In Chinese history, many dynasties neared the end of the period, and popular riots occurred. When the people revolted, it sounded the death knell of the regime.
The Taiping Rebellion at the end of the Qing Dynasty. The rebellion of the kings at the end of the Ming Dynasty. The White Lotus Sect Rebellion at the end of the Yuan Dynasty. The Fang La Rebellion of the Northern Song Dynasty. The Yellow Nest Rebellion at the end of the Tang Dynasty. The Yellow Turban Rebellion of the Han Dynasty. Chen Sheng's rebellion at the end of Qin.
The people are in chaos, and of course the government has to deal with it.
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, there was Zeng Guofan, who won. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, because the peasant army finally destroyed the country, there was nothing to say, and the most famous was probably Hong Chengyu. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, I only know Zhao Min's father and brother. The Fang La Rebellion was also unable to produce any famous generals.
During the Yellow Turban Rebellion, Lu Zhizhu and Emperor Fusong were very familiar with everyone, and the popularity of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms was different. But people who are familiar with the Three Kingdoms basically don't think that there is anything powerful about these three people.
At the end of the Qin Dynasty, there was chaos, and it was Zhang Handan who relied on it.
Among these generals who calmed down the civil unrest, there are follow-up achievements that people will not forget, that is, Zeng Guofan at the end and Zhang Handan at the beginning.
Speaking of the chaos at the end of Qin, Chu and Han were in contention, and the generally recognized strongest general was definitely Xiang Yu. Secondly, Han Xin. Long Ji, Yingbu, and even Liu Bangjun's Fan Duo are all characters that people talk about.
But few people mention Zhang Handan.
Zhang Handan, this person, has no independent biography. We can only understand him from the various descriptions.
According to legend, Zhang Handan was a Yan person. In the Spring and Autumn Period, there was the State of Yan, located in present-day Shandong Province, which was destroyed by the State of Qi at that time. Based on the naming of the Spring and Autumn Warring States, it is reasonable to speculate that Zhang Handan's family was once the royal family of Yan.
During the Warring States period, the capitals of various countries were international big cities, and the Qin State was a large number of guest secretaries for hundreds of years, and it was really not surprising that any country was in Qin.
During the reign of Hu Hai of the Second Qin Dynasty, Zhang Handan served as one of the Nine Qings. Shaofu was originally equivalent to the chief steward of the monarch in the Warring States period. The Zhou Dynasty was probably like this, with tianzi dividing a large area into a certain person, called the state. This man went to the ground and, with his legitimate right of rule, launched a rally to the villages.
The small lords of the localities have the authority of the secretary of state, administer the territory and pay taxes, and have meetings with the monarch.
Basically, the monarch is only one of the lords. Villages everywhere still maintain considerable autonomy. People generally do not want to change the monarch, after all, it will affect the legitimacy of their rule. Therefore, the rule of succession with the same surname is used to maintain the entire rule.
Of course, as the years passed, people came up with a lot of political games. For example, let a young monarch succeed to the throne, or find a wandering grandson to return.
The ruling power of the monarch is weak, and the power of the Qing Doctor is relatively increased. As a result, some people will begin to expand their territory, and even gradually develop the idea of replacing the monarch.
The "Fa" was slowly overwhelmed by human desires, so countries also began to "change the Fa and become stronger."
The Nine Qings of the Zhou Dynasty originally had no lesser houses. And Qin, as a princely state, originally did not have three dukes. The princely states used the system of state ministers.
The structure of the Qin Dynasty was comparatively, with the left and right ministers matching the imperial history doctor, and the nine secretaries under the qin were in charge of national affairs. At the same time, Qin abolished the princely states.
At this time, Dr. Qing was no longer a representative of public opinion, but only a central official. After Shaofu became one of the Nine Secretaries, of course, he would not just continue to rule the small territory of the monarch.
At this time, the monarch's domain became the world. Shaofu was one of the most important economic officials, and the other was the one who managed grain.
