along the river. Soil organic matter content is not less than 1.5%, good air permeability, pH value of 5.0 ~ 6.5. Groundwater level 0.8m below, no pollution water source.
2.2 Establishment of the park
2.2.1 Orchard zoning. The community is suitable for short rectangles, the area is generally 2hm 2 ~ 3hm 2, the terrain of the mountain orchard is more complex, the area of the community is generally 1hm 2, the long side of the community is perpendicular to the main wind direction, the mountain community side length is parallel to the contour line, and several communities are formed into an operation area according to the terrain, and the operation area area is about 6hm 2. Several work areas are connected to form an orchard.
2.2.2 Road Design. The main road runs through the whole park and communicates with the outer road, the general road width is 4m ~ 5m, the slope is not more than 1/10, the minimum turning radius is greater than 10m, and the car can pass. The branch road is 2.5m to 3.5m wide, and there is a return place, which can pass agricultural vehicles or walking tractors, and can lead to various communities. The pedestrian cultivation road is 1m to 2m wide.
2.2.3 Drainage and irrigation facilities. Hillside flood barrier ditch, ring ravine, ditch width 0.8m ~ 1.0m, ditch bottom width 0.6m ~ 1.0m, ditch depth 0.8m ~ 1.5m, both ends and natural drainage ditch or artificial longitudinal ditch connection, longitudinal ditch should be roundabout down. The high end of the terraced bamboo ditch is connected to the irrigation ditch, and the low end is connected to the longitudinal drainage ditch, and is equipped with a falling facility to realize the integration of drainage and irrigation.
2.2.4 Construction of high-level terraces. Mountain construction of contour terraces, the spacing of the terraces is not less than 4m, the width of the terraces is not less than 3m, the ladder surface is slightly inclined inward, the terraces are built in front of the small ladders, and the bamboo slugs with a depth of 25cm and a width of 30cm are dug later, and the ratio is reduced to 3/1000, which plays the role of draining and storing water and preventing soil erosion.
2.2.5 Shelterbelts. Especially the cold tide outlet of the orchard and the direction of the west, the original natural forest should be used as much as possible, the top of the mountain with a hat and the creation of a protective forest belt, planting large-leaf eucalyptus, tail eucalyptus, fir, privet, oil tea, etc., the forest belt and fruit trees are more than 10m apart.
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2.3 Orchard colonization
2.3.1 Preparation before colonization. Dig 1m each for length and width, 0.8m to 1.0m deep colonization hole or trench colonization, fill each hole with 25kg~50kg of green fertilizer, 1kg~2kg of sachie lime; first layer of green manure, sprinkled with lime, the latter layer of soil, divided into 3 layers to 4 layers of backfilling compaction, topsoil should be backfilled first, pressed green soil for 2 months to 3 months, before planting each hole and then organic fertilizer 10kg ~ 15kg, phosphate fertilizer 1kg and topsoil are fully mixed and filled in the upper layer of the planting hole, and formed into a mound 20cm ~ 30cm above the ground to wait for colonization.
2.3.2 Colonization time and density. Spring planting is before the buds of the spring shoots, and autumn planting is after the autumn shoots are ripe. In the early stage of colonization density, 2m×3m plan for dense planting, and the sealing time was cut to 3m×4m.
2.3.4 Colonization Techniques. Colonization should be operated in accordance with the requirements of straight, comfortable, shallow, tight and wet. That is, first dig a hole in the soil pier of the colonization hole, put the seedling in the center of the hole, use the colonization board or visual inspection pair to form a straight line; then use the fine topsoil mixed with organic fertilizer to hug around the citrus root, gently lift the seedlings in the trend, so that the soil and the root system are closely connected and compacted, and the depth of planting is appropriate to the depth of the original nursery; finally cover the soil and step on it, make a garden plate, water the fixed root water, and then cover the straw to keep the soil in the plate loose and warm; after planting, set up a pillar next to the trunk, so as not to wind and shake the root system, affecting the survival.
2.4 Orchard management
2.4.1 Drainage and irrigation. Orchards should be able to irrigate drought and drain waterlogging. When the rainy season comes, orchard drainage should be done; in times of drought, water should be filled in time, and drip irrigation facilities should be used. It is advisable to maintain the maximum water holding capacity in the field at 60% to 70%.
2.4.2 Expand the hole and change the soil. Young trees should be in the 1st to 3rd year after colonization to complete the expansion of the whole garden burrow soil, dig a trench of 1 m long and 1 m wide and 0 .8m to 1.0 m deep outside the planting hole, and pay attention not to leave soil separated from the planting hole, and the time can be carried out from October to January of the following year. During the expansion of the hole, each plant is layered with 50kg~75kg of green manure or soil miscellaneous fertilizer, 1kg~2kg of lime, and the upper layer of organic fertilizer is applied 10kg~12kg and the topsoil is fully mixed and covered with topsoil.
2.4.3 Medium tillage. The production trees are ploughed once a year or every other year in conjunction with the winter clearance garden, which is about 20 cm deep, and the area around the trunk should be shallow tillage. Medium tillage can be combined with the application of base fertilizer, lime and other soil modification materials to improve the soil.
2.4.4 Grass cultivation. On the basis of deep ploughing, expanding the hole and changing the soil, the orchard implements natural grass cultivation, but it should be noted that there is a certain empty space around the main trunk, and the grass cannot be allowed to cover the head of the tree, and the grass is cut 3 to 5 times a year during the growing season, and the weeds are eradicated and buried in the winter combined with the qingyuan.
