Text: Humility talks about the style of writing
Editor|Humility talks about the style of writing
As Ercheng's private school disciple, Zhu Xi basically inherited Ercheng's evaluation of Wang Anshi, and his evaluation was generally mixed. In short, what is affirmed is Wang Anshi's moral righteousness and reform ideas, and what is denied is Wang Anshi's new academic thought and new legal measures. However, each of these situations is more complex and needs to be described separately.
"Connecting the Past and the Present, Mediating the Universe"
Respect the character and morality of the king. It is recorded in "Zhu Zi's Language" that the student asked, "How can Wang Linchuan evaluate the products in the eternal world?" Zhu Xi replied, "Lu Xiangshan has tasted it, why should others ask?" The "Taste of Lu Xiangshan" mentioned here should be Lu Jiuyuan's "Records of King Jing's Wengong Ancestral Hall".
Lu Jiuyuan believes that Wang Anshi has strengthened the Shenzong with the king of Yao Shun, and the Shenzong also encouraged Wang Anshi with "Qing Yi is willing to assist me, and Shu Tongji is the way", which can be described as an opportunity for monarchs and ministers, once in a lifetime. Lu Jiuyuan greatly appreciated Wang Anshi's character and sentiments: "The heroes of the world, the vulgar exercises, the mountains and rivers are immortal." ”
Such praise shows admiration. However, when it comes to major events in the world, Lu Jiuyuan said the opposite, believing that although Wang Anshi's "Book of Ten Thousand Words of the Emperor" can "refer to current affairs, analyze the shortcomings, and support the branches and leaves, it is often appropriate", but he cannot delve into the meaning of the law, and finally deceives himself with it.
Zhu Xi is the same as Lu Jiuyuan, and he greatly admires Jing Gong's character and morality, and admires his courage to stir up the political arena and reorganize the world.
In the "Manuscript of the Posthumous Affair of King Jing Gongjin Yehou", Zhu Xi said: "I love the three lines at the end of the paper, the tone is sharp, the gesture is low, and there is still the meaning of seeing it across the ancient and modern times and mediating the universe." What's more! The Divine Sect has ambitions and is public. ”
It can be seen from the eight characters of "crossing the past and the present and mediating the universe" that in Zhu Xi's heart, the image of Jing Gong is very lofty. Zhu Xi also admired Jing Gong's personality and sentiments: "Gai Jiefu is a person who is honest and filial......
On the beginning of Jiefu is excellent, he is a righteous person, seeing the disadvantages of the world like this, he is determined to update it, but unfortunately he did not stand right and broke it later! In addition, Zhu Xi greatly praised the monarch and ministers between Wang Anshi and Shenzong: "Shenzong is extremely smart, and when he talks to the ministers, he often skips it, and only then does he say it to Jiefu, and it has the meaning of 'Yu Wuyan says everything', so the monarchs and ministers are very happy." ”
"Wang Jinggong's encounter with the Divine Sect can be described as a once-in-a-lifetime time, but unfortunately the Qu academic is not, and then it went straight to the ground." In his poem "Feelings", he said: "The economy is still in the dream, and it is not a prime period." After a few years of frost and dew, the gray hair has suddenly drooped. Sink the well in the north mountain site, and cultivate the south stream of the river. The universe is extremely vast, and what will happen in the end of the year. ”
The opening two sentences coincide with Jing Gong's friend and Han Wei, one of his fellow "Four Friends of Jiayou", "An Shigai has ambitions to go through the world, and he is not willing to be old in the mountains and forests". The meeting of monarchs and ministers like Jing Gong who "has the way to be the king" should be the most envied by Zhu Xi and Lu Jiuyuan and others.
Throughout Zhu Xi's life, he was not without the political ambition of "to the gentleman Yao Shun, and then to make the customs pure", but unfortunately "did not get the right way", which led Li Xinchuan to write an article for him "Mr. Hui'an is not Su Yin", Chen said his political record, and greatly regretted his life.
"Remains, Separated from the World"
Analyze the breath character and Jiangxi morale. Zhu Xi also has a deep understanding of Jing Gonggao's self-standard, stubborn and resolute character: "Jing Gongqi is a corpse that wants to be left behind, and he looks like a worldly bottom. ”
And quoted the "Shaw Brothers Records of Experience" record: Bao Xiaosu Gong invited Sima Guang and An Shi to appreciate the peony, and persuaded him to drink during the banquet, "If you don't like wine, you can also drink strongly, and Jiefu will not drink at the end of the banquet, and Bao Gong can't be strong." This alone shows its indomitability."
In "The Complete Book of Zhu Zi", Zhu Xi repeatedly quoted the words of others to describe the image of Jing Gong. For example, quoting the "Shushui Chronicle", in November of the sixth year of Xining, some officials did not attach to the new law, and Anshi wanted to punish him, but Shenzong did not allow it, and Anshi repeatedly argued, and Shenzong finally did not allow it, "Jiefu was displeased, and he retreated to the sick family."
