After the Qianlong Emperor ascended the throne, he changed Yongzheng's harshness and implemented a relatively relaxed policy, which played a positive role in winning people's hearts and consolidating his rule. But the screw is too loose and often fails. Therefore, thirteen years after Qianlong, the Qianlong Emperor was unusual, and the political atmosphere changed from spring breeze and warm to fierce storm. This can be seen only from the trial and judgment of the DPRK.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > the court trial system of the Qing Dynasty and the collusion situation in the Qianlong period</h1>
The judicial system of the Qing Dynasty stipulated that the provincial governors could only decide on cases of exile or the following, and the death penalty must be finally decided by the Three Laws Division composed of the Punishment Department, the Metropolitan Inspection Yuan, and the Dali Temple. The Three Departments of Law review the death penalty cases submitted by the local governments every August, and this is the "autumn trial". In the Qing Dynasty, the death penalty was divided into several types, and those who were immediately executed for serious crimes were Ling Chi, Beheading, and Hanging; those who committed less serious crimes, or those whose cases were suspicious, were not immediately executed.
The review of cases sentenced by the Criminal Investigation Department or cases of death penalty near the capital is called "court trial", and the court trial is conducted after the frost falls every year, and the trial is completed before the winter solstice. Cases that have gone through the autumn trial and the court trial are divided into four categories: "facts" (the circumstances are true, the charges are appropriate), "suspended sentences" (the facts of the case are true, but the harm is small, and they are left for the next autumn trial and court trial to deal with), "can be reserved" (the facts of the case are true, but there are various reasons that can be commuted, and they are exempt from execution), and "retaining and inheriting the sacrifice" (the facts of the case are true and the crime is serious, but the parents and grandparents are old and no one to raise them, or the only son is single-handed, no one undertakes the ceremony, and the sentence can be reduced or exempted from death), all four of which require the emperor to make a final ruling.
The emperor is the final judge of major cases, and he holds the final review power of the death penalty, and can change the decision of the three legal divisions, the so-called "authoritarian life and death, only the upper authority." The emperor approved the death penalty, and marked the register of criminals with a zhu pen, called "hook execution", and those who have been hooked are executed, and those who have not been hooked are classified as "suspended executions" and will be discussed next year.
Every year in September and October, the Qianlong Emperor held a decision in the Maoqin Hall of the Palace or the Dongming Hall of the Yuanmingyuan. In the early years of Qianlong, the political situation was lenient, and although many criminals were admitted to the "facts," they often turned a blind eye, refused to be executed, and were classified as "deferred executions." Where a "deferred decision" is postponed once and then discussed in the following year, it is still included in the "deferred decision", and it has become a common practice to handle it in this way over the years. Such prisoners, known as "old reprieves", were spared death, although imprisoned for a long time.
< h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > a major change in the hook thirteen years after Qianlong</h1>
In the fourteenth year of Qianlong (1749), the Qianlong Emperor was unusual, ruthless, and executed in large numbers, all of which were executed. Moreover, many "old and suspended" prisoners were also executed, and even the convicts who were sentenced and suspended more than ten times when Qianlong took the throne in the early years of his reign were difficult to avoid.
In this year, under the instructions of the Qianlong Emperor, the number of suspended convicts reported by the provinces was changed from Jiuqing to factual and many were executed, and in seven provinces, including Sichuan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Henan, Shandong, Shanxi, and Zhili, 43 people were changed from suspension to truth, most of whom were murder and treason felonies. Qianlong affirmed that the sentence was correct, holding that "such a murderer should not be sentenced to a suspended sentence, and strictly punished the supervisor of the original sentence."
Why did Qianlong's policy change so quickly, and a large number of criminals were executed one after another? In fact, the phenomenon of the emperor colluding with the emperor actually reflected the change in the basic national policy of the Qianlong Emperor at that time, which was also determined by the situation at that time.
In the early years of Qianlong, the government was clean and the punishment was simple, and the contradictions were relatively relaxed. However, since the seven or eight years since Qianlong, disasters and famines have occurred frequently, social turmoil, and incidents of grain grabbing and grain grabbing have occurred one after another, and class contradictions have gradually become sharper. The Qianlong Emperor watched this form of change carefully, tightening the policy and tightening the screws to maintain order.
Shortly before that, the Qianlong Emperor repeatedly stressed that "An Liang must first eliminate violence, tolerate evil and be sufficient to raise adultery." In the first month of the thirteenth year of Qianlong (1748), there were displaced people robbing shops in Pei County and Xiao County, Jiangsu Province, asking for relief, and the Qianlong Emperor instructed the magistrates: "Such robberies and old troubles should be taken strictly at once, so as to warn the wind." Since then, there have also been cases of rebellion in Fujian and other places.
