"Youtai Diary", compiled by Kang Xinping, the fifth series of rare historical materials in modern and contemporary China, published by Phoenix Publishing House in June 2018, 845 pages, 150.00 yuan
During his stay in Tibet, Youtai experienced a series of major events in Tibetan history, such as the second british invasion of Tibet, the murder of Feng Quan, the assistant minister in Tibet, and the Ninth Panchen Lama being induced by the British to Go to India. His diary is the only one preserved among the more than one hundred ministers stationed in Tibet in the Qing Dynasty, so it has long attracted the attention of Tibetan scholars and historians. As early as the 1980s, Mr. Wu Fengpei, a famous Tibetan scholar, sorted out the "Youtai Diary in Tibet", mainly sorting out the Part of Youtai Diary in Tibet.
In fact, the "Youtai Diary" spans a large time span, starting from 1866 to 1909, forty-four years. Among them, the thirty years before 1895 are relatively brief, but they are written in the constitutional calendar of the time, which is of a memorandum nature. "In the previous thirty years of the ministry, all diaries were registered in the Constitution of the Times" (Arita Diary, 21 August 1895). From August 21, 1895, Youtai set out as the prefect of Changzhou, and began to form a complete account. Recently published by Phoenix Publishing House and compiled by Mr. Kang Xinping of the Tibet Institute for Nationalities, the "Youtai Diary", that is, from 1895 to 1909, includes the main part of the "Youtai Diary". This article takes the before and after process of Miao Quansun, a famous scholar and bibliographer in modern times, who served as the president of Changzhou Longcheng Academy from 1898 to 1901 as an example, to show the multi-faceted value of this diary.
Miao Quansun's position as the head of the Jinggu Jingshe of Longcheng Academy was personally appointed by Youtai during his tenure as the prefect of Changzhou. Therefore, the two have met and exchanged many times, which is reflected in the "Youtai Diary", and combined with the relevant records of Miao Quansun's "Diary of the Old Man of Yifeng" and the "Book of the Old Man of Yifeng", it is possible to fully restore this history.
There is a shadow of the Thai diary, which is collected by the National Library of China
Miao Quansun took over as the head of longcheng academy as the head of the Jinggu Jingshe
In 1896, the Changzhou official Liu Shuping, together with Yun Yujia, proposed to Zhang Zhidong, who was acting governor of Liangjiang, to open a practical and ancient two fine houses at Longcheng Academy, and after receiving approval, "On the eighteenth day, Yun Mengle (Yu Jia) came to the meeting to open a practical house for Xiang Shuai (Zhang Zhidong) quasi-changsheng in Longcheng Academy, and to consult everything in front of him" (Youtai Diary, February 1, 1896). The matter began to enter the specific implementation stage.
In this process, Youtai gave great support. In his diary, he then recorded the management of the academy many times: "On the twenty-seventh day, in the afternoon, I paid homage to Liu Shenweichen (Shuping), Li Shenzezhi (Zhengguang), and Yun Shengjisheng (Yu Ling), all of whom were in charge of two jingsha. ("Youtai Diary", February 10, 1896) "On the fourteenth day, the gentleman Liu Review Shuping and Yun Shu Chang Yu Jia came to the meeting to discuss the use of the ancient two elite houses, and scheduled to take the examination at Longcheng College on the ninth day of February. ("Youtai Diary", February 27, 1896) "On the third day of the first month, I went to Longcheng Academy to worship the dean of Hua Ruoxi, who was a Confucian and extremely knowledgeable. "The directors of Longcheng Academy and jinggu jingshe were all appointed by Hua Ruoxi in the early days. Judging from the records of Hua Ruoxi in the diary, Youtai had a good impression of him and had many praises.
