Dong Mansion
3. The construction of dongfu and its layout
In the spring and summer of the 28th year of Guangxu, Dong Fuxiang retired to Jinjibao. As early as the ninth year of Qing Tongzhi (1870), after Dong Fuxiang and the Qing army captured Jinji Fort, he and Zhang Jun and Li Shuangliang respectively formed Jinji Fort. During this period, Dong Fufan had built a mansion in Jinji Fort to house his family. This is the first Dong Mansion of the year. By the time he returned to Jinjibao in 1902, he was no longer what he used to be, even though he was a sinner. At that time, there were thousands of soldiers with entourage, and the original Dong Mansion could not be accommodated, and the original site could not be expanded, so it was relocated more than ten kilometers southwest of present-day Wuzhong City, Ningxia, that is, the west side of the Wuzhong and Qingtongxia Highway and near Yujia Bridge, and construction began in 1902. In addition, in that year, there was a Dong Fuxiang Ancestral Hall in Wuzhong City, and there was a pair of brick couplets on the door: Wanli Fenghou, Weizhen Tiesai, a generation of famous generals, looking forward to Yinchuan. Summarizing Dong Fuxiang's life with this link is basically fair.
(1) Overview of Miyaho Province
The address of the new Dong Mansion was originally a lake land of the local Guo Ju people. In order to make the foundation firm, the Dong family used hundreds of camels to drive coal from the magnetic kiln fort, and the bottom of the lake was all lined with coal, the thickness was 2 meters deep, and then rammed with loess, which took half a year before and after. The entire site covers an area of more than 3,000 mu (including the surrounding Dongying Village), and the process of establishing the house lasted more than three years, employing more than 3 million people and consuming 5 million catties of grain. It is said that the cost of silver is 300,000 taels of silver when Dong Fuxiang jinjing in the twentieth year of Guangxu.
(2) The construction pattern, scale and architectural style of Gongbao Mansion
Although Dong Fuxiang was dismissed from his post, in the eyes of the Qing government, his role in maintaining peace in the northwest was not completely lost. In this sense, the Qing government still wanted to rely on Dong Fu like. Therefore, the size of the Dong Mansion was built according to the pattern of Shangshu Title. Dong Fuxiang was only removed from the post of viceroy, and the title of Prince Shaobao was still there, so the completed Dong Mansion was called "GongbaoFu" because of the title of "Prince Shaobao".
Dong mansion plan is rectangular, surrounded by rammed earth courtyard wall, 8.5 meters high, the entire building sits west to east, for the "three palaces and six courtyards" layout, the middle is one into two courtyards, its main building is a hard mountain-style heavy eaves two-story pavilion, front and back left and right with gate tower, box room, wall, cloister. Brick carving stone masonry depicts red painting green, rigorous layout, exquisite craftsmanship, full of the rich atmosphere of the mansion residence, is a representative Ming and Qing Dynasty courtyard building. Now it has been listed as a key cultural relics protection unit in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.
The further education in Dongfu is divided into inner and outer villages. The outer village is no longer extant, and the inner village is still well preserved. Generally speaking, the fortress villages are mostly sitting north to south, but the gate of the Dong Mansion is to the east, which seems to indicate that although Dong Fuxiang was deposed and far away from the imperial court, his heart did not deviate and he still turned toward the imperial court. Therefore, the gate does not face south. In fact, this is just a superficial phenomenon, but the essence is to avoid the suspicion of "conspiracy to rebel," and he is unwilling and does not dare to cause trouble again. This is also the cleverness of Dong Fuxiang. The architectural layout of the inner village imitates the "three officials and six courtyards" style of the palace, adopting the traditional architectural pattern since the Tang Dynasty in China, with the middle courtyard as the central axis of the left and right symmetrical layout, that is, the north courtyard of the south courtyard, and the three courtyards of the south, central and north are divided into the front yard and the back yard, forming a double quadrangle courtyard. The so-called six courtyards, in terms of their architecture, are six beautiful courtyards. Outside the east gate of the inner village, there are lower horse stones and stone lions lying down, and when you enter the gate, you will be greeted by a brick carved cornice with a height of about seven meters and a width of about six meters, grinding bricks to seams, and fine workmanship. The original tall stone stele in front of the wall was erected, but unfortunately it has long been dumped, and it is incomplete, but the carved dragon carvings and praises on the top of the stele are still clearly recognizable. Bypassing the stele, the main entrance of the inner courtyard can be seen. On both sides of the main entrance is carved a couplet: "Inscribed with four characters, oath to identify two hearts." Some people understand the "four characters" as loyalty, filial piety, festival, and righteousness, and "two hearts" are the heart of rebellion against the imperial court. Dong Fuxiang inscribed on this. Once upon a time, above the main entrance hung a vertical plaque with the inscription "Gongbaofu" in three gold characters. The three courtyards of the south, middle and north constitute a unified architectural complex of Dongfu Inner Village. The layout is rigorous and integrated. The backyard of the courtyard is the center of the entire building, which is a two-story wooden structure with a hard mountain-style heavy eaves, and the roof is covered with glazed tiles. There are 56 large and small houses on the upper and lower floors, and the main room on the second floor is the Ancestral Hall, which is dedicated to Dong's ancestors. This rear quadrangle is a large roof, cornices, brick and wood structures, and a flat seat bucket arch. The walls are carved with bricks, milled bricks, and carved beams and painted buildings. Magnificent and exquisitely crafted, the whole building is very representative of the Ming and Qing dynasty architecture in the northwest.
