Fujian Sanming new exotic fruit black tiger cultivation technology
Huang Huiqing
Black tiger is a fruit of the woody evergreen vine of the Schisandra family wrapped around the perennial plant thick-leaved Schisandra, known in the south as the black tiger, the Miao people called Bufuna, with edible, medicinal, greening and ornamental in one of the new green wild fruits, also known as rice balls, bone wind, native to the original forests of southwest China. The fruit type is a polymer fruit, known as the "world's first strange fruit" reputation, favored by the majority of consumers, the market is optimistic, artificial cultivation prospects are promising. Its cultivation techniques are summarized below.
1 Botanical characteristics
The black tiger is a woody evergreen perennial vine, native to montane sparse forests, the whole plant is hairless, 3 to 6 m long, distributed in Guangxi, Guizhou, Jiangxi, Fujian and other places. The taproot is not obvious and there are many whisker roots. The stems grow upwards in support of other plants. The leaves are alternate, oblong to ovate lanceolate, and the whole edge is leathery and hairless. The fruit is a polymer fruit, composed of 30 to 65 small berries, fruit diameter 8 ~ 12 cm, single fruit weight 500 ~ 1 000 g, the fruit shaped like a football, the surface like pineapple, colorful as a flower, strange and beautiful, pulpy pulp, flesh color milky white delicate. The seeds are red and heart-shaped or ovate. According to the ripe color of the fruit, it can be divided into four varieties of purple, pink, ice white and tiger green, the most common and popular is the purple fruit, which is also the main cultivar planted in Ninghua County, Sanming City, Fujian Province.
2 Biological characteristics
It prefers shade, low temperature resistance, high temperature resistance, but is not drought tolerant and stress resistant. Every year in late March began to sprout, late April to early May bud flowering, lasted 60 d, late June for the full flowering period, hermaphroditism is heterophyllal, male and female flowers ratio of 4:1, male flowers than female flowering period of about 10 d, can bloom many times a year. From May to the beginning of August, it enters a rapid growth period, from September to November it is in a slow growth period, and from December to February of the following year, it enters a dormant period when the average temperature is below 10 °C for 10 days. Fruit growth and development characteristics: May fertilization and fruiting period, June to July is the fruit into the rapid growth period, the shortest duration, slow growth period, enrichment period is mainly the seed development stage, need about 50 days, the longest duration, in mid-September small berries slightly elongated in the pre-ripening growth period, the duration is shorter.
3 Key values
After ripening, the fruit is rich in vitamin C, vitamin E, amino acids and a variety of trace elements, which are sweet and edible, and have high nutritional value. Its roots, stems and fruits can be used in medicine, especially the root has the effect of dispelling wind and vitality, regulating qi and relieving pain, replenishing blood and nourishing the face, and is a good medicine for the treatment of rheumatism, anemia, dysmenorrhea, postpartum blood deficiency and stomach disease. The fruit shape is peculiar and beautiful, the fruit hanging period is long, the stems are luxuriant, the leaves are verdant all year round, the shading effect is good, and it can be planted in the garden, and can also be used as a green plant such as open-ground restaurants, promenades, and scaffolds. It is edible, medicinal, ornamental, greening and beautifying in one.
4 Cultivation techniques
4.1 Garden Selection
Choose a sandy loam with convenient transportation, clean and sufficient water sources, loose, fertile, deep, and acidic soils, and the most suitable areas with medium light intensity or sunny background.
4.2 Ploughing the land
Ploughing combined with the application of decomposed high-quality farm manure and organic fertilizer as the bottom fertilizer, generally 2 000 ~ 2 800 kg of farm manure + 90 kg of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus per mu, the specific amount depends on the soil fertility, the ploughing depth is not less than 30 cm.
4.3 Column mounting
Cement or steel pipe columns, about 200 cm high, the column and the column spacing of about 250 cm, with a strong wire to tighten, and then with a thin wire to pull, set up a trellis, conducive to the black tiger branches attached to the upward climbing growth, the formation of a base empty top dense complete trellis.
Seedling contact information WeChat; 18374545223
4.4 Timely colonization
4.4.1 Cultivation methods and methods Adopt trellis cultivation, the main root of the black tiger is unknown, and the roots are mostly distributed in shallow soil layers. It is advisable to dig holes in mountainous and hilly areas, with a length of 60 cm, a width of 60 cm and a depth of 50 cm. Plains, vegetable gardens, and rice fields are best planted with ridges, with a ridge width of about 100 cm and a height difference of 15 cm between the ridge back and the ridge ditch, which is conducive to drainage.
