The classification of ancient Chinese poetry is confusing, sometimes divided by region, such as the Chu Ci, which refers to the words or poems of the Chu State Valley. Sometimes it is divided according to other characteristics such as subject matter. The classification of the Book of Verses is more complicated. Among them, "Wind" is basically classified according to the theme. The "Left Biography" is about the wind, and the obedience is noted, "the wind is seduced by the mu mu", and the "wind" is mostly written about the affairs of men and women; However, it is also said that in ancient times, the "wind" attached to poetry was a kind of musical name, such as "Zuo Chuan Chenggong Nine Years": "Music and earth wind." The Classic of Mountains and Seas and the Great Wild West Classic: "Prince Changqin... The beginning of the music style. However, what kind of "earth wind" and "music wind" this earth wind and this music style are still unknown. Judging from the content of the existing wind poems, the interpretation of "wind" in the ancient notes is more reliable. The fine classification in the "National Style" article is divided according to the region. "Ya" is related to the region, Ya and Xia are common in ancient Chinese, and the Western Zhou people call Wang Qi Xia, and the poems about Wang Qi are also called "Ya". For example, "Mozi Tianzhixia" cites the "Book of Poetry" and "Daya" as "Great Xia", which can also be known from the content. "Ode" is a poem used by the rulers of the Western Zhou, Lu, and Song dynasties for major ceremonies, and is categorized according to the subject matter. Wait a minute. The ancient Chinese border poems spoken of today are undoubtedly referred to first of all in a regional or geographical sense.
"Biansai poetry", as the name suggests, of course refers to the lyrical poems about the Central Plains Dynasty. At a seminar a while ago, a university professor who studied the poetry of Biansai said that the northwest border plug must refer to the yumen pass, as evidenced by poetry: the spring wind does not pass the yumen pass. In fact, he may not have studied, this poem is from the Tang Dynasty poet Wang Zhizhuo's Biansai poem "Liangzhou Words", the whole poem is written about the desolation and tragedy of the Wuwei area in Hexi, and the so-called "Yumen Pass" in the poem has become a vision of poetry. Tang Long's right-hand liangzhou was located in Guzang County (古臧县; present-day Wuwei City, Gansu Province). In fact, the Biansai Yiyi of the Central Plains Dynasty has been changing in historical geography, and there is no definite reference. The Book of Rites and the Royal System says: "In the East, yi, tattooed, there are not fire eaters." The south is barbaric, carved with toes, and there are not fire eaters. In the West, it is known as rong, which is hairy and skinny, and there are non-grained eaters. In the north, there are non-grained eaters. "Then in the west or north of the Central Plains, as long as the area where Rong and Di live are active, they are all northwestern border plugs." And words such as Rong, Di, Yi, and Barbarian can indeed be substituted for each other. Mencius said: "King Wen was born in Qi Zhou, died in Bi Yin, and the people of Xiyi were also." It can also be learned from this that the Qizhou area where King Wen grew up, that is, the ancient Zhouyuan ruins in the area of Fufeng and Qishan in Shaanxi Today, were also border areas in China during the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. The Book of Wine says, "King Mu Kaowen, the kingdom of Zhao is in the Western Lands." The initial rise of the Zhou Dynasty began in the Western Frontier. This place is the side plug of the Shang Zhou, and from the direction, it is the northwest side plug of the late Shang Zhou. "The Ninth Year of Zuo Chuan Zhaogong" says: "Since Xia, I have been Ji, Wei, Xiao, Rui, Qi, Bi, and Wu xi Tuye." As for the legendary Zhou Ben Dongyi people, the ancestor Liu "changed to Xi Rong" (Sima Qian's "History of the Xiongnu Column Biography") that is another problem.
