After Xu Ai composed the Preface to the Transmission of Learning, he made another introduction before officially beginning to record Wang Yangming's remarks. From this passage of Xu Ai's text, it can be seen that because the official school at that time was Zhu Xi's theory of science, Wang Yangming's psychology was still an obstacle to the dissemination of mainstream channels, and it was misunderstood by the mainstream scholars and doctors in society. No wonder Wang Yangming was so keen to lecture, sincerely hoping to put things right and clarify the true meaning of Confucianism.
Mr. Yu "University" "Grid Objects" all said, all based on the old version as the positive, Gai Xianru so-called "wrong book" also. ”
The "old book" here refers to Zheng Xuanzhu and Kong Yingda Shuzhi's "Li Ji University". "University" is generally believed to be written by Zeng Zi, during the reign of Emperor Xuan of Han, Dai Sheng (Xiao Dai) sorted out the first Confucian scattered books to form the "Book of Rites", "University" is one of them, the Eastern Han Dynasty Zheng Xuan annotated "Book of Rites", and the Tang Dynasty Kong Yingda Shuo "University".
The Ercheng brothers of the Song Dynasty revered the "Poems", "Books", "Rituals", "Yi", and "Spring and Autumn" as the "Great Classics", and the "University", "Zhongyong", "Analects", and "Mencius" as the "Small Classics".
Zhu Xi regarded the "old version" as a mistake, so he wrote chapters and sentences for "University" and "Zhongyong", and made collected notes for "Analects" and "Mencius", which were compiled into "Four Books and Chapters and Sentences". The Analects, Mencius, University, and Zhongyong are collectively known as the "Four Books", and the University is established as the "first of the Four Books" and is included in the approved subjects of the imperial examination.
Zhu Xi's "University Chapters and Sentences" is specifically to explain the idea of "GeWu Zhi Zhi", naturally, Xinxin students all use Zhu Xi's works as the blueprint for learning, while Wang Yangming prefers the old version as the positive. This illustrates three points:
First, Wang Yangming does not agree with Zhu Xi's theory, Yangming's psychology is different from Zhu Xi's theory, and Xu Ai opens the door to the point of view;
Second, Wang Yangming's path to sanctification traces back to the origin of Confucianism, not only authority, but also gets rid of the shackles of Zhu Xi's theory;
Third, Wang Yangming does not directly and openly oppose official learning, but in actual teaching, he opposes official learning. As we will see later, Zhu Xi separated the gewu and Zhizhi, while Wang Yangming emphasized the unity of knowledge and action. Whether Wang Yangming respected the Four Books as Zhu Xi did is still unknown.
"When people saw that he was heroic and uninhibited when he was young, he tasted that he was flooded with words, and when he went in and out of the Ershi's learning, he suddenly heard that it was said, and they all thought that they were curious and inattentive. I don't know that Mr. Li has lived in Yi for three years, is trapped and quiet, and has been refined, and has transcended the Holy Realm, and has returned to the right place. ”
Xu Ai's short words made me often sigh at the beauty of the text, to be simple, it summed up Wang Yangming's tortuous and bumpy road to seek the study of holy governance, Yang Mingxin is by no means from the book to the book, but from the arduous practice. Before founding the School of Hearts, Wang Yangming had been solitary and lonely to fight in the northwest, and he was also keen on poetry and articles, indulging in Buddhism and monasticism, and personally taking bamboo for seven days to vomit blood.
Shang Shu Da Yu Mo Yun: "The human heart is in danger, and the Dao heart is small." Only the essence is the only one, allowing the execution of the middle. "The human heart is sinister, the Dao heart is subtle, the gap between them is more than 108,000 miles, without the intensive study of single-minded kung fu, how can the human heart reach the other shore of the Great Middle and The Right Dao Heart?" Wang Yangming was degraded to Guizhou Longchang for three years, in the unconverted state of barbarism, Lai Tianzhi's Mingrui, and the deep refinement of one's merits, only to be able to transcend the extraordinary and enter the holy.
Xu Ai commented on the teacher's mental learning in this way: "That is, if it is easy to look up, the higher it is, if it is rough and the more refined it is probed, if it is close, the more it is infinite." For more than ten years, it has not been able to peek into its barriers. "The words are wonderful.
"From the people who travel and hear the teachings of Mr. Wen, they often have to leave one behind, see their yellow and yellow, and abandon their so-called thousand miles."
One and two are left behind: the students listen to Wang Yangming's teachings, and at that time they understand less and forget more.
Mu Mu Li Huang: A metaphor for the superficial phenomena of things. From the Liezi:
Qin Mugong said of Bo Le: "The son is old, and the son's surname is enough to make the horse seeker care?" Bo Le said to him: "A good horse, can be described as a bone and muscle." The horse of the world, if it is destroyed, if it is not, if it is lost. If this one is absolutely dusty. The sons of the subjects are all subordinates, and they can be sued as good horses, and they cannot be sued as the horses of the world. There are nine square gaos in the hands of the subjects, and those who bear the burden of paying vegetables, which are under the horses, not the subjects. See you. "Mu Gong saw it, and asked for a horse. March is the opposite. The newspaper said: "It has been obtained, in the dunes." Mu Gongyue: "He Ma ye?" Right: "Yellow and yellow." "Let the people take it, and make it easy." Mu Gong did not say. Summoning Bo Le said, "Defeat! Whoever asks for a horse by the Son can know the color of mu mu shangfu, and who can know the horse? Bo Le sighed and said, "As for this?" It is the reason why it is so many subjects and countless people. Ruogao's view of the heavenly machine also. Gain its essence and forget its thickness, and forget its inside and forget its outside. See what he sees, not see what he does not see; see what he sees, and leave what he does not see. If the soma of Ruogao is a horse, there is also a noble horse. "Horses to the horse, the horse of the fruit world also."
Ming Wen zheng ming "Pai Mi Lin Zen Thesis": "The Gai Xi people discuss the book, there is a slander, Mi Gong got this meaning, so he did so." The viewer should ask for the li huang mu outside the mu also. ”
Nowadays, school teachers have their own preferences for teaching and auxiliary materials, and generally ask students to buy books from designated publishing houses. The officially designated reference book for the imperial examination in the Southern Song Dynasty was Zhu Xi's "Notes on the Collection of Four Books, Chapters and Sentences", and when it came to the course "University", Wang Yangming wanted students to read Zheng Xuanzhuo and Kong Yingdashuzhi's "Li ji and University".
Judging from the text, Xu Ai and other students simply dropped their jaws and questioned Wang Yangming's approach, but in the process of teaching, they found that Wang Yangming's learning was the true learning, and Wang Yangming was the true saint. Xu Ai then recorded Wang Yangming's daily teachings for the reference of later scholars, so as not to be mistaken by Zhu Xi's theory, so that the "Transmission and Practice Record" is like the Buddhist scripture "As I Hear".