So far, we have a relatively clear understanding of the circulation and collection of Dunhuang documents, but we are still far from having a comprehensive and clear grasp of the history of the diaspora of the documents unearthed in Turpan. On the one hand, this is because the dispersion of Turpan literature is far more complicated than Dunhuang, before the opening of the Dunhuang Tibetan Scripture Cave, the excavated documents of various sites in Turpan have begun to circulate; on the other hand, the Dunhuang literature is mainly from the Tibetan Scripture Cave, and later there are documents excavated in the northern region, while the Turpan literature comes from many sites in the basin, there are city sites, there are also Thousand Buddha Caves, the literature is relatively fragmented, and most of them are not formal archaeological excavations, but are seized, sold or plundered by treasure diggers and treasure thieves. Therefore, the investigation of the diaspora Turpan literature is much more difficult than the tracking of the Dunhuang literature. In addition, some of the collections that originally belonged to the same expedition, such as the so-called Otani documents and the German Turpan collections, were dispersed again due to funds, wars and other reasons, and some collections were scattered out to form smaller collections. The author has been tracking and investigating the Dunhuang Turpan literature collected at home and abroad for many years, and after the collection of Dunhuang literature is relatively clear, more attention has been paid to the collection of Turpan literature, especially some small collections. The "scattered collection" mentioned in this article refers to the collection other than the more concentrated and large number of collections. The more concentrated collections mentioned here refer to the Otani documents collected by the Library of Ryukoku University in Japan, the collection of the German Turpan Expedition team collected by the German National Library and the Asian Art Branch of the National Museum, the Turpan documents obtained by Stein in the British National Library, the Puchangfu documents collected by the Ningle Art Museum in Nara, Japan, the Huang Wenbi documents collected by the National Museum of China, the documents obtained by the Otani Expedition Team in the Lushun Museum, and the Xinjiang Museum. The Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and the Turpan Regional Museum have unearthed Turpan documents after liberation and so on. This article focuses on the investigation of small-scale collections of Turpan literature in China. With the progress of Dunhuang Turpan research in the past two or three decades, many of the documents in the author's survey have been studied by experts who have done relevant special research, and these research papers have prompted the value of the documents from a professional point of view, and greatly enriched the connotation of our investigation. We believe that the re-convergence of these scattered Tibetan documents will certainly help the collation and research of Turpan literature in the future, and provide valuable literature information for scholars in a wider field.
The following is for the convenience of verification, and is discussed according to the Hanyu Pinyin order of the collection unit or individual.
1. Peking University Library
Compared with the Dunhuang documents, the Library of Peking University has few Turpan documents, only two kinds, but the value is very high.
One is the draft of the "Book of Filial Piety in Gaochang County, Gaochang County, Northern Liang". This kind of "book of credit" is in the name of the head of each household, first register the type and quantity of land that has not been transferred between the last time and the current "book", and then register the land situation of the property rights transfer, and each piece of land registered is detailed with the location of the field, the type of field and the specific quantity. This is an important socio-economic historical material from the existing Gaochang County period. The Peking University Library holds two fragments, one for the upper and one for the sole, both written on the back, and another inscription: "The Jinren Book Xi'an Tian Fu Remnant, the Old Collection of the Wang Clan in Xincheng, and the Excavation of Turpan." LiQiu genus, Beiming title. It can be known that it is a document unearthed in Turpan, which was originally collected by Wang Shufeng, the envoy of Xinjiang, and later returned to "Li Qiu", Yan Beiming's inscription. From the appearance of the paperwork cut into paper shoes, it is speculated that it was an ancient tomb from the Turpan region.
Peking University Tibet Beiliang "Book of Zhao"
In the past, only Mr. Su Bai had briefly introduced this precious document in the textbooks distributed internally. Based on this clue, Mr. Zhu Lei visited the Library of Peking University as early as 1980, and published it, correctly judging it to be the "Northern Liang Zhao Book", and contributed the most to the value of this document. Since then, Machida Takayoshi and Shiro Sekio have revised and elaborated on the basis of Mr. Zhu Lei's papers. After the collation of Mr. Zhu Lei and others, this document has become the basic historical material for the study of the social economy of Gaochang in the Northern Liang Period, and there are many related studies. At present, this precious document has been included in the Peking University Library and the Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, the second volume of the "Dunhuang Literature collected by peking university library", the new edition D214.