4.4.2 Cultivation time is generally from December to March of the following year, and the most suitable is the first and middle of March. The specific time is selected according to the local climate and seedling conditions.
4.4.3 Cultivation density Reasonable dense planting, plant row spacing of 200 cm×280 cm, 120 plants / 667 m2 is appropriate.
4.5 Orchard management
4.5.1 Fertilizer and water management Topdressing should be thin and applied diligently, watered and replenished on sunny days continuously, keeping the soil moist and preventing drought. During the rainy season, drain water without accumulating water in time to prevent fungal diseases. When the seedlings are colonized, organic fertilizer and balanced compound fertilizer are applied, and then the garden soil is attached.
In the young tree stage, apply a small amount of organic fertilizer before germination, it is best to apply fermented and rotten farm manure or cake fertilizer, apply sea spirit biological stimulator during the growth period, spray phosphorus and potassium source bank in the leaf spray, make the leaves become larger and thicker and greener, the rhizomes grow stronger, and promote early flowering and early fruiting.
Fruit trees, before germination is mainly to promote the growth of branches and branches, topdressing nitrogen fertilizer mainly with appropriate other elements, 1 time in 15 days, continuous application 2 times; flowering and final flowering period to control plant growth, improve fruit setting rate and apply flower and fruit preservation fertilizer; after the results, combined with plant growth topdressing phosphorus, potassium fertilizer mainly, about 10 days of application, continuous application of 2 to 3 times, in order to ensure fruit quality and beauty, do not apply a single fertilizer.
4.5.2 Shaping pruning Summer pruning. It is mainly to pluck hearts, spread buds, and prune branches. The long branches leave 3 knots to pluck the hearts, and as a result, the branches leave 2 buds at the base, erase the tillers on the rootstock and the useless buds that emerge from the bottom of the main branch, cut off the excess and poor growth position of the developing branches and weak branches, and lead the good developing branches to the desired direction in time to lead the vines to the desired direction to grow, and enhance the leaf photosynthesis. Promote plant growth and development, increase yield and improve fruit quality.
Winter pruning. Perform 20 d after leaf fall to before the sap begins to flow. Remove overlapping branches, long branches, fruit branches without regeneration ability, diseased and insect branches, and adopt different degrees of shortening of the resulting branches in the next year according to the age of the tree, heavy stubs for 2-year-old young trees, and medium short sections for plants at the peak fruit stage.
4.5.3 Flower and fruit management Thinning flowers and fruits. Black tiger section can produce 5 to 6 flowers, hermaphrodites and flowers are large, too much flowering is easy to waste tree nutrients, flowering and fruiting period, to timely remove excess, inferior flowers and fruits, to ensure the quality of the fruit.
Keep the flowers and fruits. During the flowering period, the foliar surface and flower buds were mixed with cytokinin, gibberellin and sea spirit biological irritant to extend the flowering period, improve fruit set, strengthen the plant, enhance the resistance of crop stress, and help preserve and stabilize the fruit.
4.5.4 Pest control Common diseases of black tigers are leaf spot disease, black spot disease and anthrax. Common insect pests include heartworms, blind bugs, termites, red spiders, aphids, inchworms, etc., and the most harmful are heartworms and blind bugs. Prevention and control methods, adhere to the "prevention first, comprehensive prevention and control" plant protection policy, adopt the "grasp of field management, timely cleaning of the countryside and other agricultural measures to enhance the tree potential, eliminate pathogenic bacteria as the mainstay, scientific drug prevention and control as a supplement" prevention and control principles.
Pharmaceutical control, with 45% imidaminamine 1 000 times liquid or 50% tolbutzin 1 000 times, 80% daisen manganese zinc 400 ~ 600 times, 50% gram fungus dan 500 times and other water alternating or mixed use spray plant disease, spray once every 7 to 10 days, continuous spray 2 to 3 times. Before planting, apply lime, grass ash or furandan to the colonization cave to control termites. During the growth period, the sea spirit biostimulant is applied, the canopy is sprayed with 20% of the permethrin 2 000 to 3 000 times liquid to control the inchworm, before flowering, avermectin plus Suyunjin bacillus is used to prevent heartworms and red spiders, and when the fruit begins, octyl thionate and full-shovel avermectin are used to control blind borers and borer heartworms, in order to protect pollinators and natural enemies, no insecticides are used during flowering.
Black Tiger domestic and foreign market prospects