Neizhai covers an area of 150 acres. There are hundreds of houses in the outer village, which are used by servants and guards in the house, as well as warehouses and stables. In addition to the outer village, there is also "Dongying Village" for the residence of the entourage of soldiers and others. Dongfu and Dongying Village cover an area of more than 3,000 acres. After the completion of the Dong Mansion, Dong Fuxiang lived here for more than three years, and died of a spring illness in the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu (1908). His family gave his imperial crown, yellow coat and huge photograph (originally stored in the Ningxia History Museum, now unknown) in the ancestral hall upstairs in the backyard.
As an ancient building, although the time is not too long, its unique artistic style is the brilliant achievement of the working people of our country in terms of architectural art.
(iii) A special history
As a criminal minister who was dismissed from his post, why did Dong Fuxiang have the courage to spend a lot of manpower, spend a lot of money, build a mansion of such a grand scale, and take the "three palaces and six courtyards" as its pattern? There are many questions left for people to think about. First of all, it was due to the special background at that time. Dong Fufan's dismissal coincided with the end of the peace negotiations between the Qing government and the Eight-Power Alliance. In order to protect herself, Cixi had no time to take care of her princely ministers. At the same time, the official was in Xi'an, and she was afraid of the unexpected. For Dong Fufan, he also regarded the northwest as a base area. Therefore, the Qing government was worried about local chaos. Second, the Qing government still wanted to secretly rely on Fuxiang to maintain local order. In this way, it is not only conducive to the safety of the palace, but also conducive to the stability of the northwest. Therefore, Dong Fuxiang was not really disarmed, and there was still considerable strength, and at the same time, the Qing government also allocated a considerable amount of food every year. It is said that when Dong returned to Gansu, Cixi gave him a large amount of silver. Third, although Dong Fuxiang was dismissed from his post, the treatment in all aspects was still relatively generous and special. Of course, the families of the centaurs cannot be compared with the time when the garrison was stationed at Jinji fort, and the current pro-army, soldiers, and dependents have greatly exceeded the previous ones. Objectively speaking, it is indeed necessary to expand the mansion, and subjectively speaking, Dong Fuxiang has also made sufficient estimates of his own value, status and implied role in him. The above three points are about the reasons for Dong Fuxiang's great construction and concentrated construction, which was a special phenomenon at that time.
After Dong Fuxiang's death, Dong Fu also had disasters. According to Zhang Shenwei's "Dong Fuxiang Iron Matter Supplement", about twenty-five years after the establishment of the government, that is, in the summer of the nineteenth year of the Republic of China (1930), the ganning province was divided, and the bandit Li Xinhu was stationed in the Dong mansion, and soon after, he dug up the land in various rooms. According to legend at the time, three thousand taels of gold and two hundred rifles were obtained. Dongfu began to suffer damage to varying degrees.