The second Turpan document in the Peking University Library is the "Nanping Township Of Tianshan County, Xizhou in the Twenty-Ninth Year of Tang Kaiyuan", with the "Li Confession Text" on the back, which is now broken into three fragments. In 1988, the author learned of the existence of this document from Zhang Yufan's female history "Peking University Library Collection of Dunhuang Testaments" because of the editing of the "Dunhuang Turpan Literature Research Collection", and accepted its good intentions, copied the household registration and the text on the back, and according to the characteristics of the household registration, it was preliminarily judged to be Xizhou household registration. Zhang Yufan's "Bibliography of Dunhuang Testaments in the Library of Peking University", published in 1990, recorded the three fragments of household registration. In the same year, at the invitation of Mr. Wen Ikeda, I gave a lecture at the Institute of Oriental Culture at the University of Tokyo, and according to the "Confession of Etiquette" on the back of the document, the joint relationship of the three fragments was restored, and according to the records and characteristics of the paper, it was determined that he was a citizen of Xizhou in the 29th year of Tang Kaiyuan. Subsequently, Mr. Shi Shuqing republished Zhou Zhaoxiang's "Yilin Xunchang", and Fang knew that as early as July 1, 1929, these three fragments had been published in the 55th issue of the journal. What was even more surprising was that the 29th issue of the journal, published on October 11, 1928, also published another piece of the same group of documents, which could be conjugated with the fragments of Peking University, and the paper was written on the seam "Nanping Township, Tianshan County". At this point, all four fragments can be conjugated and named "Nanping Township, Tianshan County, Xizhou in the Twenty-ninth Year of Tang Kaiyuan" according to the paper stitch text. Therefore, the author wrote an article to explain, pointing out that this household registration, whether as a nationality from Nanping Township in Tianshan County or as a 29-year nationality of the Kaiyuan Dynasty, has important value in the study of Tang Dynasty household registration. Later, he took the students to visit the general history exhibition of the China History Museum and found that the fragments published in the 29th issue of the Yilin Xun magazine were impressive. In 1928, these fragments belonged to Zhao Xingyuan's collection, and the text said that "the abandoned city of Lufansheng Jinkou unearthed in the Qing Dynasty" was determined to be Turpan documents. Later, the fragments were collected in the Peking University Library and the China History Museum (now the National Museum of China), the former is now no. D205, the plate version is found in the "Peking University Library Collection of Dunhuang Literature" volume 2, the latter published in the "Chinese History Museum Collection of Law Books" Volume 11. This result was also accepted by The Supplement to the Dunhuang Turpan Socio-Economic Data Collection compiled by Yamamoto Tatsuro and others.
In addition, the Peking University Library also contains some Uighur fragments, and there should also be Turpan excavations.
2. Chongqing Museum
The Chongqing Museum has two volumes of turpan excavated scriptures, one of which is the old collection of Liang Yushu, which contains the poem "Fragments of the Tang Dynasty Written by Gao Chang" of December 17, 1910 by Wang Shufeng Gengji (1910). The other volume is Yang Zengxin's Old and New Collection. The two volumes contain an introduction to Yang Ming's "Two Turpan Dunhuang Scriptures Collected by Yang Zengxin and Others" and are included in the "Chongqing Municipal Museum Collection of Dunhuang Turpan Scriptures".
3. Feng Guorui's old collection
Mr. Feng Guorui, who graduated from the Institute of Chinese Studies of Tsinghua University in his early years, worked in Gansu for many years, and is a famous scholar in Longshang and also rich in collections. It once collected "Tang Kaiyuan Thirteen Years Of Western Prefecture Governor's Mansion Mu Qin Prefecture Remnant", "Tang Tianbao Eight Years Jiaohe County Liuzhong County Changping Zhengcang Please Cut The Arrears of Grain", as well as the Six Dynasties Tang Dynasty Tang Dynasty wrote several kinds of scriptures, but the original is not known today. The author once had the opportunity to see a photo of "The Thirteenth Year of Tang Kaiyuan's Western Prefecture Governor's Mansion and the Remnants of Qinzhou" and showed it to Mr. Ikeda Wen, hoping to find the original clue from Japan. Mr. Ikeda interpreted the document and related materials according to the photos. At that time, the author was in charge of the editorial work of the "Dunhuang Turpan Studies", because he asked Mr. Chen Guocan to review Mr. Ikeda's article. In the article "Afterword", Mr. Chen recorded some of Feng Guorui's quotations about this document in the Gansu Provincial Library in 1958, providing very valuable information. The full text of Feng's three texts on the thirteenth year of the New Century and the "Tang Tianbao Eight Years of Jiaohe County Liuzhong County Changping Zhengcang Please Cut the Grain Arrears" and "Xinjiang Turpan Discovered the Six Dynasties Tang Dynasty Tang Dynasty Scriptures", which are collected in the Northwest Literature Library of Gansu Province, have now been recorded and published by Mr. Liu Yanxiang, so that we can know the summary and interpretation of the contents of the tibetan documents and Buddhist scriptures. We very much hope that in the future, we can find the original documents of Feng Guorui's collection of Turpan literature in the Gansu Provincial Library and other places.
4. Gansu Provincial Museum
In addition to the large collection of Dunhuang manuscripts, the Gansu Provincial Museum also has a small amount of Turpan literature. According to information provided by Gambo, the collection contains five numbered documents, three of which are numbered and two of which are as follows:
1 Fragments of the Book (Eastern Jin Dynasty)
2(A) Sheep Silk Trading Account (Tang)
2 (B) Selling Camel's Wool and Other Accounts (Tang)
3 (A) Tianmu Tent of Tianshan County, Xizhou, Wuzhou (Tang)
3 (B) Wu Zhou Ruyi First Year Gao Zhiyi Miscellaneous Writings (Tang)
4 The Analects of the Remnants of Paper
5 (A) Fragments of the Book of Verses
5(B) Fragments of epistles
Gansu Provincial Museum Tibetan Wu Zhou Ruyi First Year Gao Zhiyi miscellaneous writing
Among them, the fragments of the Eastern Jin Dynasty Shuzha were split into four pieces, the so-called "Panyue Shuzha", and Qin Mingzhi wrote the "Examination of the Fragments of the Panyue Shuzha Written by the Jin People Unearthed in Xinjiang", which was proofread and studied. According to Mr. Qin's text, Gambo's collection of Turpan documents was collected in the 1950s. Among them, the Panyue Shuzha and the Tianmu Account of Tianshan County, the Ruyi First Year Miscellaneous Writings, and the letter from Mr. Huang Wenbi to the Director of the Yishan Department when he was in Urumqi on February 15, 1930, were pasted on a thick paper book, which was originally collected by Xu Qian (Zi Yishan), the director of the Xinjiang Provincial Department of Finance in the early Republic of China, and donated by his second son, Mr. Xu Maoding, in 1958.
