When the Yuan Dynasty revised its history, it ordered the Song, Liao, and Jin dynasties to be one history each, that is, to recognize that the Liao, Song, and Jin dynasties were all orthodox dynasties, which was similar to the Tang Dynasty's recognition that the Southern and Northern Dynasties were orthodox. The reason why the Jin State was able to become orthodox, in addition to the Fact that the Jin State occupied the Central Plains, there was a more important reason that the Jin State implemented the Tang and Song Dynasties' canonical system, implemented the Sinicization policy, and eventually integrated into the big family of China. Of course, the process was not smooth sailing, but full of hardships and twists and turns.
First, to enter the Central Plains, we must learn the Han system
In 1127, the Jin Dynasty destroyed the Northern Song Dynasty and captured Emperor Huiqin. At this time, the Northern Song Dynasty was already terminally ill and corrupt to the extreme, and Hui Qin Erzong was also fainting to the extreme. Originally, there was nothing to be sorry about the fall of the Northern Song Dynasty and the capture of the Second Emperor, it was just a phenomenon that occurred at the end of each dynasty. However, because it was not the forces in the interior that destroyed the Northern Song Dynasty, but the Jurchens from the White Mountains and Black Water, which made it difficult for people at that time to accept, so they were named "the shame of Jingkang".
For the scholars at that time, this was the "subjugation of the country". As a result, a large number of old Song officials surrounded Zhao Shuo and established the Southern Song Dynasty; many benevolent people, such as Yue Fei and Han Shizhong, formed an army and looked north to the Central Plains, with uneven hearts; some people in the north also launched uprisings and waged anti-Jin struggles. This is an era that makes the people of the Central Plains feel humiliated, and it is also an era of national heroes.
At first, jin guo also believed that it did not belong to the Central Plains and did not intend to stay in the Central Plains for a long time. After the destruction of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Jin State immediately supported the puppet Chu regime, but withdrew its army. As soon as the Jin soldiers withdrew, the pseudo-Chu immediately collapsed. Therefore, Jin Bing once again went out to support the pseudo-Qi regime. With the help of jinguo, the puppet Qi regime existed for 7 years. The puppet Qi regime also did not have much ability and could not independently resist the Northern Expedition of the Southern Song Dynasty. In the end, the Jin State was disappointed, and directly abolished the pseudo-Qi and set up the Province of Xingshangshu to directly administer the Central Plains.
A brief existence of pseudo-Qi
In 1138, the Jin state implemented a new policy, allowing the Southern Song Dynasty to replace the puppet Qi and assign Shaanxi and Henan to the Southern Song Dynasty. Soon, the Southern Song Dynasty reached an agreement with the Jin Dynasty. The following year, the Southern Song Dynasty sent officials to Kaifeng to handle the land handover ceremony, and Wu Shu, the highest official of the Jin State in the Central Plains, handed over the land and returned to Yanjing.
Of course, it was not that jin guo did not want to rule the Central Plains, but that it did not have this ability at that time. At the beginning of the establishment of the Golden State, its political system mainly continued the system of tribal alliances, and centralized power had not yet been established. As the Jin Dynasty occupied the Han Dynasty, some powerful clans rose up, and they defended one side and could not fall. At present, the main task of the Jin Dynasty is to strengthen the centralization of power, and the land requirements for the Central Plains will be released first.
If the Jin Dynasty wants to promote centralization, it is inevitable to learn from the system of the Central Plains. As early as the time of Emperor Taizong of Jin, he had already learned from the Liao state to implement the Han official system. In 1135, When Emperor Heejong of Jin ascended the throne, he decided to implement the Han system to the end. The Han system promoted by Emperor Taizong of Hejin was mainly modeled on the Liao system, and Jin Xizong decided to directly adopt the Tang Dynasty system and adopt the Song system at the same time. And if he wants to promote the Han system, he must get rid of those powerful ministers who can't get rid of them. After arduous struggle, Jin Xizong eradicated the forces of Zonghan, Zongpan, and Tart Lai, and centralized power was initially established.
