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From May 1948 to March 1949, the CENTRAL Committee of the Communist Party of China worked in Xibaipo, Pingshan County, in the eastern foothills of taihang Mountain, commanded the three major battles of the Liaoshen Campaign, the Huaihai Campaign, and the Pingjin Campaign, and convened the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. Xibaipo became the "last rural command post" of the Party Central Committee for the liberation of all of China.
On March 23, 1949, Mao Zedong and other revolutionaries of the older generation set out from Xibaipo and embarked on a great journey into Beijing to "catch up with the examinations." Today, at the Xibaipo Memorial Hall, pages of yellowed documents, manuscripts, and revolutionary cultural relics with the warmth of history are still telling people about the extraordinary past of more than 70 years ago.
The Epoch-making Outline of China's Land Law
In the exhibition hall of the Xibaipo Memorial Hall, there is a copy of the Outline of China's Land Law, which is 18 centimeters long and 11.5 centimeters wide. In the middle of the cover is the title of the book "Outline of China's Land Law", the upper right corner is printed with the words "promulgated by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China", and the lower left corner is "Seal of the Secretariat of the Land Conference of the Central Bureau of Jin-Cha-Ji" and "October 12, 1947", indicating the unit and time of printing. The production of this "Outline of China's Land Law" is inseparable from the National Land Conference held by the Party in Xibaipo in 1947.
The basic problem of the Chinese revolution was the peasant question, and Mao Zedong had a sober understanding of this. In 1936, when Mao Zedong met with the American writer Snow, he pointed out: "Whoever wins the peasants will win China, and whoever solves the land problem will win the peasants." From the agrarian revolution in the period of the agrarian revolutionary war, to the rent reduction and interest reduction in the war of resistance against Japan, and then to the land reform in the period of the War of Liberation, our party has carried out arduous explorations to solve the peasant land problem.
The pointer of history comes to 1947. On July 17, the National Land Conference opened in Xibaipo Village, attended by more than 100 delegates from various liberated areas, and closed on September 13, which lasted nearly two months. In the period of war, it was unprecedented in the history of the Communist Party of China to gather so many deputies from all over the world to discuss the land issue for such a long time.
At the opening ceremony, Liu Shaoqi spoke about the purpose and tasks of the meeting, stressed that the land issue is the basic link of all problems in the Liberated Areas, and made a long report for two consecutive days, pointing out that the central topic of the national land conference is to carry out land reform thoroughly. At the meeting, representatives of the Liberated Areas reported on the situation of land reform, summed up and exchanged experiences, focused on the two major issues of land reform and party consolidation, and adopted the "Outline of China's Land Law", which was officially promulgated and implemented on October 10.
The Outline of China's Land Law is a programmatic document for land reform, with a total of 16 articles in its entirety, which clearly stipulates: "Abolish the land system of feudal and semi-feudal exploitation, and implement the land system in which cultivators have their own land." After the end of the National Land Conference, each liberated area held a separate implementation meeting, and issued the "Outline of China's Land Law" as needed, and the "Outline of China's Land Law" displayed in the exhibition hall of the Xibaipo Memorial Hall was issued by the Jin-Cha-Ji Liberated Area. Subsequently, a vigorous agrarian reform movement was set off in the liberated areas.
The reform of the land system is an earth-shaking social change in China's history of thousands of years, which has fundamentally abolished the foundation of the feudal system that is entangled in the land of China, enabled the vast number of peasants to turn around and liberate themselves and obtain land, and enabled the CPC to win the wholehearted support of the peasants. The broad masses burst forth with unprecedented enthusiasm, actively developed production, enthusiastically joined the army and participated in the war, greatly supported the war of liberation in terms of manpower and material resources, and shook the foundation of the Kuomintang's reactionary rule.
In 1950, Mao Zedong pointed out: "We have completed the land reform in the areas with a population of about 160 million in the north, and we must affirm this great achievement." Our war of liberation was mainly won by these 160 million people. Only with the victory of land reform did we have the victory of overthrowing Chiang Kai-shek. ”
Although the cultural relics are silent, history has an echo. General Secretary Xi Jinping stressed that history has fully proved that Jiangshan is the people, the people are Jiangshan, and the people's hearts and minds are related to the life and death of the party. By winning the people's trust and the people's support, the party will be able to overcome any difficulties and be invincible.
