Qiqihar Museum is one of the largest and more complete comprehensive museums in Heilongjiang Province, located at No. 1 Zhonghua Road, Jianhua District, covering a total area of 14,250 square meters. The main building is divided into three exhibition areas, and the main building has a permanent display of "Narration of Nenjiang Civilization" and three temporary exhibition halls.
Among them, the permanent exhibition "Narration of Nenjiang Civilization - Qiqihar Historical Relics Exhibition" has an exhibition area of 1500 square meters, four historical relics exhibition halls, more than 1000 extended meters of exhibition lines, and 1203 pieces/sets of national cultural relics. The exhibition traces the Paleolithic, Neolithic, Bronze Age, early Iron Age of Qiqihar, the Tang, Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming, Qing, late to modern times, until the establishment of New China, covering more than 20,000 years of Qiqihar's historical and cultural essence.
"The Bright Pearl of Nenjiang Civilization" is the first exhibition hall.
The ancient hunters of the Nen River Basin were in the late Quaternary Paleolithic period, which was the earliest and longest-lasting period in human history.
Qiqihar is an important distribution area in the western region of the late Paleolithic cultural relics in our province. So far, it has been found that there are Qinghetun ruins in Qinghe Township, Xuetian Town, Daxingtun Ruins, Angangxi District, Snake Cave Mountain Ruins in Nianzi Mountain District, Jingxing Town Tank Kiln Ruins in Longjiang County, as well as Cylinder Kiln East Ruins and Small Tank Kiln Ruins, Baoxiang Liujiatun Ruins and Houguan Kiln Ruins, Donghua Township Jinbaoshan Ruins, Yong'an Ruins and Wang Ming Wutun Ruins, Baishan Township Longha Ruins and West Baitu Mountain Ruins, Qikeshu Township Good Seed Farm Ruins, Longjiang Town Xigang Ruins, etc.
Clusters of white agate concave bottom stones.
Tengjiagang site, one of the 39 sites of the national key cultural relics protection unit Ang Ang Xi, is located on the fixed sand dune in the northeast of Ang Ang Xi District, with an area of about 140,000 square meters, and there are house sites, guest caves, ash pits, foundation burials and other remains according to the carbon 14 determination of excavated human bones, and their ages are 7570 Shi 85 years, 7000-6500 years, respectively. The significance of this site also lies in the existence of a variety of cultural phenomena such as fishing, hunting, domestication, farming, and physical anthropology of the Far Eastern Mongol race and the North Asian Mongol race. This is one of the birthplaces and the most complete initial performance of the cultural phenomena found in our province that are also hunting and pastoral, also pastoral and agricultural, and non-hunting and non-pastoral, non-pastoral and non-agricultural.
The appearance of jade ceremonial vessels indicates the shining point of the embryonic period of civilization.
Siyong Liang (1904--1954) studied archaeology and anthropology at harvard research institutes. During his study abroad, Liang Siyong participated in the excavation of Indian ruins. He received a master's degree in archaeology from the Harvard Graduate School, becoming the first Chinese to receive formal training in modern archaeology. After returning to China in 1930, he officially joined the archaeological group of the Institute of History and Language. He went to the Heilongjiang Ang Ang Xi site alone to excavate, and also became the first person in China's scientific field archaeology.
His approach to dividing strata by soil color is a revolutionary change in the history of archaeology compared to the method of dividing strata by horizontal depth. Due to the scientific nature of the excavation methods. Liang Siyong made a scientific judgment that the fine stone tool culture at the Ang Ang Xi site belongs to the Neolithic remains, which is of great significance for understanding the burial characteristics and chronology of the northern fine stone tool culture remains.
Mr. Liang Siyong excavated the fine stone tools of the sand dunes in Ang Ang Xi, Heilongjiang in the autumn of 1930. A total of 4 sand hills were inspected, and the excavated tombs were in the black sand layer of the third sand hill, the east cliff of the wind pit, and the black sand layer on the tomb was not disturbed, and there were no other cultural relics. The tomb is at the bottom of the black sand layer, only 0.2 meters above the yellow sand on the bottom layer, and there is no trace of the tomb or tomb circle. Skeleton, head to the north, torso upwards. Except for the face, hand and foot bones of the skull, the rest of the bones are well preserved. However , the bones have been misaligned , especially the leg bones , with the lower end of the right femur facing north ( near the sciatic bone ) and the upper end facing south. The arm bones are also scattered between the ribs. The jawbone is not under the skull but 0.2 meters away from the left (east) of the skull. The arrangement of the burial artifacts was also disturbed during burial, but it was probably not far from its original location.