In the era of King Mu of Zhou, the fifth heavenly son of western Zhou, King Mu traveled west and met with the Queen Mother of the West at the wild Yaochi in the western side, and at this time the border was expanded, and although the Yaochi was later divided, their song was probably the beginning of the ancient northwestern side of the poem. The "Bamboo Book" has a record of this in the "Biography of Mu Tianzi": "Yi Ugly, the Queen Mother of the Heavenly Son of the West is on the top of the Yaochi, and the Queen Mother of the West is the Rumor of the Son of Heaven:
"The white clouds are above, and the hills come out of themselves; The road is far away, and the mountains and rivers are between them. Will the son not die, can he come back?" The Son of Heaven answered:
"Return to the eastern land, and rule the summers." The average of all the people, I see you. Than three years, will return to the wild. The Queen Mother of the West also chanted for the Son of Heaven:
Tigers and leopards are flocks, and black magpies are everywhere. Jia's life does not move, I only have the imperial daughter. He he shimin, will go to the Son. Blowing drum springs, soaring in the center. Son of the people, but the hope of heaven. "The Son of Heaven then ascended to mount Ti, and his traces were found in the stone of Mount Ti, and the locust of the tree. The Mountain of the Queen Mother of the West. ”
The two poems of the Queen Mother of the West are deeply affectionate, and Zhou Tianzi's poems are full of nostalgia, both affectionate and without losing the ambition of a politician. Where is Yaochi? "HuainanZi" said: "The Queen Mother of the West is on the verge of quicksand." Le Min and Lu Lu are in the Weak Water Continent of Kunlun. The three dangers are in LeminXi. The Shang Shu Yu Gong has "aftermath flowing into the quicksand ... The east is gradually in the sea, and the west is in the quicksand..." According to the record, "Shu" Yun: "The quicksand should be the farthest in the western realm, and the "Geographical Chronicle" takes the quicksand as Zhangye juyanze." From this point of view, yaochi is at the water's edge next to the quicksand, which may refer to juyanhai. However, the ancients said that Juyanhai was more than four hundred kilometers northeast of Jiuquan in the territory of today's Ejin Naqi, and this location was too far away from the ancient East-West Trade Route, so it had to be doubted. In addition, Yaochi is not juyanhai, pool and sea or ze, the ancients still have a difference. Where is Yaochi? According to the exact record of the "Biography of Mu Tianzi", in fact, it is under the "Yi Mountain", what is this mountain? Guo Pu's note: "Yi, Yizi Mountain, Nichijin Soya." (See Shan Hai Jing Xi Shan Jing) Yi Zi Mountain, with the same name as yanzhi mountain in present-day Zhangye Shandan, should be the same mountain, this mountain is famous for its rich carmine flowers in ancient times, it can be said to be a woman's mountain, much like the patron that the Queen Mother of the West once relied on. It is conceivable that King Mu of Zhou met the Queen Mother of the West at the foot of this mountain, and after meeting, he climbed this mountain. Le Shi Xuangong, as a memorial, unfortunately, with the passage of long years, the stone stele has long been weathered into sand.
During the era of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Huo Fuyi led tens of thousands of iron horses across the Yanzhi Mountains to expel the Xiongnu. The Government of the Western Han Dynasty established four counties in Hexi, namely Wuwei County, Zhangye County, Jiuquan County, and Dunhuang County. The location of the pass has taken another big step towards the depths of the northwest.
At that time the Huns lamented:
Lost on the mountain,
Makes my woman colorless.
Lost me Qilian Mountain,
Let me live without rest.
This piece of blessed land, which was once the blessed land where King Mu of Zhou and the Queen Mother of the West sang love songs to each other, began to fight, and the poetry of the northwest border began to enter the scene of "hunting heaven outside Juyan City, white grass and wildfire burning in the sky" (Wang Weishi of the Tang Dynasty).
A few years later, the Western Han forces advanced westward and into the hinterland of the desert. In the second year (60 BC) of the Han Xuan Emperor Shenjue, he established the Western Regions Capital Protectorate in the jurisdiction of WuleiCheng (formerly known as LuntaiGuo) in present-day Korla City, Xinjiang, which became the political, economic, cultural and military center of the Han Dynasty to administer the Thirty-Six Kingdoms of the Western Regions. Since then, since the Qin and Han Dynasties, the ancient Silk Road, which was interrupted by the Xiongnu, has once again been opened, and the trade exchanges between the Central Plains and Central Asia, West Asia and Europe have once again been unimpeded.