Qin Shi Huang believed that the world had been unified, and the local military strength only needed to maintain law and order, and it was not controlled by the central government. The military power of the central government is divided into imperial guards, which are mainly guarded by frontiers. This led to the fact that when the rebellion at the end of the Qin Dynasty occurred within the country, Qin's central response capacity was quite poor.
Should the frontier army against the Huns be dispatched to quell the civil unrest? This is a very difficult problem.
In contrast, due to internal turmoil, tax scheduling must have also gone wrong. The other Eight Secretaries' feelings about the impact of civil unrest and those of Economy Minister Zhang Handan may have a gap between heaven and earth.
Simply put, if you don't want to deal with civil unrest, the performance of others doesn't have much impact on management. But Zhang Handan may have to face punishment.
Therefore, Zhang Handan was the first to jump out and give advice: "It is too late to draw military strength, give me the manpower for building the Afang Palace, and I will go to quell the chaos."
Anyway, don't want to think of a way, Zhang Handan is going to be miserable, so why not go up and gamble on your own.
In the war when Qin unified the world, Zhang Handan never served as a general. However, the pre-Qin historical data is that the official positions below a certain rank are not recorded, so we cannot judge whether Zhang Handan has military experience.
How critical was the situation? The troops sent by Chen Sheng had already broken through the Hangu Pass and come to the place of "Drama". Xiang Yu and Liu Bang's Hongmen banquet unfolded in the west of the play.
Zhang Handan didn't have much time to play tricks at all.
According to historical records, Qin II ordered a general amnesty for the world. The prisoners and slaves in Zhang Handan's army suddenly had the right to be knighted for battle merit, which was a heavy reward for brave men. On the other hand, the rebels who came to fight desperately on the other side, if they did not fight at this time, they would not be guilty when they returned home.
Under this circumstance, Zhang Handan won the first wave of victories. This is a political victory.
After Zhang Handan set out, the imperial court also began to recruit troops back to Xianyang. Later, when Zhang Handan made up a soldier and let Liu Bangxiangyu advance to Xianyang, he was greatly hindered.
Cross-referencing the chronicles of each person in the Chu and Han dynasties, we know that Zhang Handan's trip is not a victory in every battle.
At Puyang, Liu Bangjun, with Fan Huan as the vanguard, broke through Zhang Handan's forces. This may not be our own army. But Xiang Liang was also in his father, relying on geographical advantages to repel Zhang Handan... This is indeed a decisive battle.
In fact, it was Father Kang who fought first, and Puyang who fought later.
That is to say, in a certain way, the Chu army once defeated Zhang Handan. At this time, Qin's reinforcements came. Therefore, Xiangliang will roll over.
These two defeats also highlighted that Zhang Handan's military achievements were not deep enough. The grasp of the geographical environment is not good, and the study of economic history is also insufficient. (Father Kang's topographical advantage can actually be found in the history books)
However, the latter was normal, and officials of the Qin state majored in criminal law Huang Lao.
But after that, Zhang Handan's tactics showed their historical value. First of all, he adopted the method of hitting the rank at night to defeat Xiang Liang: in the historical records, only Tian Shan and Zhang Handan used the title of the piece.
The night raid itself was a very disgraceful thing in the Spring and Autumn Warring States. Even in the Chu-Han rivalry, it was mainly used to kill the descendants.
Xiang Yukeng killed 200,000 Qin soldiers, and Liu Bang slaughtered the Wuguan Qin army, all of which took advantage of the night to attack.
Later, Zhang Handan even applied the method of transporting grain from Yongdao to cross the river in the Battle of Julu. Although it can be found that the first person to play the Yongdao transport is Qin Shi Huang, zhang Liangxiao He also used this trick later. It can be seen that the Spring and Autumn Warring States must have this tactic.
Zhang Handan is not a natural soldier, but he obviously knows how to learn and know how to learn from one another.
To explain, this is a tactic of using geographical advantages and superior forces to protect grain and grass, and then sending it to the front line through the Yongdao. The risk of grain and grass being taken can be greatly reduced.
Of course, because the history books also recorded Xiang Yu's unique method of cracking, posterity does not need to break the cauldron and sink the boat, and also knows its key points. So it became less popular later, and it was normal.