However, on the seventh day of the first month of July 1897, the "Youtai Diary" suddenly recorded: "I went to Yun Mengle early, because President Hua had a saying that the ancient scriptures were seated." The local Meng Shu Sun Xiaolian and Lü Yougangshe people also have a coercive language. There are many people in this place who have no literary skills, and they are also ridiculous. ("Youtai Diary", August 4, 1897) Youtai personally met with Hua Ruoxi the next day." On the eighth day of the first month, in the afternoon, he paid homage to Zheng Huicun's grand order, and visited the abbot of Hua Ruoxi, because he resigned from the ancient seat, and he kept it, and Gai Meng and Lü were also born." However, it is clear that Tai's retention has not been effective, and his twelve-day diary records that "Hua Dean Shang Jinggu also please read the file." Combined with the letter from Zhonghua Ruoxi to Miao Quansun in the "Yifeng Old Man Friends and Friends Shuzha", we can know that the candidate recommended by Hua Ruoxi at this time should be Miao Quansun. On September 20, 1897, Hua Ruoxi wrote to Miao Quansun:
"Longcheng Academy in the county, since the previous years (1896), was restructured under the auspices of Meng Le and Bao Liang. He was once proofread by Shi Fang in arithmetic. As for the Jinggu Yizhai , he was very careless in his own efforts, and he did not dare to fallacy on Si Xi, but he did not get his people in a hurry at that time, so he did not admit it. For two years, there has been no compensation. Recently, due to stubborn illness, loss of qi and blood, hospitalization of students with arithmetic, synodic additions, heavy diaries, tedious criticism, and inability to take care of the spirit, he decided to resign from the ancient scriptures to relieve his mental strength. Karma has allowed this, with a white face and too honorable (youtai), to be allowed. Tai Zun was admired by Mr. Nian's scholarly articles, and next year he asked Mr. Si To take the seat, and Shi Fang first wrote a letter, and then he was ready to hire and urge. I want mr. To be able to make sense of Sang Zi Yucai, I will be able to bend the body too honorably. In the old example, 240,000 years old, 10 lessons per year, 160 volumes per lesson. ”
This letter shows that Hua's recommendation has been recognized by Youtai. Miao Quansun received this letter on September 28, and recorded it in the "Diary of the Old Man of Yifeng" on this day: "Receiving the Letter of Shifangxin and Yun Menglexin of Huaruoxi in Changzhou, I said that next year I would see a seat in longcheng ancient learning." It can be seen that Miao Quansun has agreed to take up this position.
The restoration of Miao's tenure process
At the beginning of the following year, Miao Quansun came to Changzhou on the occasion of returning to his hometown to visit the tomb, and officially took over the post of president of the Jinggu Jingshe. This incident is also found in the diaries of Youtai and Miao Tsuen-sun. The "Diary of the Old Man of Yifeng" records: "On the third day of Ding Wei, there were Taizun, Zhao, Gao Liangling, and Li Zhizhi Zhengguang..." The "Diary of Youtai" is recorded in more detail: "On the third day of the first day, it will be edited and repaired by Miao Xiaoshan, the abbot of the Ancient Jingshe, and Tsuen Sun." Originally from Jiangyin, the head of the Zhongshan Academy in Jiangning, ancient learning is well-known in contemporary times, and the person is also pure, with a age of fifty-four and a year old. ”
Judging from the diaries of the two, especially the diary of Youtai, the impression of the two people meeting is good. The next day, Miao Quansun made an appointment with "the gentlemen of Longcheng Academy for dinner, and Shu Sheng and Shu She sat at the same table" (Diary of the Old Man of Yifeng, February 4, 1898). On the sixth day of the first month, Youtai invited Miao Quansun to dinner and began to discuss the actual work of the Jinggu Jingshe. "At noon, miao xiaoshan, the dean of the superintendent, Tao Quansheng, Shen Wenming, Li Zezhi, and the dong of the Li family, Yun Beisheng and Yun Shulun, all the princes, had a light meal. ...... Speaking of the dean's intention to take the eryi classics and the lexicon, the square is a combination, and the engraving has been screened, it seems that it is inconvenient to be clear, and it is left to wait. And it is planned to build another examination shed in Bayi... The kings were quite impressed. ("Youtai Diary", February 26, 1898) According to the records of Miao Quansun's diary, on this day, Youtai personally handed over 40,000 yuan of gold for two or three months to Miao Quansun. The next day, Miao Quansun also personally sent the book "Lexicon" and the topic of the ancient Jingshe in March and April to Youtai, which can be said to have quickly entered the working state.