On March 30, 2010, the author visited Gambo with Mr. Xu Jun, and was able to see the thick paper that Mr. Qin said. Mr. Xu Jun proofread the "Panyue Shuzha", and the author recorded the Tianshan County Tianmu Account and the Ruyi First Year Miscellaneous Writing, the so-called "Tianshan County Tianmu Account", should be a household registration, 4 lines of text remaining, there are imprints, as "the seal of Tianshan County". Mr. Huang Wenbi's letter, the front of which is accompanied by the text of the tomb bricks excavated from Turpan Yanhe eight years, and the letter text on the back is mainly to explain the content of the tomb bricks.
5. Liaoning Provincial Archives
According to the general situation, China's archives collect archives since the Ming and Qing dynasties, and more are archives after the Republic of China and liberation. It is precisely because of this that an article called "Archives of the Tang Dynasty" has attracted the attention of the author, carefully read, the so-called "Archives of the Tang Dynasty" here, in fact, six documents unearthed in Turpan, originally collected by Luo Zhenyu, were carried to Shenyang in the puppet state of Manchukuo and donated to the provincial Fengtian Library. After the liberation of Shenyang in 1948, it was transferred to the Northeast Library (now the Liaoning Provincial Library); after 1969, it was transferred to the Collection of the Liaoning Provincial Archives. Based on the black-and-white pictures published in the "Archives of the Tang Dynasty", the author made a preliminary interpretation of the six documents, and found that five of them were the same group of Kaiyuan two-year documents as the Tang Puchangfu documents collected by the Ningle Art Museum in Nara, Japan, and the other was the famous list of the masters of the TangXi Prefecture Temples. Later, Mr. Chen Guocan obtained clearer color photographs from the Liaoning Provincial Archives and further studied these Turpan documents.
The Liaoning Provincial Archives holds the Tang Puchangfu documents
6. Shanghai Museum
Shanghai is the largest cultural metropolis in eastern China, where many scholars, literati and collectors gather, so the collection of the Shanghai Museum is also considerable among the Dunhuang literature collection units with a certain scale. However, the collection of Turpan documents is not rich, except for some Buddhist scriptures that are difficult to judge the land, it can be clearly said that they belong to Turpan documents, that is, a document entitled "Tang Kaiyuan Sixteenth Year Xizhou Governor's Office Request paper case file". The main part of this volume of "Please Paper Case File" is now in the library of Ryugu University in Japan, which was obtained by the Otani Expedition Team, and the other fragments are found in the Turpan documents obtained by Huang Wenyi. The first plate of this document was published in the catalogue of the exhibition "Dunhuang Turpan Cultural Relics" printed by the Museum of Chinese University of Hong Kong in 1987. Oda Yoshihisa pointed out that it should come from the tombs of Turpan Hala and Zhuogu. Based on the whereabouts of Mitsurui Otani, the author suspects that this piece is also part of the Otani document, and was brought to Shanghai by Mitsurui Otani. Now, the color and black and white plates of this document have been officially published, and the "Paper Case File" as a whole has a relatively thorough study of calligraphy and the document system. Although the Shangbo Zang scroll is a small part of a case file, it is an indispensable part of this extremely important document for the study of the Tang Dynasty official document system and the use of paper.
Shangbo No. 13 "Buddha Says Shou Leng Yan Samadhi Sutra" scroll down, the inscription Yun: "The Jin people wrote the scriptures, quite Han and Wei testaments, Tao Lu old man got the Turpan Three Forts in the soil, the rare treasure of the world? There is Jiayin (1914) October Wang Shufeng inscription, saying "in the second year of Xuan unification of the Turpan Three Forts soil", and gave it to Feng Gongdu.
7. Shanghai Library
The Shanghai Library, like the Shanghai Museum, is a large collector of Dunhuang documents in shanghai, including some Turpan literature. In 1986, Wu Weaving and Hu Qunyun published the Catalogue of Dunhuang Testaments collected by the Shanghai Library, which gave people a glimpse of the general connotation of the above volumes, but there was no plate and it was not detailed. In June 1999, the Shanghai Library and the Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House jointly compiled the four volumes of the large-scale catalogue "Dunhuang Turpan Literature collected by the Shanghai Library", which was published by the Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, bringing rich research materials to the academic community, including turpan literature.