These points remind us of the many peoples who carried the dead into the wilderness, placed them on the ground, did not dig caves, and arranged for burial artifacts. It is the custom of covering the cup with earth and then feasting at the tomb. The hunters we dug up were probably buried like this!
The bronze and early iron culture centered on the Nenjiang River Basin in the Qiqihar area is represented by the early Erke Shallow Cemetery, the early Pingyang Cemetery, the tomb of the wealthy Xiao Dengke, and the tomb of Sanjiazi, which date from the Spring and Autumn Warring States to the Han and Wei dynasties.
The discovery of artifacts from these clan public cemeteries provides reliable material for studying and showing the early history and ethnic relations of the Qiqihar region.
"The Hometown of Khitan and Jurchens" is the second exhibition hall.
The Jurchen people who established the Jin Dynasty are one of the ancient ethnic groups in northeast China, whose ancestors were Sushen, Rulou (yì lóu), Beji and Jingyi (mò hé), living in the white mountains and black waters. In the fifth year (115) of the LiaoTianzhu Emperor Tianqing, he was proclaimed emperor and then destroyed the Liao and Northern Song Dynasties. The establishment of the Jin Dynasty played an important role in the consolidation and development of a unified multi-ethnic state, and further promoted ethnic integration and economic and cultural exchanges between the north and the south.
At the beginning of the twelfth century, the Jurchens rebelled against the Liao, established the Jin Dynasty in northern China, and set the capital at Shangjing. Puyu Road is one of the 4 roads under the jurisdiction of Shangjing Road (Yu is Huli Road, Zipin Road, and Lazy Road). It has jurisdiction over the vast area north of the middle and upper reaches of the Heilongjiang River and the Waixing'an Mountains, which is located in the northern part of the Daxing'anling, Heihe, Yichun and Nenjiang regions of the present-day Heilongjiang River, and north to the area around Luhuomuke in the Waixing'an mountains of Russia.
Puyu Road was built four years ago in Tiande, which was one of the more concentrated areas where the Jurchens lived, Puyu Road was formerly known as Wanhufu, and in order to strengthen the centralized system, the King of Hailing withdrew Wanhufu and replaced it with a Jiedushi envoy.
Puyu Road was also used in the Yuan Dynasty. In the 24th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1287), a fierce battle occurred in the Uyuer River Valley, where the ancient city of Puyu Road was located, and since this war, there is no record of Puyu Road in the history books. Later, according to historians, overnight, The city of Puyu Road suddenly disappeared on the map, and it should have been slaughtered by the Mongol Yuan army.
Engraved with the "Puyu Road Seal" of the Nine Stacks of Hoops in Chinese. The ruins of the ancient city of Puyu Road are located about 300 meters west of jincheng township ancient city village in Kedong County, Heilongjiang Province, also known as Kedong Ancient City, which is the geographical coordinate of the northeast border of the Jin Dynasty.
Jin set up the Northeast Road Recruitment Division and controlled the northern tribes. Initially ruled the Ugu enemy liebu land, and then placed Taizhou. During the Taihe period, he moved to Jinshan, and later moved to Taizhou.
The boundary trench border fort was closely related to the Zhaoshi, which was built in the early Jin Dynasty and formed in the sejong and Zhangzong dynasties, and was an important barrier to defend the northern tribes. It spans the boundaries of present-day NianziShan, Gannan and Longjiang Counties, with a length of 217 kilometers, and is known as the "Little Great Wall".
The ruins of Liaota Taji [1.5 km southwest of Tazi Town.Liao Dynasty] were built in 1091 AD. The tower is shaped like a pointed, mallet-shaped six-sided solid tower. Each side is about 5 meters long and 15 meters high. In 1934, the wall was built 40 meters north and south and 30 meters from east to west. The tower fell in 1953. In 1973, excavations were carried out on the base of the tower, and no relics were found except for the two square bricks that were stacked on top and bottom of the center of the tower. According to the research of this pagoda, a memorial tower built for the victory of the Genzhi Qi'er River is evidenced by the Liao "Seven Years of Da'an Broken Carved Stone". - Say for the Buddhist stupa.
"Qiqihar Political, Economic and Cultural Center" is the third exhibition hall.
On the 23rd day of the first month of the 30th year of the Kangxi Dynasty (February 20, 1691), the Heilongjiang general Sabus Su built the city of Qiqihar during his pilgrimage to the Kangxi Emperor, who once said: "When you are not mistaken for farming, take advantage of the leisure to build the city." "The quasi-master built the city of Qiqihar at Bukui Station, and gave the title of deputy capital of Mabudai, the governor of Sauron, in charge of the construction of the city.
