After the defeat at the Battle of Zurich, Tsar Alexander I ordered Suvorov to withdraw. This pleased Napoleon. In this way, the Anti-French Allies lost a powerful force of tenacious soldiers, whose strength would be severely weakened. However, the Holy Roman Empire and Britain continued to be at war with France. When a large but weak coalition of anti-French forces in West Bavaria threatened Alsace, in order to defend its gains in Italy, Austria recruited a very powerful force, gradually destroyed the fortresses still occupied by French detachments, and invaded the border between Dauphin and Provence. In this case, the first ruling party formulated an action plan. It is widely believed that the plan showed the most glorious essence of Napoleon's military philosophy. According to this plan, the anti-French allies in Bavaria had to face the entire battlefield and were therefore far less powerful than before. Austria, which occupies Italy's western frontier, was exposed to danger on the secondary front. Using Switzerland, a huge natural fortress, the Anti-French Allies launched an attack on the flanks and rear of the Austrian army. Correspondingly, Napoleon prepared a force in Bavaria that was far more powerful than the Anti-French Allied forces. The force, commanded by Jean-Victor Marie Moreau, launched a rapid attack from the headwaters of the Rhine, forcing the French allies to retreat in the opposite direction. At the same time, Napoleon secretly prepared a second army and concealed the deployment of this army. It was not until the last moment that he decided to lead a second army across the majestic Swiss Alps to launch an attack on the Austrian army, cutting off the Austrian retreat.
In the spring of 1800, the two sides began to carry out military operations, opening the curtain of war. The Austrian commander-in-chief in Italy, Melas, and Peter Carl Otter von Butokz were divided into two lines. Melas launched a siege of Genoa and hid his retreat route with a large number of scattered troops, eventually reaching Val and quickly capturing Nice. At the same time, jean-victor Marí-Morrow's army began to move. Although cowardly he did not dare to carry out his plan to cross the rhine source from Schaffhausen to the rear of the enemy and launch an attack, he successfully invaded Bavaria, forced back his opponent Paul Clay, who was weaker than himself, and was able to send a fairly powerful force through Saint-Gottar as promised to echo the strategy of the First Consul. In the meantime, the great commanders gradually gathered their forces from all over the French First Republic in order to carry out a decisive attack. The First Consul most cleverly concealed the true purpose of the operation, convincing the Austrian army that this was just ordinary reserve conscription. By mid-May 1800, 50,000 French troops had assembled on the Swiss border, ready to fight. The First Consul sent a force across the Seni Pass as usual to blind the enemy for as long as possible, while directing a large force through the Grand St. Bernard Pass.
Napoleon's Prancing Horse St. Bernard Pass (This picture is a restoration map, reprinting is prohibited)
From 16 May to 19 May 1800, the vast and silent mountains echoed with the clamor of war, and the French army swept through the highlands to the Po River and the Lombard Plain. For a long time, this hilly fortress stopped bold invaders, but lost to a clever plan. Soon after, the first consul, with fervent hope, arrived in Turin from the Piedmontese border in Milan and organized a coup to conceal his true purpose. By 2 June 1800, with reinforcements from the forces sent by Jean-Victor Marie-Morrow, the French had captured the lombard capital, blocked the enemy's retreat route, and successfully completed the first chapter of the wonderful strategy of his great leader.
Napoleon led his army through the ice-covered Grand Saint Bernard Pass (this picture is a restoration map, it is forbidden to reprint)
As Napoleon crossed the Alps, Austrian commanders worked on the genoa siege and operation Val. However, Andre Massena persevered in Genoa. Louis-Gabriel Suchet, with great strategic skill, won more with less, and held the pass of Provence, making the Austrian army unable to move. When he learned that the terrible enemy was assembling in the rear, Melas thought it was impossible and did not believe it. But when he had to believe it, the French action near the Seni Pass and the attack on Turin held him back and made him hesitate. However, when Melas saw the true intentions of the first consul, the brave Austrian general decided to force his way to the Adige River at all costs, while ordering Peter Carl Ott von Butokz to surround Genoa and leave a detachment to contain Louis-Gabriel Suchet. Melas began to gather the scattered Austrian forces together, and if they encountered the French on the way back, they could fight a deadly battle with the enemy. However, the attack on Genoa by Peter Karl Ott von Butokz was delayed some time. Genoa fell after the war in a historic defense. On June 12, 1800, 50,000 French soldiers assembled around the famous fortress of Alexandria and launched an attack, tearing the Austrian army apart. At the same time, the first consul withdrew from Milan. Whether unaware of the enemy's plans or fearing that Melas would flee south after the fall of Genoa, the First Consul left his military strongholds between the Ticino, Ada and Po rivers and crossed the Skrivia River into the Marengo Plain. As a result, Napoleon's troops became extremely dispersed. Melas boldly seized the opportunity to break through the weak points of the encirclement net and successfully escape. Melas earned himself fame by launching a massive attack on Napoleon on the morning of June 14, 1800. The scuffle lasted for hours. When the French had begun to retreat and flee, a French division and a small cavalry team unexpectedly joined the battle, and the French army was defeated and won in the blink of an eye. It can be seen that the superior military position occupied by Napoleon in the rear of the enemy is indeed very important. The Austrian retreat route was cut off and had to make concessions after the defeat and sign an armistice. Under the armistice agreement, the boundary from Italy to the Mincho River was returned to the rule of the First French Republic. Thus, the crisis of 1799 was eliminated.