Volume VI of the Myofa Lotus Sutra No. 021 above has an inscription by Gao Changyihe (618): "On october 11 of the fifth year of Yihe, lady Qingxin and Boji of the clan returned to live permanently in the Three Treasures. Because the inscription text has been recorded as early as the above-mentioned "Catalogue of Dunhuang Testaments in the Shanghai Library", it is not unfamiliar to the academic community. Meng Xianshi and Yao Chongxin's article "From the "Yihe Coup" to the "Life Extension Reform"" speculated that the "Lady and the Clan Boji" in the inscription were probably the wives of the head of the coup d'état that once replaced the Qi clan in the late Gaochang Kingdom and took over the power of the Gaochang king. Now you can see the photos of the whole volume, and under the inscriptions of the original volumes, there is the ZhuShu "And Lady Sutra", which is a very rare practice in Dunhuang Turpan's writing of the scriptures, and it also shows that this and his wife are extraordinary. The volume is more dignified and dignified than the general scriptures, and is obviously one of the carefully copied Buddhist scriptures in the Gaochang area. Whether in nature or calligraphy, this volume is worth cherishing.
The Tianbao Eight Years (749) Official Document No. 019 above, although not much in words, is one of a group of documents that originally belonged to the Western Prefecture of the Tang Dynasty. The references to "Fu Luo Ji" and "[Cang Cao] Joining the Army Tinglan" mentioned in the document are also found in Stein (A. Stein) in the Astana cemetery to obtain Turpan documents, Princeton University Gesde Library collection of Turpan documents, etc., this group of documents according to Mr. Chen Guocan's research, should belong to the "Tang Tianbao Eight Years of Western Prefecture Cangcao Inspection zhucang grain case file", of which one of the Princeton collection of the year is "Tianbao Eight Years march twenty-four days", there are also "Fu Luo and (Chen Lu as "Tong")" and "Cang Cao joined the army Tinglan" signed. Therefore, the so-called "official document" in the above figure should be one of the case files in the same group, and should be named "Tang Tianbao Eight Years Xizhou Cangcao Inspection and Investigation of The Warehouse Grain Case File.".
8. Capital Museum
The Capital Museum has a number of Dunhuang Turpan volumes, and the author once went to inspect his collection with Mr. Wang Su twice on January 17, 2002 and February 25, 2005 before the relocation of the old museum, and the results were compiled by the student Yu Xin, and the three of them jointly published it, entitled "Dunhuang Turpan Literature Collected by the Capital Museum", "Continuation". Because of the rush of time, it was impossible to do meticulous comparison work, some inscriptions were not copied in time, and some fragments were not viewed. Fortunately, after a long period of hard work, the Beijing Yanshan Publishing House is about to publish all the Dunhuang Turpan volumes in the First Bo collection. I had the privilege of helping to proofread the narrative and see all the clear photographs in the manuscript. Among them, it can be compared to the Turpan writer, there are only three fragments with one number.
Fragments of Buddhist scriptures numbered 32.559, with the opening inscription: "Two Dynasties Relic Ink, Xinhai Jixia, Suwen Inscription." The three fragments of this volume of mounted Buddhist scriptures are now designated as volume 3 of the Myoho Lotus Sutra, volume 2 of the Myoho Lotus Sutra, and volume 16 of the Mahabharata Prajnaparamita Sutra. Later, there was Xin You(1921) in the winter and October of Song Bolubao, who said: "Since the opening of the Dunhuang Stone Chamber, for a while the Brahman was circulated, and it was almost compiled by family hand. General Chang Shaobai spared himself the scattering and sent them to the capital, so that very few people received it. Yu Cong's general traveled to the Western Regions and was in the shogunate with Xiangchen, so Yoshimitsu Katayu also had to attack and hide. However, at that time, the writers were all from the generations and had a little bit of pointillism. As for Seiko Ruo Ouyu, there is not much to look at. Therefore, Yu did not regret it. This Xiangchen's hiding, long time away from the capital, out to see the show. Books do not have to be good, but they are old things, not easy to cause, and I am afraid that I will benefit from them after that. The treasure of Xiangchen is also not appropriate! Xin Youdong In October, Liquan Song Bolu. "Song Boru claimed to have traveled from Chang Gung (Shaobai) to the Western Regions, and was with Xiangchen in the shogunate. The inscriptionist, Su Wen, was Liang Yushu, who was then the financial officer of Xinjiang. Considering that these related figures are all officials in Xinjiang, this volume should be from Turpan.
9. Yongdeng County Museum
The Yongdeng County Museum in Gansu has a number of Dunhuang Turpan scrolls, one of which is inscribed with the inscription "Six Dynasties Dunhuang Classics One Volume", and Duan Yong'enba said: "On the tenth day of the autumn of the summer and June of the Summer of Nonzi (1912), Sima San of jin unloaded the seal and took over the Turpan hall affairs in order to check the luggage. Occasionally, he found fragments of the Six Dynasties and Tang Dynasty scriptures in the Book of Tang, and instructed Yu to pack the pond and write an inscription for it as a memorial for his day. According to this, Zhang Jin was transferred from Zhixian county of Dihua County to Tongzhi of the Turpan Department in July 1912; the following year he was changed to governor of Turpan County, and stepped down at the end of 1914. According to this, although the inscription is "Dunhuang Scripture Scroll", it is actually a manuscript unearthed in Turpan. There are four kinds of framed fragments in the scrolls, which are respectively compiled as No. 005-008, and the content has been compared to the "Great Pan Nirvana Sutra" volume 39, the "Vajrapani Prajnaparamita Sutra", the "Myo Fa Lotus Sutra" volume VI, and the "Myo Fa Lotus Sutra" volume 3, each of which has a Duan Yong Enpa after that.