It should be said that the two left a good impression in the meetings of these days, and in October 1898, after Youtai had learned that he was about to leave the prefect and return to Beijing, he still "sent the three presidents of Hua, Miao, and Yao to Come to The Academy of Hua, Miao, and Yao, and sent keye by the hospital." The second year of the appointment of Miao Tsuen Sun and others was determined. Since then, the two have continued to exchange letters from time to time. For example, the "Diary of the Old Man of Yifeng" recorded on January 20, 1899: "Pengchen, Yin, 卯 carved to Shimonoseki." Tatsuki to the Academy. Reading Ling's testament letters, there are Mengqin letters and Hu Jiechun letters." February 4 "Noon, Rain." ...... A letter was sent with a dream piano and a folding fan." When Youtai returned to Beijing, when he came to Nanjing, he still met Miao Tsuen-sun, "On the twenty-third day, he met Miao Xiaoshan Taishi, the dean of Zhongshan Academy, who sent books and vegetables, and had a great sense of love when he parted" (Youtai Diary, February 23, 1899). It can be seen that the relationship between the two is very close.
The content of Miao's tenure
Because Miao Quansun himself mainly lived in Nanjing, serving as the dean of the Jinggu Jingshe and concurrently serving as the dean of Zhongshan Academy, it was impossible to actually take on teaching work, and his work was mainly to review the textbooks, determine the ranking and issue monthly topics. This was reflected in a large number of his diaries and became an important part of the diary of this period, such as: "Thirty days of Yihai, Wei Qing, reading the Twenty Books of the Dragon City Classics." ...... Out of the Dragon City nine, ten, eleven, three months questions. Sending the Zhongshan Letter" (Diary of Ji Hai, July 1899). "Five days of Gengchen, Qing, reading the Dragon City volume, and fixing the rank" ("Diary of Himself Hai", August 1899).
Miao Quansun was very serious about this job and put a lot of energy into it. Taking the August 1898 reading volume as an example, he received the "Dragon City Sending August Textbook" on August 27, and from the beginning of September, he continued to review, "Reading the Dragon City Scroll Fifty Volumes" (the first day of September) "Reading the Dragon City Scripture History Volume Fifty Bi" (the first two days of September) "Reading the Dragon City Dictionary Volume 30" (the first three days of September) "Reading the Dragon City Dictionary Volume 30" (the first four days of September) "Reading the Dragon City Dictionary Volume Forty Bi" (the first five days of September), it took five days to complete the evaluation of the two types of textbooks, and immediately "sent the class papers to Changzhou the next day." and restore the Zhongshan Letter".
Miao's tenure ended at the end of 1901 with the trend of converting traditional academies into new schools.
Testimony of History: "Longcheng Academy".
There is a Preface to "Dragon City Academy Lesson Art" before it
Published in 1901, the book "Lesson Art of Longcheng Academy" collects the ancient and practical textbooks of Longcheng Academy from 1896 to 1901. According to the four categories of scripture history, lexicon, public opinion, and arithmetic, arranged according to the year, with the dean's comments, it is a concentrated display of the educational achievements of Longcheng Academy during this period. In the preface to the lesson, there is a preface written by Tai tai in October 1901, in which he recounts the transformation of Longcheng Academy during his reign:
There is a Longcheng Academy in the county, which is the land of wuyang liangyi teachers, And Xi Lu held the scriptures shao xun ci zhu mr. tasted to teach, so that a momentary sutra article shone in the sea, and for more than a hundred years the wind gradually foamed, the courtyard was dusty, and there was a sense of excitement. In the present Shang Shu, the Duke of Cheng Yun is invited to the Great Mansion, the Yuanshao Tranquility, and the Rules of the Near Master Wenda, and the Ancient Jingshe, which is derived from the Scriptures and Historical Chapters; Invite Jiangyin Miao Tai Shi Yingshan and Jin Kuihua To pay tribute to Ruoxi two two chairmen... The recently re-selected class art collection is a compilation, starting with the scriptures. Chu Yu tasted praise for its success, and sent a letter to the Kyoshi order.
It is precisely because of Youtai's strong support at the beginning of the longcheng academy's curriculum reform, which was recognized by Hua Ruoxi and Miao Quansun, that he was specially asked to make a preface to the book three years after he had returned to Beijing. Although they have different backgrounds: Youtai is a traditional official, Miao Quansun is a famous scholar, and Hua Ruoxi is a mathematician, but they have left their footprints in the history of education in Changzhou. And this compilation of lessons and arts, which is prefaced by Youtai and compiled by Miao Quansun and Hua Ruoxi, is a historical testimony of their contribution to Changzhou education.