In 1140, Jin Xizong reneged on his promise and sent troops to capture Henan. The following year, the Song and Jin reached the Shaoxing Peace Agreement, and the Southern Song Dynasty called Jin a chenna coin, establishing the Qinling Huai River as the boundary between the two countries. At this point, the Jin Kingdom truly realized its entry into the Central Plains, and after making the Southern Song Dynasty a vassal by force, the Jin Kingdom also became the orthodox dynasty at that time.
Second, Dingding Yanjing: while promoting Sinicization, retaining its own traditions
After the Jin Dynasty deposed the qi, it used xingtai Shangshu Province to administer the Central Plains, which was the second largest imperial court of the Jin Dynasty. The governors who served as xingtai Shangshu province often supported the army and respected themselves, and their power was tilted toward the opposition. After the Shaoxing Peace Conference, Wu Shu was made the governor of Xingtai Shangshu Province, and in order to consolidate his power, he reused the original Song and Han officials, making Xingtai Shangshu Province almost a Han court. In 1148, Wushu died, and the other nobles of the Jin kingdom wanted to fill this vacuum, which was inevitably opposed by Jin Xizong.
Jin Xizong became cruel in such an environment, and he killed people with a knife at every turn, causing people to panic. Jin Xizong was a great emperor in the history of the Jin Dynasty, and he fully implemented the Han system, but there were too many people who offended, and in the end he could only become a stepping stone on the road of Sinicization.
In 1149, the ambitious Yan Liang killed Jin Xizong and became the fourth emperor of the Jin Kingdom. However, the nobles discovered that Guanyan Liang was the second Jin Xizong, because Guanyanliang continued to eliminate dissidents in order to strengthen the centralization of power, so his fate would inevitably be the same as that of Jin Xizong.
Of course, Yan Liang went further on the road of Sinicization, saying that the empress dowager moved the capital to Yanjing, drawing a clear line with the conservative forces in Shangjing. Later, he moved the capital to Kaifeng. The capital had been moved to Han China, so there was no need for the former Xingtai Shangshu Province to exist, so the Central Plains fully implemented the Song road system.
He even abolished the Jurchens' fierce refrain, which was obviously somewhat radical. A nation must learn from the advanced cultures, systems, and so on of other nations, but it must not lose its most essential characteristics. The Jurchen clan is organized through the Meng'an plot of restraint, and if there is no Meng'an plot of restraint, the Jurchen clan will inevitably be scattered and scattered, and it will collapse with one blow. Historically, the full sinicization of Emperor Xiaowen led to the rapid demise of the Northern Wei Dynasty, which is the lesson of history.
In 1160, he marched south with an army of 600,000 in an attempt to destroy the Southern Song Dynasty and achieve the great cause of "mixing the books and books in the Wanli Car". However, he forgot that the Jurchen conservative nobles were sharpening their knives behind their backs. At the most difficult time of the war, Guanyan Yong was claiming the title of emperor, and Yan Liang was soon killed by his subordinates, and a generation of tyrants ended their lives.
But the policy of yanliang was inherited. After Jin Shizong (Yan Yong) ascended the throne, he still made Yanjing the capital, which could control the desert, the northeast and the central plains at the same time, and was a transitional zone for agricultural and nomadic civilizations, and the only choice for the Dual Empire. For the Jin Dynasty, dingduning means sticking to the Jurchen tradition; if the capital is moved to Kaifeng, it means full acceptance of Sinicization, just like the Northern Wei; the capital of Yanjing means that while accepting Han culture, it also retains the characteristics of its own nation, which is long-term public order.
