"The Biography of the Painter" ~ 222
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="2" > no matter how evaluated, it is not enough to influence Dong Qichang to become a generation of calligraphy and painting masters! </h1>
Text/Lu Xiuhui
Dong Qichang (10 February 1555 – 26 October 1636), courtesy name Xuanzai, sibai, nicknamed Xiangguang resident, was a native of Huating, Songjiang (present-day Shanghai).
No matter how it is explained, no matter how it is turned, it will not be able to bypass the fact that the people copied Dong Eunuch.
Dong Qichang has multiple wives and concubines, which is an indisputable fact, and it is not a table. In the forty-third year of the Wanli Calendar (1615), Dong Qichang, who was in his early sixties, took a fancy to Lu Ying, the daughter of Lu Shaofang's tenant, and his son Dong Zu often led people to rob Lu Ying. Subsequently, the storyteller Qian Er rapped the matter everywhere, and when Dong Qichang was investigating who the singer was from, he chased Fan Chang and forced Fan Chang to run to the City God Temple to swear an oath and defend himself.
Soon, Fan Chang happened to die of a violent illness, and Fan's mother took her daughter-in-law Gong Shi, granddaughter-in-law Dong Shi and other maids wearing filial piety clothes to the Door of the Dong family to cry. The Dong family pushed them to the next door to sit in the nunnery, closed the door and knocked down several women and stripped off their pants. The son of the Fan family used a lawsuit of "stripping the layers and pounding the yin" to sue the Dong family to the official palace.
The Dong family's large households, doing the thing of peeling off women's pants, do not show that the generation is ashamed, modern people are also ashamed, and future people are also ashamed. This vicious incident was taken advantage of by people with hearts, and the initial passing place must have been in the Dong family, the Dong family was bullying people, running rampant in the township, it was not a day or two, the people's grievances were settled early, the dry firewood was gathered early, and there was a fire seed.
Someone posted an epithet encouraging: "Whoever has no public indignation in the hearts of the people." For those of my kind, do not be a bystander, and be a sad fox, and do not suspect that you will throw a rat, and follow the heavenly bargaining to please the people. When asked its words are not upside down, paintings are not stupid yellow, articles are not Sima Zongmen, Han is not Ouyang class, He Deyou is a villain's luck, to abuse the name of the door. He also called for "if it is to be retained, it will not be the world." As soon as the public moved, all the drums sounded in unison, and in the midst of ten days, the four evils were set to be raised. ”
During the fifteenth day of incense, the people demolished dozens of elite halls in the Dong Mansion. On the sixteenth day, when the two boys ascended to the house, as convenient as apes, lit a fire with two rolls of oil reed mats, and set their facade rooms. It is the night northwest wind is slight, the fire is still slow, about to the tea hall, the fire is slightly fiercer, and the wind is greater than before, extending to the hall, the fire takes advantage of the wind, the circle is swirling, all blazing. The Dong family was "burned down in four houses, and the family assets were swept away", and the fire continued all night.
Whether it was agitation, rumors, or jealousy, it was his fellow villagers who set fire to the Dong family. Ancient people developed and became rich, why did they run to their hometowns? safe! The villagers will spontaneously protect him and defend him because of the reputation he has brought to his hometown. Even the characters in the township are not of the character. Dong Qichang, who is a bully landlord who is full of official power, cannot overcorrect and advocate becoming a high-ranking person because of his achievements in calligraphy and painting.
Dong Qichang is a native of Dongjiahui, Shanghai County, Songjiang Province. In the seventeenth year of the Ming Dynasty (1589), when he was thirty-four years old, he was admitted to the Jinshi Examination, and because of his excellent writing and calligraphy, he was selected as a Shujishi and entered the Hanlin Academy. When Tian Yiyan , the left attendant of the Rebbe and the head of the Hanlin Courtyard , died , he escorted the coffin thousands of miles south and sent Tian Yiyan back to Datian County, Fujian Province. He also served as a lecturer for the emperor's eldest son, Zhu Changluo, and a year later, he was instructed to make up for the recuperation of illness and "eat for more than twenty years at home." He also took advantage of the opportunity to avoid the "dispute over the origin of the country" at that time, as well as the "Demon Book Case" and the "Chu Prince Prison".
In the first year of Taichang (1620), Emperor Guangzong Zhu Changluo succeeded to the throne, dong Qichang "fell ill", returned to the imperial court as an emperor, and appointed Taichang Shaoqing to take charge of the state's sub-industry. Emperor Guangzong died within a month of his reign. In the fifth year of the Apocalypse (1625), Dong Qichang was appointed as the Shangshu of the Nanjing Ministry of Rites, and after a year of office, he resigned from the government and retired, "eight years at home".