In a few days, the messenger sent out to comfort him." Quoting from "Shangcai Quotations", it is recorded: "(An Shi) tasted the palace and entered a notebook to get rid of people, but Shenzong did not allow it, and said: 'A can't be removed?' He entered another notebook and wanted to get rid of people, but the Divine Sect did not allow it, and said, 'Ah can't be removed?' When he came out of his lower hall, he begged and begged, and he could not stay. ”
Mr. Qian Zhongshu quoted the explanation of Yu Wenbao's "Blowing Sword Record" by Yu Wenbao of the Song Dynasty in "Talking about the Art Record": "Han Wengong and Wang Jinggong are both good Mencius and good debaters...... All three are very competitive.
Mencius is good at winning with words, Wen Gong is good at winning with anger, and Jing Gong is good at winning with private intentions. Looking at Jing Gong's "Linchuan Anthology", there are many articles that overturn the case, such as "Reading the Biography of Meng Weijun", "Ming Concubine Song", "Shang Ying" and other articles, which are a grand view.
No wonder Su Shi said that Wang Anshi is "a stranger in the world". It can be said that Wang Anshi's strong, competitive and stubborn and independent personality has a great influence on his thinking and literary style.
However, in addition to his own personality, according to Li Deshen's "Year of Wang Anshi's Poetry and Literature", most of Wang Anshi's poems and essays were written before and after Xining's reform. Zhu Xi's "every innovation to win" is not just a personal preference.
Careful research reveals that Jing Gong often overturned existing preconceptions through a re-examination of historical figures and events, so as to affirm his political views and respond to the doubts and attacks of various parties.
For example, the article "Shang Ying" said: "Since ancient times, the people have been driven in faithfulness, and a word is heavy and light." Today's people can not be Shang Ying, and Shang Yang can make the government must be done. This is in line with Jing Gong's consistent purpose of "changing customs and legislating the law", and it cannot but be said that it is the trend of the times.
However, Yang Shi, a disciple of Ercheng, thought that Wang Anshi was a traitor who "hijacked the arts, the art of business, and used the six arts to speak treacherously" ("Song History: Yang Shi Biography"), and such inferences were difficult to convince the public.
"His heart is stubborn to save people, and his skills are enough to kill"
Agree with the idea of changing the law and criticize the content of the new law. When it comes to the new law, as "Zhou Yi Ge Hexagram" said: "The adult tiger changes, and its text is also; The gentleman leopard has changed, and its Wen Wei is also; The villain is leather-faced, obedient to the king. ”
Zhu Xi is the same as Cheng Hao, and believes that changing the law is the trend of the times, the will of the people, and the time comes. The so-called "Yellow Emperor Yao Shun's work, at this time, should be so changed, hanging clothes and the rule of the world is a big change in his previous affairs."
"Xining is more lawful, and it is also inevitable. Where the Jinggong Office is changed, Dongpo also wants to do it at the beginning. and saw that Jing Gong was messy, so he didn't say anything, but went to attack him. ”
"When the son first wrote the book, he had the intention of changing the law. It's just that when it's not the Dujing Gong to do this, all the sages have changed their minds. "And if the Renzong Dynasty is the first season, the country is so weak, and there are many things to ignore, Yingzong has his own temperament to change when he ascends the throne, but he is sick with the holy bow, and he will soon drive, so he said 'Ying' at that time. The Divine Sect followed, and the tighter the temperament, the more he wanted to renew it. ”
Oppose the ancient observance: "In the present world, if you want to get rid of the current law and practice the ancient government, you will not see its benefits, but will have the disadvantages of annoyance." ”
Then he put forward in "Reading the Two Chen's Advices and Discussing the Remains": "The reason why the ancestors are the law, and the cover is also adapted to the situation, in order to tend to the convenience of the moment, and they follow the previous generations, and there are still many people who look down on the vulgar, not necessarily all of them do their best to think about the law and wisdom, to leave their descendants, and want them to keep it for eternity."
It is the responsibility of future generations to do it for a long time, and if it cannot be without disadvantages, it will be changed and changed. Therefore, at the beginning of the Qing calendar, Du Fan Han Fu Zhu Gong changed unsuccessfully and the people who still hated it, and then for a few years, the disadvantages of the ten should be more beneficial than before, and the people at that time also thought that it should change. …… It is the change of Anshi's law that cannot be said to be out of time, and its heart has not lost its integrity. ”
Zhu Xi not only agreed with the idea of changing the law, but also made a specific analysis of the content of the reform. For example, Zhu Xi said in the article "Wuzhou Jinhua County Shecang Ji": "The law of protecting the armor in the Beijing year, Jing Gong did ten years to become it, and when it came to the Yuan Dynasty, Wen Gong was abolished, which is a pity!" Cover this has been done, at the beginning of the inherent resentment of people, and later done, want people to be safe, but in the future will be abolished, it's a pity! ”
In particular, the Qingmiao method, "the reason why the world is sick of this is only to say that the green seedlings of the Wang family are the ears." In order to look at the theories of the sages of the past, and to test them with today's events, then the original intention of the legislation is not bad.