In the thirty-first year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1692), with the joint efforts of the Dahuer clan and the officers and soldiers stationed in the Eight Banners of the City, the city of Qiqihar was raised.
Heilongjiang general full name Zhenshou Heilongjiang and other local generals, the highest official in the Heilongjiang region of the Qing Dynasty, the government station is Heilongjiang Qiqihar, Kangxi twenty-two years (1683) established, the official rank is ZhengYipin, Qianlong thirty-two years (1767) changed from Yipin, the general Yamen stationed in Qiqihar.
Sabsu was the first Heilongjiang general. The last Heilongjiang general, Cheng Dequan, was reassigned as the Inspector of Heilongjiang. Except for Cheng De, who was all Han Chinese, the posts of Heilongjiang generals were held by the Qing Dynasty clan and bannermen.
National hero Shoushan (1860-1900) general, Zi Meifeng, ancestral residence in Heilongjiang Province, Han Army Zhengbai banner man, Jilin general Fu Ming'a son, late Ming Dynasty military department Shangshu Yuan Chonghuan descendants.
In the summer of 1900 (the twenty-sixth year of Guangxu), the huge Boxer Rebellion developed into the northeast region, and in order to safeguard its aggressive interests in the northeast, in the name of "protecting the Harbin railway tracks", the Tsarist Russia sent troops to create the historically appalling "Highland Bubble Massacre" and "Jiangdong Sixty-Four Tun Massacre" in the northeast region of China, slaughtering more than 7,000 Chinese residents. Not only that, but they also set fire to the city of Yaohun. This arrogant act of aggression finally made Shoushan intolerable, and he made up his mind to fight against Russia.
Soon, the siege of Harbin failed, the Russian army launched a fierce attack on Qiqihar, although the Qing army struggled to resist and effectively attacked the enemy, but finally failed due to lack of assistance. At this moment, Shoushan received a telegraph from the imperial court to discuss peace, and he could not help but be full of grief and indignation, so he resolutely decided to martyr the country with his body.
After swallowing gold on the third day of August, Shoushan, who was full of thoughts, lay in a coffin and waited to die, but he did not move for a long time. So he ordered his men to shoot him to death, his men could not bear it, the first shot only hit his left flank because of the shaking of the hand, not fatal, so he ordered the shooting again, but this time hit his lower abdomen again, still did not die; Shoushan was anxious, screamed, and his men fired another shot, and this third shot finally killed Shoushan, fulfilling his wish to be martyred.
The imperial court was very dissatisfied with Shoushan's disobedience, and first issued an edict to provoke a border conflict to rebuke him and remove him from all posts, and later, after many pleadings by the governor Xu Shichang, Shoushan was reinstated as a knight and was awarded the post of knight lieutenant and cloud riding lieutenant, and ordered the construction of an ancestral hall next to his father Fuming Ancestral Hall.
In the 17th year of the Republic of China (1928), the Heilongjiang Provincial Office built the ShouGong Ancestral Hall on the right side of the Guandi Temple in Qiqihar (now in Longsha Park).
The displaced people rebelled against the feudal rulers or violated the feudal criminal law, and were forcibly relocated by the feudal rulers to remote places to serve hard labor, so as to exercise dictatorship or real border, thus becoming one of the guest residents of the place. In the Qing Dynasty, Qiqihar became an important place of exile, and the number of displaced people was relatively concentrated, and the number of Bukui liu people alone reached more than 4,000.
Among them, the most familiar ones are the Second Emperor Hui Qin, Lü Liuliang, Cheng Ying and so on.
Early Qing Dynasty enamel color gilded dragon head stirrups.
"The First Shot of the Jiangqiao War of Resistance" is the fourth exhibition hall.
On September 18, 1931, the long-planned Emperor wen of Japan brazenly launched an armed invasion of northeast China. Because the Chiang Kai-shek government implemented a "policy of non-resistance.". The Japanese army launched a large-scale attack, and the three northeastern provinces soon fell, and the people fell into the tragic pain of national subjugation. At this critical juncture of national peril, the Communist Party of China stepped forward and resolutely advocated resistance against Japan, called on the people to carry out the struggle to resist Japan and save the country, and opposed Japanese aggression in a war of national self-defense. The patriotic soldiers and people of the Qiqihar area, incomparable indignation, set off an unprecedented wave of anti-Japanese anger and waged a heroic anti-aggression struggle in various forms.