In the fifth year of Chongzhen (1632), after the death of Wei Zhongxian, the political situation tended to be clear, and the seventy-seven-year-old Dong Qichang was born for the third time, "rising up as a former official and taking charge of the affairs of the Zhan Affairs". The following year, a party struggle broke out again. In the seventh year of Chongzhen (1634), Dong Qichang again requested to retire to the countryside.
Looking back at the road that Dong Qichang has traveled, he has never been responsible for the country. At the age of thirty-five, he embarked on a career path until he returned to his hometown at the age of eighty, and returned to retirement for twenty-seven years as an official for eighteen years. Whenever the politics were unclear and he was needed to take responsibility, he would turn around and run. Politics will not put pressure on him, he can be a justice of the peace, he will come back immediately, he will never give in in the face of benefits, and the image of "Dong Running and Running" who absolutely runs away in the face of difficulties is vividly interpreted, and the political wisdom of Mingzhe to protect himself is used to divine. He had no political views, and befriended the Donglin faction, the public security faction, and the anti-Donglin faction, and his nickname "Wen Min" came from Ruan Dacheng. His "Autumn Sound", quite clever, Shiyun:
Tianyu Sanqiu Jing, Lin Gao's crowd singing.
Xiao Sao flipped the bamboo rhyme, and the sound of the eaves was whistling.
Take the goose to the evening sign, and greet the sunset lightly.
Or from the apple to the beginning, gradually listen to the valley in the ying.
The cold pestle is far away, and the frost bell should be cleared.
Because of the wind, Ke Pei, Geng Geng's clothes.
Such a person, the occurrence of the "people copying Dong Eunuch" incident caused by the people's anger, I think it is very normal, he takes it as a matter of course, coupled with his success in calligraphy and painting, he also interprets extreme selfishness to the extreme, and the contemporary literati, in addition to calligraphy and painting, criticize the character of others a lot. From the Xiang family in Jiaxing to the Xing family in Linyi, there are micro-words. The combination of a copy of the Spirit Flying Sutra can be seen.
Legend has it that before Dong Qichang was thirty-four years old, he repeatedly failed to try, and the god man Tuomeng said to him: "You have to wait for Yuan Keli to take the exam before you can hope to win the list." After waking up from his dream, he went to various schools to visit one by one, and finally found Yuan Keli. Knowing that Yuan Keli's family was poor and afraid that he would not be able to advance, Dong Qichang invited Yuan Keli to return to his home to study. It was not until Yuan Keli was in his twenties that the two won the list together in the township examination and the meeting examination. Dong Qichang said in the Preface to the Collected Poems of Yuan Boying: "Yu and Boying (Yuan Keli's son Yuan Shuzi Boying) and the honorable duke Sima (i.e., Yuan Keli) were held at the door of Mr. Lu of Lanyang. ”
In the winter of the sixth year of Chongzhen (1633), Yuan Keli died of illness in Suizhou, and Dong Qichang was already eighty-one years old at that time, and wrote the "Jiehuan Yuan Gongxing": "Although the end of the world is wide, it is difficult to merge. It is necessary to make friends with style and righteousness, as bright as the day, and those who know the public should be Mo Ruchang", after Dong Qichang's death, the four famous paintings of the "Four Source Hall" that he loved most in his life belonged to Yuan Shu. He said in the poem "Reading the Stele map of the Inscription of The Hun Creek":
Man Lang Zuo Clan Fetish, the ghost of Lu Guoxi.
Chizai is far ahead of the field, and at the same time it is just right.
There are Tang Jiu Temples with autumn smoke, and the stones in one piece are not destroyed.
Several times to blow the rhythm of the cold valley spring, several times to see the monument old traces.
The crane returned to recognize the city, and the cuckoo sound contained a monarch.
Folding yellow silk forest light monster, the old country mountains and rivers afterglow.
At that time, there were many swords in the belly of the rich, and the cross-generational wind was in the pen.
Why did the scholar lose to the country, and where did the yuanyou come from?
Zi Zhan ate enough Huizhou rice, and Fu Weng went to Huanxi Terrace at night.
Fu Quan swept the stone brook and swallowed, and could not help but itch back the question.
Qingshi has a taste is incompetent, but gargling xiang flow is not rapping.
Dong Qichang is a master of calligraphy and painting, and there is no need to argue about this. He emphasized the use of the ancients as a teacher and opposed the simple mechanical imitation of the attack. He took in the laws of all the families, wielded the pen according to his own wishes, fused and changed, and was free for one term, and the law was strict in freedom, and in the law he saw the realm of transformation. Therefore, later generations thought that Dong Qichang's calligraphy absorbed the essence of the calligraphy of the ancients, but did not deliberately imitate it in the handwriting, and had the beauty of "Yan Bone Zhao Zi". Dong Qichang famously said: "The Jin people take the rhyme, the Tang people take the law, and the Song people take the meaning." This accurate statement of his influenced all the books since Dong, which was recognized by posterity and became a self-determined conclusion. Dong Qichang is an influential calligrapher in the history of Chinese calligraphy, and his calligraphy style and calligraphy theory have had a considerable influence on later generations.