In ancient society, literature's actual depiction of the frontier was far less rapid than that of military intervention. Because in traditional society, literature has always been an appendage of politics and military. But the slowness of literature in the field of reality has contributed to the boundlessness of the literary imagination. It is probably influenced by Mu Tianzi's journey to the west, Qu Yuanfu, Shang Shu and similar "Classics of Mountains and Seas" to hexi and even the western region, and the imaginary descriptions of Hexi by Han poets also began to increase. Sima Xiang is like the image of "adult" in "Adult Endowment", and he once traveled as far as the Western Regions. In the "Biography of Mr. Adult", which was created by Ruan Zhi under his influence during the Wei and Jin dynasties, there is also no shortage of imaginary journeys to the Western Regions: "... Leave behind clothes and obey, obey the clouds and go. Asagiri rides yutani, and the sunset is long spring. When the time is strong and easy to breathe, it is like a flower to illuminate the meditation. Among them, "Shi Kun is easy to be angry", "崦嵫", that is, 弇子, 焉支, this refers to Yanzhi Mountain. When we arrived at Yanzhi Mountain, we seemed to have reached the place of the sun, where the light could illuminate the night.
In the Western Han Dynasty, the poems that were not based on imagination, but were really created in the northwest of the border, should be the lyric poems created by Li Ling in the Xiongnu tribe. After Li Ling's surrender to Hungary, the "Records of History" say that the Xiongnu Da Dan was in "Gui Li Ling", and the "Book of Han" said that Da Dan was in "Zhuang Li Ling", and Shan Yu married his daughter to Li Ling, and worshiped Li Ling as the Right Colonel King. The school and the sage turn around, and the right colonel king is the right sage king. The Right Sage King was ranked second only to the Left Sage King, and was one of the two kings on the left and right of the Great Dan Yu seat, and the third chair in the court of the Xiongnu King. According to the custom, Li Ling was in charge of the Xiongnu Right Land. The right side of the Xiongnu Dynasty was the western part of the Royal Court, and the area north of the Qilian Mountains and the western region were probably the inhabited and breeding places of Li Ling and his thousands of disciples and soldiers, as well as the Xiongnu tribes under his command. (See the humble work "Li Ling's Grievances")
Not many of Li Ling's complete poems have survived, including three poems in the twenty-ninth volume of the Southern Dynasty Liang Zhaoming's Anthology of Literature, and four volumes of the Guwenyuan volume of Li Ling's "Record of Farewell Poems" eight. According to historical records, some of his poems were brought back by his friend Su Wu when he returned to the Han Dynasty. The first poem selected in the Anthology is "Three Songs with Su Wu", which I have interpreted in the article "Li Ling's Sorrow", which is the leader of the parting poems in Chinese poetry. Second track:
Jia will be difficult to meet again, three years for a thousand autumns. The river is long and long, and the thoughts are long and leisurely. Looking at the wind and sorrow, there is no reward for the wine. Pedestrians are carrying the road, why comfort me? Unique wine, with the son of silk. (See Anthology, vol. 29)
The righteousness of farewell is full. Li Ling once took advantage of the convenience of the Xiongnu Right Colonel King, visited Su Wu many times in the exile of Su Wu, not only gave Su Wu cattle and sheep, but also set up wine and entertainment to entertain Su Wu, such a Jiahui was for many years, but for Li Ling, it was like thousands of generations. Because he could never go back to the Han Dynasty, but he would often wash the hairpins on his crown by the river, not only thinking of Su Wu, but also thinking of their illustrious home in the Han Dynasty. You have left me, and the wind that blows is sad and cold, making it difficult for me to drink alone. Pedestrians can miss where they are going, but they are different for me, I have nowhere to go, and their thoughts are difficult to comfort me. Only pour this glass of wine and form this insoluble friendship with you.