Third, the comprehensive Sinicization will eventually arrive: the prosperity and crisis of the Golden Kingdom
After Kim Sejong ascended the throne, he immediately made adjustments to Yan Liang's radical policies. He and the Southern Song Dynasty held the Longxing Peace Conference, which improved the status of the Southern Song Dynasty and restored peace between the two countries. After the Longxing Peace Talks, there was no war between the two countries for several decades, and the economies of both sides entered a state of rapid development, with the rule of Dading in the north and the rule of Qianchun in the south. Of course, Song Xiaozong, Yu Yunwen, Lu You, and Xin Zhiyi still want to recover the Central Plains, but the Central Plains have been stabilized, and the fathers and elders of the Central Plains will still "tear up in the dust" and look forward to the Northern Expedition of Wang Shi? The answer is no.
As the founder of the golden dynasty, Kim Sejong can be said to have worked hard to govern. He was diligent and frugal, did not wear a silk dragon robe, and could be described as a servant of the wind and dust; he attached importance to governing officials and alleviating social contradictions; he attached importance to economic recovery and frivolous endowment; he also expanded the scale of admission to the imperial examination system, and history proved that Jin Shizong was indeed a relatively perfect emperor, so he was called "Xiao Yao Shun" by the world, which was the evaluation of him by the people at that time, indicating that he won the hearts of the people.
The successor to Jin Shizong was Jin Zhangzong, who was no longer much different from the emperors of the Song Dynasty, and was a literary and artistic Fan Emperor. He was very accomplished in the early period, abolishing slavery, restricting Jurchen privileges, practicing intermarriage between Han and Chinese, overhauling the Confucius Temple culturally, perfecting the imperial examination, and perfecting the legal system. It is generally believed that the Sinicization of the Jin Dynasty was eventually completed by the generation of Jin Zhangzong. Indeed, if you look at the salon group around which Jin Zhangzong was surrounded, they created calligraphy, paintings, poetry and other works together, if it were not for the name, who would know that Jin Zhangzong was a Jurchen.
People refer to this prosperous era created by Kim Sejong and Kim Jangjong as the "reign of Dading Mingchang". However, there is a crisis lurking behind the prosperous world, and the full-scale crisis of the Golden State is also coming. Although Kim Sejong tried to maintain the tradition of the Jurchens while sinicizing, the Jurchens had been corrupted by the rich material world, and Kim Sejong had always been worried about the corruption of the fine traditions of the Jurchens. In the later period, Jin Zhangzong himself was corrupted, and the prosperity of the Jin Kingdom came to an end. In 1206, Jin Zhangzong defeated the Southern Song Dynasty's "Kaixi Northern Expedition", which may be the last glory of the Jin Kingdom.
Early Jurchens
Since then, the Mongols have continued to invade, and the Golden Defense Line is about to collapse. Where did the Jurchens, who created the miracle in the history of cold weapon warfare, go to their combat effectiveness? The combat effectiveness had long since decayed in the days of the Taiping, and they were not much different from the Song army of the past. In 1214, the northern territories continued to fall, and the Jin state was forced to move its capital to Kaifeng. The whole Yan Liangqian was to conquer the Southern Song Dynasty, and this time the relocation was to save his life. After the capital was moved to Kaifeng, the northeast of the Jin Dynasty had all fallen, and only the Central Plains remained on the land of the Jin Dynasty. Twenty years later, in 1234, the Jin Dynasty collapsed, and a more barbaric and backward people began to rule in the Central Plains.
Jinguo has existed in history for nearly 120 years, neither long nor short. The Jurchens who came out of the White Mountains and Black Waters, they were dusty servants, but they were strictly disciplined, and finally had the Central Plains. At the beginning of the establishment of the Jin Dynasty, even Ah KuanTa only lived in the village, and the village where the emperor lived was called "Emperor Zhai". However, this group of people who came out of the village changed the history of China. For 120 years, they carefully managed the north, but at the same time they were gradually enchanted by the flower world of the Central Plains. This may be a process that every ethnic minority who has entered the Central Plains cannot avoid.
Source: Tencent