Second, the end of the old pastoral
In September of the 29th year of Guangxu, Dong Fufan's old department began to tun tian at Majiatan. Majiatan, which has been under control for more than 20 years, will be opened and reclaimed. After Dong Fuxiang lived in Jinjibao and Tuntian Majiatan, he thought about it behind closed doors, did not talk about current affairs, and only took care of Tuntian. Began his pastoral life. Mu Shouqi, the author of the "Ganning Qing Shiluo", commented: "Retreating from the rapids and avoiding the Xian Road early is dong Fu's best strategy, "Tun Tian zhi is rare! "
Dong Fuxiang was dismissed from his post and returned to Gansu, which was determined by the background at that time, and some Chinese and foreign historical materials have recorded it. However, there are also some historical materials, including local histories written by close relatives, but they avoid talking about them. Dong went to Gansu, but he asked for his own way, not to order him. "Dong Fu sample epitaph": "Gong Zi thought that he would lead the disease back to the inside". The History of Ganning Qing, Vol. XXII, "Spiraling in Xi'an is returning to Jinji Fort with illness". The reason for this is probably because dong Fuxiang is alive. Dong Fuxiang Tun Tian Ma Jia Tan, built a mansion in Jinji Fort, rich side. The "Chronicle of the Change of the Gengzi Kingdom" says: Zhi Sai Shangming tian, more than a hundred miles, cattle, sheep, mules, horses, camels, tens of thousands, revenue of three million, the first house, dozens of women in the back room, really support heavy troops and wait and see. "A hundred miles of fertile land, cattle, sheep, horses and camels in tens of thousands, the first house seems to be not false, as for "holding heavy troops and waiting and seeing", it is contrary to the situation at that time. At the same time, the "Chronicle of the Change of gengzi country" also contains: Rong Lu is greedy and bribe-friendly, Dong Fufan also throws himself into his favor, and he plays with Rong Lu with gold and jade, and gets a jade bed from Xinjiang and fills it under Rong Lu's door. There is not enough historical data to support this statement. Dong Fuyan retired to Jinjibao in the spring and summer of the twenty-eighth year of Guangxu, and Ronglu died in March of the twenty-ninth year of Guangxu, only one year apart, according to the twenty-eighth year of Guangxu Dong Fu on the Ronglu Book, this behavior seems to be possible. The key to its purpose lies in correcting the name, not to "hold heavy troops and wait and see" and seek a comeback. The end of the old pastoral garden is dong Fu's final choice.
(1) After Dong Fufan returned to Jinji, he appeared to be prosperous on the surface, but in essence, he increased the degree of exploitation and oppression in the Jinji area. After the completion of Dongfu, it was surrounded by small mansions (such as Yaofu, Zhoufu, Xuefu, Dufu, etc.). Around Xiaofu became the new first of the garrison. Thousands of guards who settled with Dong Fuxiang were stationed around Dongfu and built a "Dongying Street". Nowadays, people are still accustomed to calling this place "Dongying Village". Such a large and small mansion has become a symbol of the exploitation of the people. The broad masses of the local people have gradually become the long-term and short-term labor of the "new masters". Even the rich and the head of the sect around them are often the object of the feed. At the same time, the so-called new situation has also emerged in Jinji County, showing a scene of facades and commercial prosperity. However, only the Dong family's trading houses or businesses have Tiantaiyu, Tiantaidang, Xiangdakui, Xiangtaihe, etc., the essence of which is that they control the lifeblood of the market here, manipulate the right to operate goods here, and control the commodity economy here. Other officials in the entourage also took the opportunity to make a fortune and solicit business. Dong Yingbin, Feng Xitian, and others who had served as errand officials and housekeepers for the Dong Mansion were all entangled in money and became big landlords. It can be seen that Dong Fuxiang's development in Jinjibao in that year was roughly outlined. There is a basis for saying that he "earned three million".