In addition, the official erode and corrupt officialdom during this period, and the formation of parties for personal gain was also very serious. Coupled with the fact that the first Jinchuan War exposed the cowardly and corrupt trend in the barracks, it also promoted the policy to become more severe. In order to straighten out the rule of officials and military discipline and strengthen his rule, the Qianlong Emperor was particularly strict in punishing "official criminals." In the past, although officials had been sentenced to death for crimes, they were often sentenced to adjournment in the autumn and the court, which led to the fact that "the crime of embezzlement has always been known to everyone that he will not be punished, but the virtual crime is a case of fishing invasion, and it accumulates day by day." ”
The Qianlong Emperor was aware of its drawbacks, and that year he conducted an inventory of the officials in various provinces who had suspended the execution of criminals, and indeed found 18 major cases, including abandoning the city and losing land, corrupting the law, accepting bribes and slandering good deeds, and taking people's lives. The Qianlong Emperor re-executed and gave him a heavy punishment. He said: "In handling cases that are actually linked up this year, those who have committed crimes against corrupt people and those who have ties to military affairs are all guilty of their own crimes, and many of them are false, and if they are checked last time, they will be handled more seriously." ”
In order to prevent the pass of the pass by confusion, the Qianlong Emperor decided that in the future, those who were admitted to the probationary sentence of officials should be personally decided and finally checked, and demanded that the officials and criminals be listed separately and not allowed to be mixed into the case file of common offenders. Qianlong's fourteenth-year autumn trial and court trial went from being heavily executed, and even affected the officials and criminals who had been suspended for many years, and he also executed many "old and slow" officials. The Qianlong Emperor explained to this:
"In fact, such murderers are unforgivable in terms of the law, and there is no forgiveness in reason, and if they are imprisoned for a long time, they will not be able to manifest the constitution of the country, or cause trouble." When people see that they should die and do not die, the hearts of the people have nothing to fear, and the offender is not ashamed of not dying, and he is not afraid... It is a detailed judgment this year, and the person who commits the crime of love is the one who commits the crime, that is, the hook is justified. ”
It should be said that at that time, social contradictions intensified, cases of resistance to rent and grain grabbing, and rebellion against orders increased, and the breeding of corruption in the official arena and the serious habit of corruption in the military camps were the fundamental starting point for prompting the Qianlong Emperor to try to rectify and to change his policies from leniency to strictness.
After the Qianlong Emperor hoped to rectify the situation, everyone knew: "If you commit a crime of aggression and greed, you will be in the truth, and you will be executed." Everyone knows that the Fa is imperative, and there is no one to be spared. If the wealth is broken, the descendants will not be able to protect it, and this gluttonous private will be able to restrain itself." In order to put an end to the psychology of pardon by chance, it was also announced that in the fifteenth and sixteenth years of Qianlong, for the 40th birthday of Qianlong and the 60th birthday of the empress dowager, the execution would be stopped as usual, but the officials who belonged to the corrupt officials were not among them, and they would still be executed. The Qianlong Emperor hoped to use harsh measures to save the official atmosphere.
< h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > played a positive role in the strictness of the hook</h1>
Officials' invasion and corruption and cowardice in the barracks are two major chronic diseases that cannot be incured in the feudal era, and severe punishment and harsh laws cannot fundamentally restore the atmosphere, but to a certain extent, they can play a role in suppressing them. The Qianlong Emperor still had a number of these points, and he believed that the tightening of policies was an effective way to clarify the rule of officials and invigorate the camp, so he insisted on strict punishment, worked hard to implement them, and eliminated all kinds of objections.
The courtiers had different opinions on this, such as in May of the fifteenth year of Qianlong, Xiong Xuepeng said: "The trial and execution in the autumn of the previous year was more than in previous years. In recent years, the regulations on the work of ministers, the change of criminal names and laws, probably more severe, please secretly surrender the will, inform the internal and external ministers, handle all criminal names, can not be engraved and verified, and those who add articles to the article are prohibited. ”
This is a blatant opposition to the change of policy from loose to strict, and even believes that the lack of rain in the spring of that year is the result of too many decisions last year. The Qianlong Emperor was extremely annoyed and sternly refuted it, saying: "Last year, when the decision was made by himself, he invaded and corrupted each other and committed calamities on the country and the people, and he did not speak ill of the law, and if these officials and criminals were changed to a suspended execution, they would stir up trouble and accumulate more and more, which would be a great harm to the officials." At the same time, the Qianlong Emperor also publicly expressed his determination to continue to implement a harsh policy.
This policy change of the Qianlong Emperor had a great political impact, and in the following years, many major cases were handled, including Zhu Quan, the governor of Sichuan, Who was heavily punished for corruption, Tuer Bing'a, the governor of Yunnan, Yue Mao, the governor of Guangdong, Yan Ruilong, the governor of Hubei, and Zhu Yiyi, the envoy of Shanxi. The extraordinarily large cases are: Zhang Tingyuxiu's reprimand, Sun Jiagan's pseudo-draft case, Shuntianxiang's test field joint case, Jingshi's investigation of the warehouse untruthful case, the Nanhe invasion and corruption case, the Fujian Cai Rongzu anti-Qing case, and Hu Zhongzao's "Jian Mo Sheng Poem Copy" case.
Qianlong's policy has turned harsh, and on the one hand, the broad masses of the people have also been implicated, and they have been severely punished in many cases, deepening their suffering. On the other hand, it has also cracked down on corrupt officials and corrupt officials, and investigated and punished many illegal acts, which has forced them to restrain somewhat. It can be said that this measure has played a positive role in clarifying the rule of officials and promoting honesty and punishing corruption.