10. National Museum of China
As the National Museum of China (formerly the Museum of Chinese History), there are also many Dunhuang Turpan documents, relatively speaking, the collection of Turpan documents seems to be more, on the one hand, because the documents obtained by Mr. Huang Wenyi, who had visited Turpan for investigation, were later collected in the Museum of Chinese History, and the other cover was because Wang Shufeng, Liang Yushu, Duan Yongen, Luo Zhenyu, Wu Baowei, Luo Huan, Zhou Zhaoxiang, Tang Lan and other famous collectors of Turpan scriptures and documents also entered the museum. Except for huang Wenyi's basic publication in his own book "Turpan Archaeology", other materials are not known to the outside world, until 1994, when Shi Shuqing's editor-in-chief "The Great View of the Tibetan Law Book of the Chinese History Museum" (hereinafter referred to as "Daguan"),the 12th volume of the "Warring States Qin, Han, Tang, Tang, Song, And Yuan Inkblots" was published, and in 1999, the 11th volume of the same book, "Jin-Tang Writing Classics, Jin-Tang-Tang Documents", scholars have a more comprehensive understanding of the basic situation of the Turpan documents collected by the National Museum.
The Turpan scripture writing part of the Guobo Collection comes from several collectors, most of the scriptures have been framed into volumes when they are collected in private collections, and the 11th volume of the Daguan has photocopied the inscriptions and texts of the original collectors in the solution, so that we can know some of the original collection.
1． Wu Baowei's old collection is called the "Eight Fragments of the Long Scroll" (undocumented). According to Wu Baowei (Zi Yichang) at the end of the volume, these eight fragments of the scripture were obtained by Chen Qiubai in Xinjiang and later resold with Wu Baowei through the hands of his nephew Chen Renlin. In 1964, Li Bo purchased it from Qingyuntang. Eight fragments of the Daguan were published, and with the exception of one unknown one, there was three pieces of the Lotus Sutra, two of the Nirvana Sutra, one each of the Radiant Prajnaparamita Sutra, and one each of the Golden Light Sutra.
2． Liang Yushu's old collection of "Fragments of the Six Dynasties Writing Scriptures" ("Daguan" called "Fourteen Fragments of the Long Scrolls of the Fragments of the Classics") has the words "Mr. Suwen Treasured, Jinqing Inscription" under the signature. At the beginning of the volume, there are Wang Shufeng (Zi Jinqing), Pan Zhen, and Wu Baowei Baowen, and there are Wu Baowei, Wang Shufeng, and Song Xiaolian in the volume. According to Wu Baowei at the beginning of the volume, this volume was obtained from Xinjiang by Liang Yushu (Zi Suwen), and when Liang sold it in Beijing, most of them were "selling Dongying" by Bai, and Wu only got three of them. The fourteen passages of this volume are framed and thirteen pieces of the Daguan sutra are printed, including the Lotus Sutra, the Sutra of the Monks who Bathed in the Greenhouse of the Buddha, the Nirvana Sutra, the Mahabharata Sutra, the Upasa Sutra, and the Sage and Fool Sutra. The "Bai Mou", known as Bai Jian, mentioned in Wu's Paiwen, sold many precious cultural relics, including dunhuang Turpan scrolls, to Japan during the Republic of China.
3． Liang Yushu's old collection of "Fragments of the Scriptures Since northern Liang" ("Daguan" called "Five Fragments of the Long Scrolls"), signed with the small character inscription "Out of Turpan, Suwen Treasures", and the end of the volume has Guo Peng, Weng Lian and Wu Baowei, which should also be one of the three volumes won by Wu Baowei and Bai. Of the five fragments of the framed sutras, the Daguan selects four of them, including the Second Mahabharata Sutra, the Ten Recitations, and the Diamond Sutra. The above two volumes of Liang Yushu's old collection were both resold to Li Bo in 1964 by Wu Baowei's descendants.
4． Duan Yong'en's old collection of "Writing The Broken Brocade of the Scriptures Since the Six Dynasties" ("Daguan" is referred to as the "Broken Brocade Book"). The signature title is Duan Yong'en (Zi Jicheng) self-signed, and the book contains the documents and scriptures obtained during his tenure in Xinjiang, and there are four Articles of Duan's inscription. The "Daguan" selected eight kinds of prints, comparable to "Fahua" and "Nirvana", the others are not determined, most of the fragments in the description book, but how many pieces are unknown.
5． Wang Shufeng's old collection of the so-called "three-paragraph long scroll of writing scriptures" (unmarked inscriptions) has Wang Shufeng in front of the volume, and Wu Changshou and Wang Luben at the end. Wu Bao claimed that the remnants of the sutra came from Turpan Shanshan. Wang Bao was written in the early winter of 1913, when the volume was already owned by Cheng Junsun. The three fragments of the sutra are the Sutra of The Great One, the Sutra of Wisdom and Foolishness, and the Sutra of Mahabharata.
The above five long scrolls are the income of the officials Wang Shufeng, Liang Yushu, Duan Yongen, Chen Qiubai, and other officials who served in Xinjiang at the end of the Qing Dynasty, and the main land was in Turpan. In the past, we know that most of Wang Shufeng's collection was later transferred to the Nihon Calligraphy Museum; Liang Yushu's old collection of Turpan fragments, the author saw the eight letters framed into volumes in the Jingjiatang Library in Japan, and saw a scroll containing scriptures in the ancient bookstore catalogue, and the Beijing Library (National Library) also hid a letter, and their framed form was exactly the same as the "Fragments of the Six Dynasties Writing Scriptures" and the "Fragments of the Writing Scriptures since the Northern Liang" collected by the Guobo. When editing, the Daguan extracted these fragments originally attached to the volume and rearranged them chronologically, counting 1-35/43, from the Jin and Northern Liang to the Northern Dynasties, which was helpful in identifying the source of the evolution of calligraphy.
