The GuanningJin Defense Line refers to a defensive line built in the late Ming Dynasty, with Shanhaiguan, Ningyuan, and Jinzhou as the bases in order to resist the Later Jin Raiders.
Among them, Shanhaiguan is the backing, Ningyuan is the backbone, and Jinzhou is the frontier. Some people commented that the Guanningjin defense line was impregnable and the peak of the ancient Chinese defense system, and before the Songjin War, it was an insurmountable graben for the Later Jin (Manchu Qing).
However, the reality is that from the period of Nurhaci to Huang Taiji, he occupied the Jinzhou area three times and then voluntarily gave up. As for the reason, it is rarely understood, the area around western Liaoning is not suitable for planting crops, and it is also necessary to fight with the Ming army, and for Houjin, there is really no need to build a fortress.
Moreover, from 1629 AD, The Emperor Taiji was able to bypass the Guanning Jinjin Defense Line and use Mongolia to directly approach the Ming Dynasty Beijing Division, and the so-called Guan Jinning Defense Line seemed to be useless.
In 1619, the Ming Dynasty had just experienced a crushing defeat at Salhu. From the forty-seventh year of the Wanli Calendar (1619 AD) to the first year of the Apocalypse (1621 AD), the Ming Dynasty was gradually defeated in the confrontation with the Later Jin.
In 1622, Nurhaci launched the Hexi Offensive, and after Wang Huazhen failed, he abandoned the Jinning area and retreated to Shanhaiguan. This year, there was no ming dynasty soldier or pawn outside Shanhaiguan!
Further south of Shanhaiguan is Beijing, where emperor Daming lived. Once Shanhaiguan was conquered, the Ming Dynasty did not have Yu Qian at this time and did not have the ability to organize a defense war in Beijing.
Then during the Jiajing period, the Gengzhi Rebellion occurred, the Mongol Qata Khan directly approached Beijing, and the Ming Dynasty could only rely on the Qin kings everywhere, but these Qin kings' soldiers and horses did not repel the enemy's attack, but became a burden on the people around the Beijing Division...
The Emperor of the Apocalypse is stupid, and he will not slacken off when it comes to his own safety.
At this time, Sun Chengzong, the teacher of the Apocalypse, stood up, and after going to the field to investigate, he asked himself to be the supervisor of Jiliao. With the support of the emperor, a solid GuanJinning defense line was created.
For the emperor, Shanhaiguan was of course to be defended, and using Ningyuan and Jinzhou as defensive lines meant moving the defensive lines forward and obtaining a strategic buffer zone. Taking a step back can actively defend, and further can also move the war outside Shanhaiguan to ensure the safety of the Beijing Division.
For four years, from 1622 to 1626, Nurhaci did not attack the Jinning area.
Probably it was really this defensive line of the Ming Dynasty that was impregnable, thus achieving the reputation of Sun Chengzong. The "History of Ming" records: "Closing the door to the police, the Chinese and Korean banquets, no longer worry about side affairs." ”
It's just that all this costs money, the construction of cities and pools, the purchase of weapons and armor, the food and pay of the army...
Li Lusheng wrote in the song of the soldiers: "Now with 140,000 people, the annual fee is 6 million, although the enemy is only seeking, in fact, Pepsi will not do ..."
It is not denied that many officials of the imperial court will only play cannons, but what people say is also the truth, and the Guanningjin defense line is more than defensive and insufficiently aggressive.
At that time, the Ming army lacked field combat capabilities, and even Yuan Chonghuan believed that the only way to deal with Houjin was to "rely on Jiancheng to use cannons." "But it's not easy to push all the way to your opponent's house with the help of building bunkers.
After the Golden Cavalry is more mobile than the Ming army, you can repair the city, people can demolish, when you want to fight, when you want to fight, the right to decide the war is not in the hands of the Ming army.
Of course, the most important thing is that the Ming Dynasty has no money! Don't look at the vast territory of the Ming Dynasty, the late Ming Dynasty was in the Xiaoice river period, drought, flood plague, resulting in no harvest in the north, although the industry and commerce in the south of the River were developed, the Donglin Party did not want the imperial court to collect taxes for its own pockets.
Then there is the common problem of all the late feudal dynasties - land annexation, the land is the emperor and the gentry, and the imperial court can only extend its hand to the landless peasants.
Although the peasants are good bullies, the rabbits are anxious and bite people, and the Ming Dynasty was eventually buried by the peasant uprising!