(2) Dong Fuxiang returned to Jinji and often recruited senior members of the Qing government and local dignitaries and gentry. Although he did not add to the garment, his glory was reduced. For Jinji, it can be described as "the crown covers the city and the countryside". Dong Fufan's dismissal and his return to Gansu with his troops are caused by many factors abroad, the reasons are more complicated, and people of all levels and types are watching him, or there are many sustenances on him, and these various factors are also manifested in reality and are also various. The Qing court not only wanted to stabilize the northwest through him, but also feared that he would rebel against the imperial court because of his injustice. In order to prevent its opposite side, under the guise of remembering "Zhongliang", officials from the capital, provinces, and provinces often came to offer condolences. Clear condolences, real comfort. In another case, the former governors of the old ministry, the general town, and the subordinates of the assistant counselors also often went in and out of Dongmen, but their mentality was not the same. Some are indeed grateful for the old grace of Dong's promotion in those years, and some are for intercession, in order to achieve the purpose of recommendation. During Dong's dismissal, he recommended Ma Anliang and was able to play it accurately. So some of his old genera came from this. In another case, some civil and military officials and local rich and wealthy gentlemen believed that Dong had suffered for a while and that there was still a comeback. "The weather changes the waterway, nothing happens to be a person", so they rush to meet each other, and the people who offer great dedication are endless. At that time, Ma Yuanzhang, the head of the Islamic sect, also delivered grain and grass to Dong every year, and the head of the Alxa Banner gave Dong cattle and sheep every festival; the head of the Qinghai Tar Monastery, Agyahutuktu, and the Dalai Lama, who had lived in this monastery, often had contacts and contacts with Dong, and had extensive contacts in the periphery. Local state and county officials even accepted their preferences, often performing for Dong at the Guandi Temple in JinjiCheng, helping him to entertain him, and "kneeling to greet and send them to their knees". During the Spring Festival and the New Year, it is even more colorful and lively, and Dong Fuxiang is invited to play and watch to win his favor and get benefits from it. The Lantern Festival on the fifteenth day of the first month reached a climax, and the Lights in Jinjicheng were everywhere, and it was extremely colorful. In the East Street, there are lamp arches, thousands of candles, painted with the story of "Journey to the West" and "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", and west street has a lighthouse pavilion, burning tens of thousands of wax, and painting the "List of Fengshen Gods". When Dong watched, he once said: "I have served the people, and I especially enjoy my ears with the people."
It can be seen from the above that although Dong Fuxiang retired to Jinji during his retirement, he was dismissed from his post and fell into the countryside, but for various reasons, the Qing court gave generous treatment everywhere, and sometimes adopted some of his suggestions. Although most of his three thousand guards settled down and pursued their own businesses, his three battalions of men and horses still received grain from the Governor's Palace of Gansu every month according to their establishment, until their deaths. Despite this, Dong Fuxiang was still indignant. During the Jin Dynasty, the governor of Shaanxi and Gansu, Shengyun, and the Ningxia general Rui Zhi personally went to see him, and claimed that the Qing court would reinstate him to his post without asking about external forces. In fact, this is just a consolation. "It is said that Dong Ru died half a year late, and the Qing court intensified its use", if there is, it is only a rumor, and it is unlikely. Because first, Dong Fu's old partner, Rong Lu, had died of illness in guangxu in the twenty-ninth year, and Dong had lost his patron. Second, after the Qing government negotiated peace with the Eight-Power Alliance, great changes have taken place within the Qing government. Yuan Shikai and others, who had wanted to put Dong Fuxiang to death, were becoming more and more powerful at this time. In particular, "Yuan Shikai always demanded that Dong Fuxiang be killed." Survival has become a problem, and how can it be used. The situation and reality no longer allowed and could not reinstate him.
(3) Relief during the period of Jinji fort. In the 30th year of the Qing Dynasty (1904), the Yellow River surged, and the area around Zhongning and Zhongwei was affected, and the residents were displaced. Dong Fuxiang allocated part of his land to peasants who could not survive to cultivate and settle down. The Yellow River flooded Gaolan, and he donated 280,000 taels of silver to receive relief. The Qing Emperor rewarded his grandson Dong Gong with the title of Daoist and second rank. During this period, he also donated a lot of money to the education and public welfare facilities of Jinjibao. At the same time, he also gave some help and support to the re-creation of the Islamic Jehe Ninya Gate in Jinji fort.
(4) Acts during the period of The Golden Fort. During this period, Dong Fuyan's psychology was contradictory, and his actions were also full of contradictions. On the one hand, due to his status, power and economic reasons, he still came and went in and out of the car, the front and back of the car, the official style has not disappeared, the home is still delicious, pampered, enjoyed. On the other hand, he spent the rest of his life on horseback, and he was willing to get close to the common people in order to live in the countryside. So sometimes farmers dress, straw hats and cloths dry tobacco bags, ploughing the fields. In stark contrast to his other side, the verdict is like two. Because of this, there was a passage of gu slip at that time: "The palace is good to see, the palace is easy to do, the county officials are difficult to see, and the county officials' affairs are difficult." In fact, Dong Fuxiang, who did not die of great difficulties, the intrusion of the officialdom, and the heat and coldness of the world, he had already learned it, and the vicissitudes of the world, he felt a lot of emotions. Therefore, living in the pastoral forest is a kind of return, from the peasants, and back to the peasants. To be continued (Xue Zhengchang, Journal of Guyuan Teachers College, No. 4, 1992)