The Turpan documents collected by the National Museum are mainly obtained by Huang Wenbi during the archaeology of Turpan and the old collection of Luo Zhenyu. Huang Wenbi's acquisition has been printed in the "Turpan Archaeological Record", although the quality of the plates is not good, but basically published; Luo Zhenyu's old collection, in the past, was also printed by Luo Shi himself in the "Zhensongtang Tibetan Western Secret Book Fragments"; these two parts will not be repeated here.
Other Turpan documents, although scattered, are not lacking in treasures. Belonging to the GaochangJun era, the "Jianping Sixth Year (442) Tiandi County Urges the Army to the Prefecture" is very complete and of great reference value for the study of the military and political system of Gaochang County. The seal of "Zhou Zhaoxiang's Appraisal" on the document was photocopied by Zhou shi as early as May 1934 in the 53rd issue of Yilin Monthly. Unfortunately, the quality of this magazine is not good, and some libraries are not allowed to read it casually, so few people in the academic community have seen its authenticity. When Mr. Tang Changru began to study the administrative system of Gaochang County, he transcribed this document, but because he did not see the original or photograph, he published it twice, but he could not give an accurate record. Now that it is clear that the photographs have been published in the Grand View, scholars can use them correctly, and the new edition of the Mountain Residence Series has revised the relevant recordings.
The two volumes of luo huan's old collection of "True Works of the Tang Dynasty" are, in a sense, more valuable. The two volumes are framed in the same form, with the large character book "Tang Ren Zhenyi" and the small characters written "Out of Shanshan County, Fukan Treasures", marked "The First Volume" and "The Second Volume" respectively. In the first volume, there are three pieces of paper, one is "Dingyuan Road Marching Grand Commander"," (Daguan No. 37), with 15 lines in cuneikou, which records that in the fifth year of the Kaiyuan Dynasty (717), Khan Wen, the chief general of the Expeditionary Army, sent people from Xizhou to the army, and sentenced the Governor of Yanpo To participate in the military, which is crucial in the study of the history of the Western Regions. The other two fragments (Daguan No. 49-50), judging their contents, should also be fragments of the same set of documents. The second volume also contains three pieces of paper, all of which are the same group of documents about the 13th year of the Kaiyuan Long Walk (Daguan, No. 23-25). These two groups of documents, both of which were published for the first time, had never been seen by those who had previously discussed the history of the Western Regions and the Long Walkers, so they attracted the attention of researchers. These two volumes of "True Works of the Tang Dynasty" and Luo Zhenyu's "Dunhuang Stone Chamber Tang Beiting Capital Protectorate Household Registration Wen Mu Cong Remnant" were both purchased by Mr. Tang Lan in Beijing in 1948 and donated to Li Bo by Tang Lan's descendants in 1982.
National Museum of China Collection "Dingyuan Road Marching Grand Master"
There is also a poem in the old collection of Luo Huan, "Tang Sanshi Words", which was unearthed by Shan Shan. Such folk literary works are also relatively rare.
There is also a Piece of Turpan Documents in the Collection of the National Museum, "Nanping Township, Tianshan County, Xizhou in the Twenty-Ninth Year of Tang Kaiyuan", which can be conjugated with the Peking University Library Collection No. D205, and the relevant information can be found in the Part of the Peking University Library. According to the Daguan, this document is the old collection of Tang Lan, which was donated by the Tang family in 1982.
As for the fragments of Turpan excavated texts other than Buddhist scriptures and documents, they are mainly included in the 12th volume of the "Grand View" "Warring States Qin, Han, Tang, Song and Yuan Inkblots". Among them, the main ones are Huang Wenbi's "Turpan Archaeological Record", "White Bird First Year Clothing Thinning", "Anthology of Texts", "Shangshu Dayu Mo", "Mao Shi Jian Xi", "Filial Piety • Sancai Zhang".
11. National Library of China
From the Beijing Normal Library at the end of the Qing Dynasty, to the Beiping Library in the Republic of China period, to the Beijing Library and the National Library of China after liberation, this is the largest collector of Dunhuang literature in China, in addition to harvesting the Dunhuang Tibetan Scripture Cave Relics transferred by the Qing court, the library has also successively collected, acquired and obtained many written volumes allocated by the state, including some Turpan literature. At present, all the "Dunhuang Testaments" in the museum's collection have been published, and the materials that are clearly identified as Turpan have the following six numbers.
BD13792 (formerly numbered Shan 5177) "Great Wisdom Theory" volume 51, writing the volume inscription: "Six Dynasties Northern Liang wrote the remnants of the scriptures, counting sixty-two lines, Xuantong Xinhai September 18, Chengzhai." "It was given as a gift by Wang Shufeng to Yun Yuding (字薇孙, Yizi Chengzhai), including Wang's 1911 letter to Yun Yuding and Yun's 1915 inscription. For the first time, Yun Shibaowen gave a correct judgment on the age of the discovery of the "And Qu'an Zhou Stele" in Turpan, and the author copied it out for discussion. The original volume was photocopied in the National Library of China, Vol. 112, Dunhuang Testament of the National Library of China, Beijing: National Library Press, 2011, pp. 334-346; Catalogue of Articles, 129 pp.