When Dong Qichang interacted with Xing Tong, because of his different evaluations of Zhao Mengfu, xing Tong was disgusted, thinking that Dong Qichang was rebellious, and in his later years, Dong Qichang had a unique path, and after establishing a case on his own, he had a new view of Zhao Mengfu: "After studying the Book of Jin in the past eighteen years, there was no Zhao Wuxing; now that he is old, he knows that Wu Xing is out of reach." The "Southern and Northern Sects" theory he put forward for the creation of traditional Chinese literati paintings had a great influence on later generations and became the leading idea of literati painting creation. Dong Qichang said in the "Song of stone drums":
According to the world, there are fifty-six kinds of ink books.
There are Qiyang stone drum traces, and the wind rules are stored for thousands of years.
Zhou Dao zhongxing zhen mighty, five years of hunting to repair the yi.
The princes' swords and swords followed, and the chariots galloped like flowing water horses.
Chun Pu solemnly worshiped the bird famine ring, and told the temple to engrave the gold stone resignation.
Shanzan bone, Taksei more than a dozen additions.
Shaped like a falling star stone in the sky, it cuts through the chaotic light.
Between the yasong and the ancient rhymes, the honor and the Yi are juxtaposed with the money.
Thousands of years of dead stones are pecked by insects, and hundreds of cubits are broken.
When Wu Guang first turned over to Xue Ri, Shen Yu's hand chiseled the ridge.
A few lines peel off and do not form words, and the beads are broken into poems.
Although Ziyun is old, he should not understand, who is rewarded after Zhongni deleted.
The Qin people swept the traces of the king, and the Confucians were all Lingyi.
Liwen is abolished together, and the custom is simple and difficult to support.
Zou Yi's Fu Ru was extinguished, and Yang Mi Yu was self-respecting.
God Oh ghost protection stone drum is there, three generations of typical good can be pushed.
I heard the official Xi Gu Dao, a generation of mountain buckets called the grandmaster.
Qi Jingyu was mixed with Yazheng and saw the hammer shattering the Huaixi Monument.
Ez sighed and buckled the stone drum, just like the three mixed with joy and sorrow.
Send a message to classmate Hongduzi, a total of eight generations of decline.
Dong Qichang is an important figure in the history of the development of Chinese painting. His painting style and painting theory, which was imbued with his aesthetic interest, had a profound impact on the art of landscape painting at that time and in later generations. As a generation of masters who actively advocated and advocated the orthodox status of "Nanzong", Dong Qichang's theory of dividing the north and south of landscape painting summarized and developed the aesthetic ideas of ancient Chinese painting, and made great contributions to the development of ancient Chinese literary and artistic thought. Dong Qichang's landscape paintings combine the strengths of various landscape masters, and have established a unique style in the three aspects of pen, shape and environment, forming their own artistic language.
His landscape paintings show his calligraphy, interest and rhythm in the brush, showing a plain and innocent artistic conception. Dong Qichang's landscape paintings were all the rage at that time, and also had a profound impact on future generations, and were regarded by later generations of painters as the grandmaster of the "Southern Sect" lineage. Dong Qichang especially admired Huang Gongwang and Ni Zhan, and tried his best to enhance the status of Yuan painting, and on this basis, he paid attention to absorbing the excellent characteristics of Song painting, pointing out a new direction for the development of painting. Moreover, he summatively put forward the concept of "literati painting", vigorously promoted and advocated the "morale" of "literati painting", and screened whether it belonged to the literati painting system of successive generations of painters. Under the advocacy of Dong Qichang's painting style and theory, new concepts such as "literati painting" and "true landscape" have become increasingly clear, which has further developed and improved the system of literati painting.
Lu Xiuhui has a poem "Praise Dong Qichang", poem Yun:
Chaotic under the Taihu Lake,
All because the people have sued.
Not to be a gentleman who is not willing to be a gentleman,
Vowed to drive the beast out of Wu.
Thirty-five years old on the jade,
The ruler is only willing to think for himself.
Career ups and downs,
Home-hugging crush.
Political clarity without battlefield,
Flaunting his might and power out of his hometown.
Stroke out of the big hao,
A few lines of point-painting crying.
The Jin people take rhymes in the middle division,
The Tang and Song dynasties were still in the forefront.
The paintings of the literati landscape in,
The north and south are divided into sects and upstream.
Where morale is arrogant,
It's a pity that true nature is in the clouds.
This son is in the painting method,
The work is not effective.