Although Xiang Yu relieved the siege of the giant deer, at that time, he and Zhang Handan's army were still inseparable. What really crushed Zhang Handan was Qin II's demand that he retreat and return the army.
Zhang Handan felt that there was a ghost and sent Sima Xin to go back to face the saint first, but Sima Xin was almost killed by Zhao Gao. As soon as this report came back, the entire Zhang Handan Army floated.
And the Chu Army's letter of persuasion also came.
To put it bluntly, Zhang Handan was like Li Mulianpo in the past at this time, and he was caught in the opposite way. The planners themselves were allied with the Chu army, and at this time, taking the opportunity to launch an offensive, the Zhang Handan army was no longer difficult to resist.
Speaking of which, I think zhang handan, as a general, is actually the "morale theory" that he is best at. When morale collapsed, Zhang Handan couldn't make a trick.
Generally speaking, the most difficult thing to understand is why Zhang Handan was willing to surrender chu at this time, but later died and did not surrender to Han?
The simplest explanation is Xiang Yu's means.
Xiang Yu always adopted a rather cruel method, killing chickens and monkeys to curb the betrayal of him by the people below. The results proved to be less useful. So why is Zhang Handan the only prince who would rather die than rebel?
In fact, Xiang Yu was a big stick and a candy in one hand. From his subordinates Chen Ping and Han Xin, Xiang Yu was very polite and friendly to people.
From the soldiers down to the soldiers, Xiang Yu was very kind. So instead of saying that Xiang Yu was a two-faced person, I believed that he was deliberately cruel to the enemy.
Zhang Handan, for the princes of the world, was definitely the strongest general second only to Xiang Yu at that time. Even if there was no counter-plan, it was difficult to say whether Xiang Yu himself could win Zhang Handan head-on.
When Zhang Handan surrendered, the courtesy given by Xiang Yu was definitely a VIP of honor.
"Zhang Handan wept when he saw Xiang Yu, for Zhao Gao. Xiang Yu made Zhang Handan the King of Yong and placed him in the Chu army. Make Chang Shi Xin a general and make the Qin army ahead."
Yes, Zhang Handan just raised his hand and surrendered, and he immediately received the title of prince. It was not later when the Western Chu Overlord was rewarded that he became the Yong King.
After Zhang Handan, the capital was abolished. Close to Xianyang but not in Xianyang. According to the latest archaeological discoveries, it is in the area of today's Xi'an City.
After Liu Bangjun left Hanzhong, Zhang Handan was beaten back to the abandoned hill to hold on. At this time, there was Han Xin, not Zhang Liang.
Several of Liu Bang's generals, including Han Xin, did not stay here to besiege the city, but went on a campaign. This also allowed Zhang Handan to hold on for nearly a year.
Those who believe that Zhang Handan uses soldiers like gods will think that the only person who will eventually divert water to irrigate the city to destroy Zhang Handan is the soldier Han Xin.
At the point in time, Han Xin and Liu Bang may indeed return to Guanzhong together at that time. This means that the probability of Zhang Liang also being there is very high. Han Xin and Zhang Liang spent very little time together. This time, Zhang Handan was eliminated.
Next time, Xiang Yu was eliminated.
It is also considered to be defeated by General Zhang.
Zhang Handan bowed down for Qin, and almost exchanged for the fate of cooking a running dog. However, he received Xiang Yu's grace of knowing, which really satisfied the condition that "a soldier dies for a confidant".
Xiang Yu's most taboo prince was Liu Bang. Xiang Yu did not exchange Zhang Handan at all during the great reward, making him the first line of defense to monitor Liu Bang.
Xiang Yu's interaction with Zhang Handan, if not rising to the level of Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang, at least had the trust of Liu Bei and Guan Yu.
Zhang Handan and Xiang Yu, who is the real first general of the contemporary era? It's like comparing Lian Po and Bai Qi, Li Mu and Wang Qi, I'm afraid there will never be a real answer.
If there are four famous generals of Chu and Han, I believe that Xiang Yu, Han Xin, and Zhang Handan are definitely the best candidates.
The fourth one? I will still choose Cao Sanlahaha.