01
The same quote is the opposite of the opposite
Citation is an important way to exchange ideas and communicate, but it is not a smooth way. Citations present complex situations due to differences in reading comprehension and different purposes for citations. For example, the same citation expresses different points of view. "Xiao Ya Beishan": Under the whole world, mo fei wang tu; lead the coast of the land, mo fei wang chen. The poem is quoted by many people and has a variety of understandings.
"Xunzi Junzi": The Son of Heaven has no wife, and the accuser has no match. There is no courtesy in the four seas, and there is no suitable for it. Enough to do, to treat the person and then enter; to speak, to wait for the official and then command. Do not see, do not listen and be wise, do not say but believe, do not worry and know, do not move and work, and tell the best. The Son of Heaven is also the one who is the most heavy, the form to the most important, the heart to heal, the will to be cursed, the form to be laborless, and the supreme respect. The poem says: "Under the whole world, there is no king's land; the coast of the land, can not be the king's subject." This is also true.
Tianzi has no wife! A suspense that catches the eye, because no one can match him. Then he never dared to greet the Son of Heaven with hospitality, he had to walk on the support of the left and right, he had to rely on the officials to issue orders to explain the king's power, and then from the five aspects of seeing, listening, speaking, worrying, and moving, he explained that there was a complete mechanism to serve the Son of Heaven, and then from the aspects of the Son of Heaven's power, body, and spirit, it was incomparable to describe his honor.
Finally, quoting the Book of Verses, in a word, all the lands and people under the heavens are the Son of Heaven. XunZi's "Gentleman" is a discussion on the way of governing the country, and the opening chapter is to confirm the absolute kingship, and on this premise, it will discuss the etiquette and the relationship between the monarch and the subject. The verses quoted are completely consistent with Xunzi's idea of absolute kingship.
The shore of the land
"Han Feizi Zhongxiao": Shi Yun: "Under the whole world, mo fei wang tu; lead the coast of the land, mo fei wang chen." "The words of the letter are also true, that shun is subject to his king, and when he enters, he is subject to his father, his concubine is his mother, and his wife is also his master and daughter. Therefore, the martyrs are not home inside, and the world is in turmoil; but the outside is corrected by the king, rotten bones and rotten flesh, applied to the land, flowing in the valley of the river, and does not avoid water and fire. To make the whole world effective is to die all over the world and wish to die. This is all liberation and not cure is also.
Han Fei used the method of attribution, first quoting "Shiyun", then assuming that this was correct, and deducing: Shun Shangchao treated the monarch as a courtier, returned home and treated his father as a subordinate, his mother as a slave, and the monarch's two daughters as wives. All of a sudden, Shun was in a ridiculous situation. Then he came out of the chaos of the world, and the absurdity was even worse. Then further deduce: if everyone in the world imitates them, then there are dead people everywhere in the world, and everyone is willing to die early. They all ignore society and don't want to govern it well. This fallacy is a magnifying glass, and Han Fei highlights the inhuman side of absolute kingship, which is shocking to the world. Obviously, Han Fei's purpose in quoting the verse was to criticize it.
The four verses of "North Mountain" are approved by Xun Zi and opposed by Han Fei. Is there a third attitude?
02
Don't be discouraged
In terms of speech, the universal rate plus two mofei is an inclusive package without leaving a single gap. Pulling the tension to the extreme, it is particularly easy to incur damage. In addition to Han Feizi, there was another xian qiumeng. He quoted someone else: A man of virtue, a king must not be a subject, and a father must not be a son. A scene is then depicted: Shun is standing in the south as the Son of Heaven, with Yao leading the princes to worship him to the north, and Shun's father, Qiu Yan, also worshiping him to the north. Shun's expression was cramped and uneasy when he saw him.
Xian Qiumeng also quoted Confucius as saying: Yu Sishiye, the world is ruined, precarious! Then ask Mencius, is this really the case? Mencius first denied that this was not a gentleman's word, but a wild talk of the common people in the eastern suburbs of the State of Qi. The actual situation is that Yao Has already made Shun's regent, that is, acting as the Son of Heaven. The "Yao Dian" records that Shun acted for twenty-eight years, Yao Cai died, the people were mourned for three years, and the folk stopped all music. Confucius said that the world was in danger because he believed that there was no two days in the sky and no two kings in the people. Shun was already the Son of Heaven, and he led the princes of the world to serve Yao for three years, that is, there were two Heavenly Sons.
Photography Dou Bean
After giving the background, the Mencius Wanzhangshang continued to write, and Xianqiu Meng said: Shun did not regard Yao as a vassal, and I have already understood this. Shi Yun: Under the whole world, mo fei wang tu; lead the coast of the land, mo fei wang chen. And since Shun is the Son of Heaven, he dares to ask the non-subjects of the Heavenly Son, how? Since the son Shun has become the Son of Heaven, why is this why that his father is blind but not a subject? Mencius said that this poem is not what you understand; but that it is said that you cannot serve your parents by working hard for the king's affairs. The meaning of the poem is: These are the affairs of the king, and only I am more hard.
Next, Mencius's reading comprehension of poetry made a famous observation: Therefore, poets do not harm words with words, and do not harm words with words. To rebel against one's will is to gain it. This is aimed at the four verses of the "North Mountain", and the words cannot be rigidly buckled when interpreting the "Book of Poetry". Mencius also gave an example, "Daya Yunhan" Zhou Yu Limin, Jing You's widow. Believing this is equivalent to saying that the Zhou Dynasty did not even have a descendant.
03
Contrary to intention
Words cannot be used to harm statements, and statements cannot be used to harm the main idea. This is an important reading principle, and understanding always has to be carried out through literal sentences, and Mencius provides a solution: to oppose the intention. Use your own thinking to understand the text and get the truth. So what should be done against the will?
How Shun's relationship with his father was handled involves the issue of "filial piety". Mencius thus began the discussion. The supremacy of filial piety is greater than respect for relatives, and the greatest respect for relatives is greater than the cultivation of the world. For the Father of heaven, respect it to the end, and nurture it with the whole world. Poetry: "Eternal filial piety, filial piety." This is also true. The book says: "Only the eyes are seen, and the eyes are also allowed." "It is for the Father not for the Son."
Use the idea of filial piety to understand the special relationship between the Son of Heaven and his father, avoid the spiritual self-restraint of chewing words, and obtain a transparent explanation. To reverse the intention, that is, to use one's own spiritual grasp of poetry to push the author's original intention. Mencius set a good example.
Photography by Song Pengji
With the intention of reversing the zhi, he put forward an important topic in hermeneutics, which had a great impact on later generations, such as Lu Jiuyuan's views and methods of "the six classics note me, I note the six classics" and "invent the original mind", which are related to Mencius. Mr. Hong Handing translated Gadamer's Truth and Method into Chinese, introducing Western philosophical hermeneutics and inspiring him a lot. However, almost all of the most important views and methods can be found in the history of Chinese thought, because the Chinese sages have too rich experience in interpreting the classics. Interpretation is the dialogue between the reader and the text and its author, so hermeneutics is a practical science.
The Confucian classics, represented by Zi Yue Shiyun, are the main source of citations, like an inexhaustible treasure. Coupled with the interpretation of yi yi and reverse ambition, the interpretation of Chinese thought is inexhaustible. There is a typical scene that is unique in the world, that is, "Keju".
Links for you
Elephant Thinking (105) Poetry Cloud
Elephant Thinking (104) Zi Yue