But he also gives it with gold and not grain; It is also located in the county rather than the township; His position is also to be an official rather than a gentleman from the countryside; It also does it with the intention of gathering the urgent illness rather than the heart of loyalty and profit. It is because the Wang family can walk in a city but not in the world.
Zi Chengzi tasted it, and the death was not exempt from regret, and it was even agitated." Zhu Xi deeply regretted the repeal of the Baojia Law, and believed that although there were mistakes in the specific implementation of the Qingmiao Law, the legislation itself was correct.
Not only that, inspired by the Qingmiao Method, Zhu Xi pioneered the "Shecang" in Wufuli in the seventh year of the Gandao Dynasty (1171), and promoted it in Fujian and Zhejiang. Zhu Xi said in "The Warehouse of Wufu Society, Chong'an County, Jianning Prefecture":
"The small people of the valley, there is no cover to hide the accumulation, the new Chen has not been connected, although the happy year is inevitably doubled interest, the loan is right, and the official tickets are accumulated in the useless place, and the red rot will no longer be edible. Since then, the years have been scattered, not only to kill the people, but also to change the new to hide.
Willing to pay the interest tithe,...... If you are old or unfortunate and hungry, you will be half relaxed, and if you invade it, you will be exhausted, and you will be widowed and widowed in order to benefit you, and you will be in trouble. Great benefits, please take it as an example. ”
However, supporting the change of the law does not mean agreeing with the entire content of the new law. In Zhu Xi's view, although Jing Gong claimed that "the wealth of the world is not insufficient, he does not know the way to make money, and there are no people who are good at financial management, so he often suffers from its shortcomings", "so he misplaced financial management and compiled it back to the Yi Treasury to take advantage of the world."
It is said that the position of the Quanfu of "Zhou Li" is exactly like this, that is, I don't know the system of Zhou Gong, only for the goods in the world are not sold, then the business travel is stuck and cannot be done, so it is bought with official money, so that later there are people who want to buy, but the officials give it, and they have not tried to ask for interest at the beginning."
However, in practice, the city law is suspected of being mercenary, which is very different from the position of the Quanfu in "Zhou Li". Zhu Xi also had a lot of resistance to the guiding ideology of Xining's reforms, and it can be said that he was quite dismissive of Jing Gong's learning, thinking that his understanding of the Tao was not thorough enough: "Insight through the ages, there is no one who sees the truth and does not understand it thoroughly, and what he says and does is not bad."
But if there is no strength to do it, half of the top falls to the bottom, and it is harmless. If the quack doctor does not know the disease, and only indiscriminately prescribes the medicine that does not matter, he will not kill people. If Jing Gongjun, he insists on going from that side, if he does not know the symptoms, and takes rhubarb aconite base medicine, he will kill people. ”
People say that "their hearts originally wanted to save the people, but those who broke it later were caused by mistakes", but Zhu Xi thought: "No." Just as a healer heals, does not his heart desire to live? but he ate arsenic to men. And the sick die, but I believe that I want to save his illness, and death is not my sin, but what?
Jiefu's heart is stubborn to save people, but his skills are enough to kill, how can it be said that it is not his crime? Here, "its art is enough to kill" is precisely the Confucian orthodox prejudice of Legalism. Jing Gong aided the law to enter Confucianism, and used the art of criminal name to support the Confucian royal road, which was inevitably criticized by Zhu Xi, who regarded himself as a mellow Confucian.
epilogue
In general, Zhu Xi's evaluation of characters has always been based on "righteousness and reason": "When it comes to ancient and modern figures, in order to distinguish between right and wrong, evil and righteousness, reason exists in ancient and modern figures." ”
In "Reading the Ink of the Two Chen's Advices", Zhu Xi said: "(Jing Gong) is a long-term disadvantage for his impatience and arbitrariness and his inability to speak and think well.
It is or failed to investigate the truth of its benefit, so that it is said, and more from the scale of Anshi, from the belief of Anshi more and more confident, thinking that the people of the world are really incomprehensible, and fortunately its lack is its own disease.
Because of his ruthlessness and perverse behavior, he can no longer hope that he can overcome his own selfishness in order to get sick, and he is full of his usual intentions. The scourge of this new law is therefore irremediable. In Zhu Xi's view, judging the new law by "righteousness", the latter has many perverse points, and it is inevitable that it will lead to disaster.