The Southern Dynasty Liang Zhongrong's "Poetry" said of Li Ling's poems: "Its origin comes from Chu Ci. Wendo is miserable, the stream of the complainers. Ling, a famous family, has a special talent, life is not harmonious, and the voice is depressed. So that the tomb will not suffer hardships, how can its text be so far!" This is the most plausible statement. In discussing Han Banjie's poems, he said: "Its source comes from Li Ling." When discussing the poetry of King Yue of Wei, he said: "Its source comes from Li Ling." When discussing the poems of Emperor Cao Pi of Wei, he said: "Its origin comes from Li Ling." Ban Jieyu, Wang Yue, and Cao Pi are all representative figures of Wuyan poetry. It can be inferred from this that Li Ling's Five Words Poem is the abuse of Chinese Five Words Poetry, and Li Ling is the originator of Five Words Poetry. As Zhong Rong said, Li Ling's poems have a somber and mournful, poignant and sad style. This may have disappointed many people's expectations of the poems they already had. In such a vast and vast world, some people equate themselves with the vast world of language, heroic to the point of not knowing why, and some people are compressed to only themselves, falling into infinite confusion and melancholy. The former is more like the Northwest Side Seychelles we expect. However, individuals are often deviant, and Li Ling's special situation has created his different performance styles.
Li Ling was a traitor to the Han Dynasty, which was a special case, and the area in which he composed wuyan poems far exceeded the scope of the Han Dynasty border plugs, and was undoubtedly the sphere of influence of the enemy Xiongnu of the Han Dynasty, while the Xiongnu were a mobile nomadic people rather than an agricultural nation with a fixed territory, so the area where Li Ling's poetry was created was roughly the northwest direction outside the northwest territory of the Han Dynasty, but it could not be defined. If you want to find the exact location of the northwestern border plug of the Han Dynasty, the four-character poem "Liangzhou Zhen" by the Western Han Dynasty poet Yang Xiong can be the best evidence:
The Blackwater West River, which belongs to Kunlun. The costume refers to the wing and is painted as a yongyuan. Every time in the season king, often lose his temper. The Emperor was restless, and ordered the Han to be cool. Longshan is listed as a western wilderness. The southern platoon is strong, and the northern Qiqiang hu. And even the vassal kingdoms, one protects the other.
The poem deals with why Guyong prefecture was changed to Liangzhou, and first describes the border at the western end of Yongzhou, that is, the area from BlackWater to Kunlun Mountain (i.e., Qilian Mountain).
Probably the Kunlun that people said before the Han Dynasty referred to the Qilian Mountains, not the Kunlun Mountains in the current sense. Kunlun and the Xiongnu can be each other's transliteration, or it can also be said that the Xiongnu are the transliteration of Kunlun, the Xiongnu were originally an ancient nomadic people living under the Kunlun Mountains, probably because of the geographical name. It was from the beginning of the Hodge disease that they were expelled from the farther northwestern frontier. Because from the historical records, the historical discovery of the word Kunlun is earlier.
"Yu Gong" says: "Weaving skins, Kunlun, Analyzing Branches, Qusou, and Xi Rong are narrated." This is also said in the Chronicle of History. It can be seen that Kunlun is a long time ago.
"Zhuangzi Tiandi": "The Yellow Emperor traveled to the north of Chishui and ascended to the hill of Kunlun." Red water, should be the Yellow River, when the Yellow River water is turbid, close to red. Only by crossing the red water can we reach Kunlun.
Chu Ci Tianqing: "Kunlun Hanging Garden, where is its tranquility?" Wang Yi's note: "Kunlun, the name of the mountain, its peak is known as the Hanging Garden, and it is connected to Tianye." "Chu Ci Li Saul": "Yin Wu DaoFu Kunlun Xi, Lu Xiu is far away from Zhou Liu."
"Huainanzi Shi Zexun" says: "The extreme of the West, from Kunlun to the three dangerous countries." The so-called Western Pole refers to the region from the current Jiuquan to Dunhuang.
As for the word Xiongnu, it was earlier recorded in the "History of Qin Benji": "Han, Zhao, Wei, Yan, and Qi Shuai Xiongnu jointly attacked Qin." Liu Xiang said in a passage in the "Saying Garden" that King Yan Zhao asked Yu Guo Kui: "The widows are narrow and the people are widowed, the Qi people take the eight cities of Ji, and the Xiongnu drive the building to be troubled."
Due to the rise of the Huns in the northwest, the Han court at that time was restless, and the Han Emperor ordered the change of Yong Prefecture to LiangZhou. According to Yang Xiongshi, after crossing the Longshan Mountains, all the way to the Qilian Mountains, they are all "western wilderness", and they are all wild and desolate. As for the west of the Three Dangers of Dunhuang, it can only be the land of the "dependent states" in the western region. Therefore, before the Han Dynasty, the northwestern border poems basically referred to poetry related to the western part of the River under the Qilian Mountains, and this feature even continued until the Tang and Song dynasties.