A disc printer that witnessed the birth of the renminbi
In the exhibition hall of xibaipo memorial hall, a disc printer printing the first set of renminbi is displayed. The height of the machine is 120 cm, the width is 103 cm, and the basic material is iron. It was produced in the United States in 1899, and when the Beijing Banknote Printing Factory was established in 1908, it was imported from the United States with a complete set of printing equipment such as offset printing machines and gravure printing machines for printing banknotes, which were used to print the numbers on the banknotes.
During the Xibaipo period, due to the rapid development of the revolutionary situation and the continuous expansion of the area of the Liberated Areas, it was urgent to issue unified banknotes in order to establish a new economic and financial order. From March to May 1947, the North China Financial and Economic Conference was officially held in Handan Yetao, where the Central Bureau of Luyu in Jinji and Hebei was located. The main task of the meeting was to discuss and study how to solve the problem of financial supply needed for the war, and the establishment of the North China Financial and Economic Office and the preparation for the issuance of the renminbi were put on the important agenda. In the second half of 1947, the North China Finance and Economic Office was officially established in Jiayu Village, Pingshan County, Hebei Province. On November 18, 1948, the Meeting of the Council of the North China People's Government decided: "It is now urgent to issue a unified currency, and the Chinese Bank will be established immediately, and the Acting General Manager of the Chinese Bank will be appointed by The Southern Han Dynasty." ”
In the process of preparing for the establishment of the Chinese Bank and the issuance of renminbi, the most urgent work is the design and printing of renminbi. At that time, there was a shortage of professional talents in the Liberated Areas, and the Preparatory Office searched in many ways, and finally decided that Wang Yijiu and Shen Naiyong of the Printing Bureau of the Jin-Cha-Ji Border Region were responsible for the design. The two have participated in the design and printing of bank currency in the Jin-Cha-Ji Border Region and have rich design experience. Wang Yijiu was responsible for designing the first set of frontal pictures of the RMB ticket version, and the back picture was designed by Shen Naiyong.
Soon, the first batch of rmb samples were designed and sent to the central government for approval. The first set of renminbi design samples approved by the central government has three pattern plates, namely the cultivated land map, the railway station map and the Wanshou Mountain map. The design of the ticket plate was completed, followed by the printing of the renminbi. In order to complete the printing task, the Preparatory Department did everything possible to print the renminbi using all available material conditions.
After intense preparatory work, on December 1, 1948 Chinese Bank was officially established in Shijiazhuang and issued rmb for the first time. Due to the rapid development of the revolutionary situation and the liberation of many large cities one after another, the People's Liberation Army needed to issue renminbi as soon as possible while taking over the cities, so as to facilitate the establishment of a new economic order. Therefore Chinese Min min bank issued instructions to printing plants in various places, and the first task was to concentrate on resuming production and doing a good job in printing and distributing renminbi in the newly liberated cities.
On January 31, 1949, Peiping was peacefully liberated. On the same day, the military control personnel took over the Beijing Banknote Printing Factory (then known as the Beiping Factory of the Central Printing Factory), immediately mobilized the staff and workers to repair and install the machines scattered in the scrap iron pile day and night, used the original version of the renminbi brought into the city by the military control personnel as a sample, and used the existing equipment to start printing with all their might, and soon produced the first batch of renminbi. After continuous intense printing, the renminbi not only met the needs of Peiping, but also continuously sent to various newly liberated areas of the country, so that the renminbi played a role at the critical moment of liberating all of China. This disc printer also played a huge role in this process, becoming a witness to that glorious history. Later, with the continuous development and improvement of banknote printing technology, this printing machine was gradually changed to the use of supplementary codes in the banknote printing process, and it was not until 2001 that it was "honorably retired". In early 2003, the machine arrived in Xibaipo and became a striking relic of the Red Revolution. Today, it lies quietly in the exhibition hall of Xibaipo, telling tourists from all over the country the story behind the renminbi.
The establishment of the Chinese Bank and the birth of the first set of renminbi heralded the birth of a new China. This is the result of the victory achieved by the Chinese people under the leadership of the Communist Party of China after decades of arduous revolutionary struggle. Just as Mao Zedong said when he saw the first batch of renminbi bills: The people have their own arms, they have their own political power, and now they have their own banks and currency, and this is really the people's mastery!