BD13799 (original number Jian 71482) Turpan excavated literature fragment album, the title "carved Scripture Mongolian leftover paper miscellaneous, Xuantong Mengqiu, Suwen Treasure", known as the old collection of Liang Yushu, font and cover mounting system is completely consistent with the Jingjiatang collection. The volume contains 168 fragments from Turpan, about half of which are Chinese carved Buddhist scriptures, half of which are Uighur scripts, and there is a passage of Yong'en Pai. For the photocopy, see The Dunhuang Testament of the National Library of China, vol. 112, Beijing Library Press, 2011, pp. 379-384;
BD14741 is an album, framed 12 fragments, more Turpan documents, there is Yi Di (1915) March Luo Zhenyubao, said: "This volume is in the possession of Mr. Yaoyu (Fang Ruo)." Counting the three papers of the "Sutra of the Buddha's Name", the two pieces of paper of the carved version, the five papers of the writing book, and the two papers of the Weiwu Text, it is the ancient Gaochang that was excavated. According to Kao, the fragments include volume 1 of the Sutra of the Buddha, volume 6 of the inscribed Lotus Sutra, volume 5 of the inscribed Golden Light Most Victorious King Sutra, volume 261 of the carved Prajnaparamita Sutra, volume 35 of the Great Nirvana Sutra, the Sutra of the Sages, the Cursive Scriptures, and uighur texts. The original was photocopied in the National Library of Dunhuang Testament, vol. 133, pp. 33-48;
BD14915 (formerly numbered New 1115), there is a scroll of fragments of the Buddhist scriptures, on which are pasted the "Great Nirvana Sutra (North Book)" volume 23, the "Mahabharata Sutra" volume 7, the "Great General Nirvana Sutra (North Book)" volume 38 fragments, there are Wang Shufeng written on November 7, 1910 and Jia shu (1934) Midwinter two inscriptions, the latter mentions: "Yu Sozo's six dynasties volumes, those who have year numbers and personal names, mostly fall into the hands of Gu Juliu and Bai Jianfu. The fate is temporarily sleepy, the livelihood is difficult, the love is sold, and the last resort is also done. This number of paper, also the northern cool fragments, Jia people will be split from the end, retail distribution, and the year number, the name of the person, so can not be examined! This is the self-expression of the eighty-four-year-old man's sale of the Turpan sutra scrolls to Gu Ao (Zi Ju Liu) and Bai Jian (Zi JianFu), which is very precious, and these three fragments of the Beiliang Scriptures are the remaining things of Wang Shufeng. There is also a 1914 inscription by Song Yuren, saying that this fragment was unearthed from The Tuyugou of Shanshan. Photocopied in The Dunhuang Testament of the National Library of China, vol. 135, Beijing: National Library Press, 2010, pp. 174-178; Catalogue of Notes, pp. 12-13.
BD15158 (original number new 1358) "Great Prajnaparamita Sutra" written volume, the scroll is inscribed "Tang Jing Authentic Manuscript Volume, Youzi No. 15", there is Xinhai (1911) Dragon Boat King Shu Bao, known as Yunchu (Li Fengchi) collection. There is also an inscription of Liang Yushu, and Liu Mo of the Yun Dynasty Xinhai Winter has this genus title. For a photocopy, see Dunhuang Testament of the National Library, vol. 140, pp. 46-48;
BD15370 The Book of The Wise and Foolish, Volume I (original number 1570), with a roll-through Uighur script on the back, is particularly precious. The inscription on the outside of the scroll reads: "Fragments of the Tang Dynasty scriptures, unearthed in Gaochang, and treasured in plain text." Number Nine. "Zhiyuan is the old collection of Liang Yushu, with Wang Shufeng inscription, and it has been concluded that the back is "This Fear Wu'er Book Also". In the second half of the 1990s, when I was investigating the Dunhuang testaments in the Beijing Library, I saw that this scroll contained a letter from Chen Yinke to Yuan Tongli, which briefly examined the Uighur scrolls. The author later informed the director of the Xinjiang Museum, Israfil Yusufu, and her daughter Dilana, who took this as her research object to study for a doctorate with Mr. Geng Shimin at the Central University for Nationalities, and achieved very satisfactory results. At present, this volume has been included in the "Dunhuang Testament of the National Library", vol. 143, pp. 155-165;
12. Library of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
The Library of the Chinese Academy of Sciences also has three pieces of the "Northern Liang Zhao Book", which is the same group of documents as the Peking University Library, and the five pieces in the two collections were originally two books created by different people.
The three pieces of Kotu were purchased from "Ermengzhai", and it is said that the original Turpan Shengjinkou. His photographs and some of his transcripts were first published by Mr. He Changqun in 1958, but because there were no relevant reference materials, they were named "Zhao he documents" at that time, dating from the end of Gao Changguo to the beginning of the Tang Dynasty. Later, the Ikeda Wen and Hori Minichi clans made further examinations, and the dates were placed in the Gaochangguo period, and the names followed the heshi clan. It was not until 1980, when Mr. Zhu Lei combined with the collection of the Peking University Library, that he correctly determined the age and nature of this document. The relevant information has been found in the above-mentioned Peking University Library section, which will not be repeated.