2.4.5 Soil cultivation. More than 10 years of abundant trees every other year to cultivate soil, the time is carried out after fruit picking, each plant each time the soil is 150kg ~ 250kg, you can choose river mud, pond mud, paddy field soil, woodland topsoil, etc.
2.4.6 Sets and covers. Juvenile orchards grow leguminous crops in the outer coats of tree trays. In the spring, from March to April, peanuts, soybeans, Indian cowpeas, black mung beans, etc. are planted, and before the dry season comes, they are covered with straw or green manure, the thickness of the cover is 15cm to 25cm, and there is a certain empty space around the trunk, and the head of the tree cannot be covered.
2.4.7 Soil fertilization. Master the principle of bio-organic fertilizer as the mainstay and chemical fertilizer as the supplement. Young trees: Fertilized once a month from March to August, mainly nitrogen, the amount of fertilizer is from less to more, generally each plant is applied with a power of 0.02kg or a balanced compound fertilizer of 0.1kg to 0.2kg, and in winter combined with the expansion of the soil plant to apply organic fertilizer 10kg ~ 12kg as a base fertilizer.
Mature trees: half a month before flowering, the plant applied high nitrogen and high phosphorus compound fertilizer 1kg ~ 1.2kg to improve flower quality; after flowering, due to tree fertilization, according to the tree posture and flowering capacity, the balanced compound fertilizer was applied 0.25kg to 0.5kg to improve the fruit set rate; from late May to late June, the plant was applied 0.5kg~0.8kg to promote fruit enlargement; after fruit picking, the plant was applied urea 0.25kg~0.4kg, potassium sulfate 0.2kg~0.3kg, organic fertilizer 5kg~6kg, In order to promote autumn shoots and tree recovery, winter fertilizer was applied from November to December, organic fertilizer was applied 10kg to 12kg and calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer 1.5kg, and balanced compound fertilizer was 1.0kg to 1.2kg to promote flower bud differentiation and leaf preservation;
2.4.8 Canopy management. Young trees in the main trunk height of 25cm ~ 30cm, leaving a first-level main branch 3, the main branch and the horizontal into a 60 ° angle, the main branch and the main branch spacing of 8cm ~ 10cm, the direction should be staggered with each other, in order to enhance the load capacity of the tree, each main branch to cultivate 3 ~ 4 sub-main branches and horizontal at a 20 ° angle, each sub-main branch to cultivate 3 ~ 4 side branches, side branches and horizontal into a 20 ° angle, side branches on the cultivation of the resulting branch group. During the growth period of branches, timely wipe buds, thin branches, and pick hearts; in winter, remove dead branches, diseased and insect branches, shade branches, overlapping branches, and remove erect branches.
As a result, the trees are mainly sheared in the winter before the germination of spring shoots after fruit picking, supplemented by summer shears from mid-June to early July. When pruning, master the combination of thinning and short cuts, light shearing and long, whether thinning or short cutting, should be based on light shearing, pay attention to the principle of mastering the principle of light on the upper and lower weights, the outer weight and the inner light, and according to the order of first cutting the lower part, then cutting the upper part; first cutting the interior, then cutting the outside, first cutting the large branches, and then cutting the small branches. In spring, too dense branches, thin branches, and too dense leaves and flowers are pruned; in summer, shade branches, fallen fruit branches, long branches, diseased and insect branches, etc.; in winter, cross-overlapping branches, long branches, dead branches, short-cut peripheral protruding branches, and landing branches are pruned.
2.4.9 Sparse flowers and fruits. The fruit is controlled by controlling the yield of the plant. First of all, the number of fruiting mother branches can be controlled by pruning in winter, and the ratio of fruit branches to vegetative branches can be adjusted; secondly, artificial fruit thinning can be carried out after the physiological fruit drop is stable. Remove diseased and insect fruits, mechanically damaged fruits, deformed fruits, easy daily burning fruits, fruit with no commodity value in the canopy, and excessive dense fruit. During the peak production period, the orchard produces 1500kg/667m2 ~2000kg/667m2 fruit.
2.4.10 Preservation of flowers and fruits.
2.4.10.1 Fertilizer control and fruit preservation: if the leaf color is thick green before the spring shoots are pumped, it is necessary to control the application of nitrogen fertilizer, increase the application of potassium fertilizer, and prevent the growth of spring shoots from causing flowers and fruits to fall.
2.4.10.2 Control the shoots and fruit preservation: Wang Changchun shoots should be erased in time or leave 5 leaves to 5 leaves to pick hearts, too many summer shoots should be erased, or leave 2 leaves to 3 leaves to pick hearts.
2.4.10.3 Topdressing outside the root to preserve fruit: spray 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate + 0.1% borax during flowering to prevent excessive first physiological fruit fall. After the first physiological fruit drop, spray 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate before the second physiological fruit drop to preserve the fruit.
2.4.11 Pest control. Strengthen disease and insect detection, focus on prevention, comprehensive prevention; improve the ecological environment of orchards, protect natural enemies, and actively adopt biological control; attach importance to eliminating a large number of wintering diseases and insects in winter and lowering the base of the first generation of diseases and insects in spring; use more biological pesticides and less chemical pesticides; combine agricultural control with pharmaceutical control. Pesticides must be applied strictly in accordance with the interval period specified in the green food production operating procedures and pesticide instructions.