Battle of Marengo (This picture is a restoration map, reprinted is prohibited)
Of all the achievements of this brilliant planner, this success is considered the most brilliant. However, guided by the highest military skill, although the boldness of achieving optimal military integration through the Alps, Napoleon's performance in this campaign is difficult to match his achievements in 1796. The Marengo operation also proved that overconfidence and blind optimism were the main reasons for Napoleon's defeat in the war. Although Italy was retaken in one fell swoop, the war with the Holy Roman Empire progressed slowly. Jean-Victor Marí Moro, despite his superiority in strength, was defeated on more than one occasion on the Danube near Ulm. Paul Clay's defense, though skilful, was still unable to mitigate the effects of the Marengo Campaign. After a dramatic reversal of the situation on the battlefield, Austria struggled to negotiate with the terrible conqueror. However, Napoleon always implemented his principles, and his principles have been enshrined as policy guidelines. He decided to split the Coalition at every opportunity and never to join Britain against Austria unless it was a last resort. After a few weeks of rest, the war resumed and became more intense. By this time, the French had gained an overwhelming advantage. By the time Guillaume Bruni marched towards the Adige River, the First Consul had returned to the First French Republic to take over the government. Jean-Victor Marí Morrow's army patrolled between the Alps and the Danube as if guarding the Austrian monarchy. At this time, Archduke Karl Ludwig Johann Lorenz, who was supposed to command the army, was dismissed from office for falling out of favor with the royal family, and Grand Duke John Battist Joseph recklessly attacked Jean-Victor Marley-Morrow. Soon after, in the area between the Isel and the In river in Hohenlinden, Jean-Victor Marie Moro won a great victory. At this point, the French army achieved a complete and decisive success. This final catastrophe proved to be extremely overwhelming, and the Austrian Empire and its vassals were forced to submit to the terms laid down by Napoleon.
Jean-Victor Marley Morrow at the Battle of Hohenlinden (this picture is a restoration and is not allowed to be reproduced)
In February 1801, the First French Republic signed the Treaty of Lunéville with the Holy Roman Empire. It was an endorsement and expansion of the Treaty of CampoFormio and was more in favour of the interests of the First French Republic. The First French Republic once again applied the principle of "natural boundaries", acquiring territory in Belgium and on the west bank of the Rhine. In addition to Rome and Naples, the First French Republic once again created a young, loyal French republic in Italy. Despite Austria's deep dissatisfaction and guilt over the revolution and defeat, it recognized the legitimacy of these French republics. In addition, the Austrian Prince Ferdinand Joseph John Baptiste, Grand Duke of Tuscany, was stripped of his principality's fiefdoms, which were awarded to a Spanish infant. Spain is now a great power completely dependent on the First French Republic. The First Consul formulated the so-called Great Holy Roman Empire Episcopal System to satisfy Prussian greed and to align it more closely with the First French Republic, thus effectively dividing the Holy Roman Empire. However, knowing that Napoleon desperately needed papal support, the Holy Roman Empire recalled Pope Pius VII. Under Russian mediation, Naples was retained. The deposed King of Sardinia also regained hope.
France and the Holy Roman Empire sign the Treaty of Lunéville (this picture is a restoration map, reproduction is prohibited)
The Treaty of Lunéville not only extended the borders of the First French Republic to the long-coveted Rhine, but also gave it control of much of the Continent. In the course of the negotiation of this treaty, Napoleon once again demonstrated the greatness and strategy shown in 1796, while showing contempt for revolutionary principles. Napoleon took a more authoritarian approach, with little room for moderation, even when his power was uncertain. The representatives of the old European powers gradually became aware of the ambitions and means of the military genius who ruled the French First Republic, even more dangerous than the freedoms preached by the First French Republic. Britain is now once again isolated, fighting alone against the First French Republic, which had twice defeated the Anti-French Alliance. In the face of reality, Britain has wanted to give up resistance more than once. Like the French superiority on land, the Superiority of the British at sea was already very pronounced. The British swept across the French fleet across the ocean and conquered most of the French and Dutch colonies. However, as far as the current situation is concerned, the two belligerents, Britain and France, have not yet found a suitable occasion to decide the winner or loser. Mr. William Pitt Jr. has abdicated, and the British are tired of war, and even the majority of the Conservative Party in both houses feel the need for an armistice. Subsequent events have accelerated the course of events. A British army landed in Egypt, a shame in the snow. The battle-hardened French army was forced to surrender after a heroic battle. But Egypt was eventually occupied by the French. At the same time, the First Power assembled a powerful force, led by the maritime powers of the North, to resist the British. Although the alliance was soon disbanded, the threat to the British remained undiminished by Horatio Nelson's failure to drive a small French fleet off the coast of Buren. After a long period of negotiations, in March 1802, Britain and France signed a peace treaty in Amiens. The First French Republic retained all the territories it had plundered on the European continent and restored some colonies. The British retained Ceylon and Trinidad. Although the politicians felt that it was just a truce, the two countries were happy because their swords were finally sheathed and the war was finally over. One provision of the treaty had been discussed repeatedly and had soon shown its importance. Malta was taken by the French fleet, and the treaty stipulated that the Great Fortress would be returned to its original owners. However, all countries are mirrored, and the First French Republic does not want to continue to expand in Europe.