A "pass" to the light
The Xibaipo Memorial Hall has a special "pass", and its special feature is not only that it is a historical witness that during the Liberation War, the famous writer Mr. Yu Wenya left the Kuomintang Area with his whole family and went to Xibaipo, but also that under the protection of the leadership of the Communist Party of China, countless progressive people ran from the dark Kuomintang Area to the bright Liberated Area.
The white paper of the "pass" has turned yellow, but the handwriting is still clear. On the upper left is a one-inch black-and-white photograph of Mr. Yu Wenya, which reads: Beiping City District (2) Travel Certificate (Brigade) Zi No. (833). The format of the official document printed in pencil, the relevant content of the brush handwritten letter, and the red seal, the document retains the imprint of history everywhere.
In the second half of 1948, the Kuomintang intensified its persecution of Communists and progressives in the Kuomintang areas. Yu Wenya, who was then the editor-in-chief of sino-Soviet culture magazine, had long translated progressive Articles and works from the Soviet Union, and had also written a large number of articles for the Chinese Communist Party's Xinhua Daily. The Kuomintang reactionaries have already targeted him, blacklisted him, and may be arrested or assassinated at any time. In this situation, the ccp's underground party organization instructed Yu Wenya and his family to quickly evacuate from Nanjing and go to the Liberated Areas.
In order to avoid the spy's line of sight, Yu Wenya decided to act separately from his wife Liu Hui, and Yu Wenya and his 3-year-old daughter Yu Bei left home to Shanghai under the cover of walking the corner. A few days later, Liu Hui hugged her youngest daughter Yu Lei, who was less than 1 year old, and came to Shanghai by train under the cover of returning to her mother's home.
After the whole family met in Shanghai, they hurriedly flew to Beiping. Shi Lan of the Underground Party City Work Department of the Communist Party of Beiping received Yu Wenya's family. In order to ensure the safe transfer of Yu Wenya's family to the Liberated Areas, Shi Lan made full preparations: first of all, he had to prepare a "pass" to pass through the blockade line, second, he had to issue an "identity letter" to the Liberated Area, and finally, he had to disguise adults and children as refugees.
The so-called "pass" is the "travel certificate", in order to make it false and true, Shi Lan cleverly changed Yu Wenya's name to Yu Jiabo, "Yu" and "Yu" homophonous, to avoid showing flaws when the enemy interrogated and called the name; because Yu Wenya had a thick Wuxi accent, so the place of origin was written as Changshu, Jiangsu; the reason for travel was to return home, and it was also practical to go to Jiangsu Road through Jinan, Shandong; all details were considered thoroughly, and finally stamped with the big red seal made by Fang Shilan, and the "pass" was made in this way. The "identity letter" issued for the Liberated Areas must not only be seen clearly by others, but also cleverly hidden to ensure the safety of the "identity certificate letter". After careful consideration, Shi Lan finally decided to write the potion on the diaper, and after processing, he could not see the written words and wrapped it around Yu Wenya's little daughter's diaper.
After completing the preparations, Shi Lan escorted Yu Wenya's family from Beiping to Tianjin. Because Yu Wenya's family dressed up like refugees, the "pass" was not seen as flawed, and finally passed the enemy's blockade line safely. After passing through the blockade line, the family's nervous mood gradually relaxed. Yu Wenya hired a donkey cart with a canopy, went around Shandong, turned to Hebei, and finally went straight to Shijiazhuang, and the more they walked, the brighter their hearts became. At the reception station of the central organ in Shijiazhuang, Yu Wenya handed over the "identity letter" written on the diaper to the staff, and after they processed it, they learned the identity of the visitor and immediately received Yu Wenya's family warmly. After staying at the reception station for two days, they were sent to Xibaipo, the seat of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.
Yu Wenya and his wife, Liu Hui, were both assigned to work at Xinhua and live in Tongjiakou Village, near Xibaipo. Yu Wenya did Russian compilation work in the editorial department, and Liu Hui did proofreading at the Xinhua News Agency printing plant. After the peaceful liberation of Peiping, the whole family entered Beiping with Xinhua News Agency. On October 1, 1949, the People's Republic of China was founded, and Yu Wenya wrote in a letter to his family: "China has turned over, Chinese people have turned over. In order to participate in this cause of turning over, the Kuomintang reactionaries arrested me three times, and I tasted all the shackles and whippings, but fortunately I did not die, and I had to see a new China. ”
Source: Party Building Magazine Xibaipo Memorial Hall
Editing: Information Center