Attached: Zhao Xingyuan Collection
In fact, as early as July 11, 1928, the 19th issue of Zhou Zhaoxiang's "Yilin Xun" edited by Zhou Zhaoxiang published a number of fragments of the "Northern Liang Zhao book", which was originally a number of fragments pasted on the sole of a shoe, only the front plate, but unfortunately there was no back photo. In the early 1990s, Mr. Shi Shuqing republished the Yilin Xunjian in tianjin ancient books publishing house, and this group of documents was only known to the academic community. Mr. Wang Su immediately wrote and sorted out the article, and determined that it was also the "Northern Liang Zhao Book", but it was another book that was different from Peking University and Ketu Zang. The documents published in the Yilin Xun magazine are in the collection of Zhao Xingyuan, but they are not known at present.
So far, the Dunhuang Turpan literature collected by some museums and libraries in China has not been published, and it is not clear whether there are scattered Turpan documents in Tibet, and it is believed that there are still many materials to be investigated.
2016-2-23 Completed manuscript, originally published in the Editorial Board of this book, "Dunhuang Turpan Documents and Medieval History Research: Mr. Zhu Lei's Birthday Celebration collection of eight ranks", Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, May 2016, pp. 26-39
Zhu Lei, "Examination and Interpretation of the Northern Liangzhu Book Unearthed in Turpan", originally published in Journal of Wuhan University, No. 4, 1980, pp. 33-43; included in his "Dunhuang Turpan Literature Series", Lanzhou: Gansu People's Publishing House, 2000, pp. 1-24; also included in "Zhu lei Dunhuang Turpan Literature Series", Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2012, pp. 1-25.
Machida Takayoshi, "The North Ryokoro", "The North Ryokoro", Yingyang Fumihiki No.3, 1982, 38-43, Shiro Kashio, "Kita-Kaku", "Kita-Kaku". A Fundamental Study of the "5th Generation 5th Generation Middle- And Chinese" (Part 1), "Study of Literature excavated from the Northwest," No. 2, 2005, 42-56.
Pei Chengguo, "Research on the New Northern Liang Ji Zhao and Ji Kou Silk Tents in Turpan", Chinese Literature and History Series, No. 4, 2007, pp. 65-103; Rong Xinjiang, "The Origin of the Twentieth Year of Qin Jianyuan's New Origin in Turpan", Tu Fei Yihe, ed., "New Research on Chinese Documents Unearthed in Dunhuang and Turpan", Tokyo: Oriental Library, 2009, pp. 201-212.
Peking University Library and Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House co-edited "Peking University Library Collection of Dunhuang Literature", volume 2, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1995, pp. 238-239, appendix 30 pages, color edition 12.
Research Journal of Medieval Chinese History, Peking University, Dunhuang Turpan Literature Research Collection, No. 5, Peking University Press, 1990, 560 pp.
Anonymous "Tang Kaiyuan Household Registration Fragment No. 2", Yilin Xun journal No. 55, July 1, 1929, 1st edition.
Anonymous "Fragments of Household Registration in TangTianshan County", Yilin Xun journal, No. 29, October 11, 1928, 4th edition.
Rong Xinjiang, "Study on the Fragments of Nanping Township, Tianshan County, Xizhou in the Twenty-Ninth Year of Tang Kaiyuan", Western Regions Studies, No. 1, 1995, pp. 33-43.
"Dunhuang Literature in the Library of Peking University", volume 2, pp. 226-227, appendix 29 pages, the back is in the front, the front is in the back, and the front is in the back, all of which have been conjugated according to the author's examination.
Yang Wenhe, editor-in-chief, Daguan of Tibetan Law Books of the Chinese History Museum, vol. 11, Jin-Tang Dynasty Writings, Jin-Tang Documents, Tokyo: Liuyuan Bookstore, Shanghai Education Publishing House, 1999, pp. 182, 237.
Yamamoto, T. et al. Tun-huang and Turfan Documents concerning Social and Economic History, supplement, Tokyo: Toyo Bunko, 2001, (A), p. 35; (B), p.39.
Zhu Yuqi has recorded the full text, see the "Wang Shunan Turpan Manuscript Inscription Interpretation", Turpan Studies, No. 2, 2012, page 86, No. 21.
Western Studies, No. 2, 1995, pp. 42-45.
Dunhuang Turpan Studies, vol. 6, Beijing: Peking University Press, 2002, pp. 353-358.
Ikeda Wen, "Introduction to the Remnants of The Thirteenth Year of the Western Prefecture Governor's Mansion in the Thirteenth Year of the New Century", Dunhuang Turpan Studies, Vol. 3, Peking University Press, 1998, pp. 105-126.
Chen Guocan, "Afterword", Dunhuang Turpan Studies, vol. 3, 1998, pp. 126-128.
Liu Yanxiang, "Feng Guorui Dunhuang Writings turpan Manuscript Inscription Narrative", Dunhuang Studies Series, No. 3, 2008, pp. 60-64; and "Feng Guorui Dunhuang Writings and Turpan Texts Inscription Narrative", Yan Tingliang, ed., "Dunhuang Language and Literature in the Transition Period", Gansu People's Publishing House, 2010, pp. 381-386. According to the two texts, except for the one-word difference in the title, the content is the same.