"The September 18 Incident, Liao and Kyrgyzstan provinces fell one after another. Realizing their ambition to quickly annex the three eastern provinces, the Japanese invaders actively planned an attack on northern Manchuria. Attempted to occupy the strategically important province of Heilongjiang Province. After the fall of Liao and Kyrgyzstan, the Japanese army invaded Heilongjiang Province. Ma Zhanshan, former commander of the Lihe Garrison and commander of the Third Infantry Brigade, was appointed acting chairman and military commander of Heilongjiang Province. Under the extremely difficult situation in which the enemy was strong and we were weak, the command post resolutely resisted the ferocious attack of the Japanese army, fired the first shot of large-scale armed anti-Japanese resistance at the Nenjiang Bridge, and opened the prelude to the nationwide War of Resistance Against Japan. Although the Nenjiang Bridge War of Resistance has persisted for 16 days, it has greatly encouraged and promoted the anti-Japanese upsurge of the people of the whole country.
The assault rifle, pistol and shoes used by the Northeast Anti-Japanese Coalition Army.
After the fall of Qiqihar, the Japanese aggressors established a complete set of colonial ruling institutions, set up puppet regimes at the provincial, municipal, and county levels, stationed a large number of Japanese puppet troops, and carried out an extremely cruel fascist bypass of the masses of the people. After the 918 Incident in 1931, Japanese imperialism carried out large-scale immigration aggression in northeast China, established the "Overseas Expansion Committee", the Manchurian Colonization Joint Stock Company and other institutions, and formulated the "Manchurian Agricultural Migration Million Household Migration Plan" by the Japanese government to the sub-group to develop immigration subsidies, with 200 to 300 households to form a "pioneering group" or "pioneering village" to northeast China large-scale migration. According to statistics, by August 1945, the number of Japanese immigrants who had moved into northeast China was about 100,000 households and 300,000 people.
At the end of October 1945, the Northeast Bureau of the CPC Central Committee sent the first batch of leading cadres to Qiqihar City, and for the first time in the history of the Qiqihar region, people's power at all levels was established, so that the people were the masters of their own homes. Democratic governments at all levels have led the people to establish and restore democratic order, expand the armed forces, develop the economy, and strive to improve the people's livelihood, which has been wholeheartedly supported and praised by the people of all nationalities and all walks of life.
In April 1946, Qiqihar had just been liberated in order to quickly resume production. The Ministry of Military Industry immediately summoned the scattered workers back to the factory and allocated equipment. Mobilize workers to contribute to the front. The workers put forward the slogan that the factory is the battlefield and the machine is the weapon, and actively participated in production.
During the Liberation War, the front line urgently needed a large number of weapons, ammunition and military materials, and the people of Qiqihar, who were located in the strategic rear, actively responded to the call of the Party Central Committee to "all for the front line, all for the victory of the war", quickly resumed and developed military production, and provided as much military supplies as possible for the front line.
In 1948, the People's Liberation Army opened the prelude to the Liaoshen Campaign. The Aung Ang Xi aircraft maintenance section was ordered to transport arms to the front line, and the head of the personnel unit, Mu Chengbin, and the driver, Fan Yong. Zhao Tongji and 16 other Communists formed a special crew. On September 28, 1948, he drove the Jiefang No. 1195 locomotive, towing a 3005 secret arms train composed of 32 wagons, quietly departing from Ang Ang Xi and heading straight for Xifuxin, the front line of the Liaoshen Campaign. Along the way, the 3005 secret arms train spun around with enemy aircraft and secret agents, escaped indiscriminate bombardment, overcame the difficulties and hardships of starvation and freezing, locomotive shortage of water, evacuation camouflage, and emergency repair of locomotives, and sent 8 trucks of ammunition and 22 trucks of shells to the front line of the liberation of Jinzhou, making great contributions to the victory of the Liaoshen Campaign.
In 1988, General Lü Zhengcao commemorated the 40th anniversary of the 3005 train.
From September 24 to 27, 1949, qiqihar city held the first people's congress, which was attended by workers. Industrialists and businessmen, civic women, cultural and educational workers, young people, military minorities. The convening of the people's congress of 217 cadres, peasants, and other circles in Jimei has strengthened the concept of the people being the masters of their own affairs and formed the desire to build Qiqihar City into a beautiful production city.
"Narration of Nenjiang Civilization" - Qiqihar Historical Relics Exhibition" is a window for people from all walks of life inside and outside the province and at home and abroad to understand Qiqihar and Qiqihar. It also shows the long history of the land of Qiqihar from the beginning of human life relics 20,000 years ago until the founding of New China, and is a vivid and three-dimensional textbook of broken generation history.