Even the tang dynasty's outstanding Biansai poet Cen Shan's poem "Hu Di Ge Sends Yan Zhenqing to Helong":
Don't you hear the saddest voice?
Purple-haired green-eyed bearded man blowing. Blowing a song is still there, worried about killing Lou Lan Zheng'er. In the cool autumn of August, Xiaoguan Road, the north wind blows off the Tianshan grass. The southern moon of Kunlun Mountain is inclined, and the Hu people blow their beards to the moon. Hu Fu complained that he would send the king, and Qin Shan looked at longshan clouds from afar. Border city night and night sentimental dreams, to the moon Hu Di who likes to hear?
The Kunlun Mountains referred to by the "Kunlun Mountains Southern Moon Desire Slope" are still Qilian Mountains. Kunlun Mountain South, not the south side of Kunlun Mountain in modern Chinese, but the inverted language, is the Kunlun Mountain on the guide side. "Records of Yuanhe County" volume 40: "Jiuquan County, Suzhou, Longyou Province, Kunlun Mountain is eighty miles southwest of the county." "New Book of Tang Dynasty Geographical Chronicle": "Jiuquan County, Suzhou County, Longyou Province: There is Kunlun Mountain." This is all to the Qilian Mountains southwest of Jiuquan City. And the "Notes on the Water Classics" Volume 1: "Kunlun Ruins are in the northwest, and the river water is out of its northeast." Tongjian vol. 198 Husan Province Notes: "According to ancient tradition, there are Kunlun Mountains in the western region, and the source of the river comes from." It probably expanded to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to the Kunlun Mountains in Xinjiang. It is also the "Tianshan Mountain" in Cen Shan's poem, which also refers to "Qilian Mountain". "Old Book of Tang and Geographical Records": "Tianbao County, Liangzhou, Hexi Province, is known as Tianshan Mountain in the south of the county, also known as Snow Mountain." The early Book of Han and Emperor Wu: "In the second year of the Tianhan Dynasty, the general of the Second Division rode out of Jiuquan and fought with the Right Xian King at the Tianshan Mountains." Yan Shigu said: "That is, Qilian Mountain, the Xiongnu called heaven Qilian, and now the Xianbei language is still the same." Yan Shigu was right when he said that this Tianshan Mountain was Qilian Mountain, but he also said that the Xiongnu language said that Tianlian was Qilian, which should be wrong. Qilian and Tian, are both Chinese pronunciations, including Tian, Qian, Qilian, all pronounced also, tian in some places pronounced Qian, in the local pronunciation of the Helong area seems to read "Qilian", so it can be concluded that "Qilian" is also a Chinese pronunciation, and "Kunlun" or "Xiongnu" pronunciation, is the ancient Xiongnu name for "tian". The word "Xiongnu" is actually a transliteration of "Hu", and the Huns are also Hu people. In the "Book of Han and the Biography of the Xiongnu", it is recorded that Shan Yu sent an envoy to the Han Shuyun: "There is a great Han in the south and a strong Hu in the north." Hu, the proud son of heaven, is not bothered by small gifts. "Obviously, Hu is the Huns themselves, and Hu means heaven in the Xiongnu language. It can be seen that the Xiongnu and Kunlun are both Xiongnu in the meaning of heaven, both derived from the pronunciation of "Hu". The sound and meaning of the unity, Kunlun Mountain, originally also refers to the Tianshan Mountain or Qilian Mountain.
Hexi in ancient China, like its political and economic status, was also the epicenter of poetry in the northwest, especially the Qilian Mountains, which stretched like the sky across the west, southeast and northwest directions of the river, which became a landmark of vision in the Hexi region. A large number of outstanding poets of the Tang Dynasty, such as Wang Changling, Wang Wei, Li Bai, and Cen Shan, also left famous poems in this area.
(The author Shi Li is the editor-in-chief of "Chinese Dictionary" magazine and the vice president of the Chinese Poetry Society)