One of the characteristics of Chinese is that they are very shy and conservative, especially when it comes to "sex"! But in fact, the ancestors of Chinese were not like this, they were very open. So how did Chinese go from being open to being "conservative"?
First, primitive societies to the Qin and Han dynasties and Qin and Han dynasties to the Tang Dynasty: openness
1. Primitive society
In primitive society, people lived in groups, there was no so-called family concept, there was no distinction between specific "husband and wife", and in matriarchal society, it was likely that they did not even know who the father of the child was! For example, the myths of the ancient period describe this phenomenon, and the Shangshu Gao Tao Mo and the Chu Ci Tianwen record:
"Married to Tu Shan." Xin Nong Decadiuma. Kai croaked and cried. SpearFuzi. Only the wasteland is done. "
It is said that Yu married Tu Shan in Xin Ren, but two days later, on the day of The Deca, Tu Shan gave birth to a child- Kai, Dayu did not recognize this child!
This shows that Tu Shan clan should be pregnant before marriage, and even do not know who the father of the child is, it can be seen that the relationship between men and women in ancient times should be more casual, and women can also interact with multiple men! There are also brothers and sisters who marry in mythology, such as "Fuxi Nuwa is said to be a pair of brothers and sisters." "
2. Pre-Qin period
There are already many written records in the pre-Qin period, and people's attitudes can be seen more intuitively, and the "Book of Poetry" is one of the best references. Guan Ju writes:
Guan Guan Ju Dove, in the River Continent. Ladies and gentlemen. Jagged lettuce, left and right. Ladies and gentlemen, covet it. I can't ask for it, I can't help it. Leisurely, tossing and turning. Jagged lettuce, left and right. Lady, Qin Ser yuzhi. Jagged lettuce, left and right. Ladies and gentlemen, bells and drums.
From the crush to the tortsing and turning girl, to the final marriage to the sweetheart, even the psychological description is written! This does not shy away from it in the slightest, and it is visible that it is enlightened!
For example, "The Mountain Has Fusu" writes:
The mountains have Fusu and the Sui have Lotus. If you don't see the sons, you are mad. The mountains have Qiao Song and the Kui have dragons. I don't see the son, but I see the cunning child.
It is written entirely from the perspective of a girl, the laughter and anger between lovers, saying that they have not seen a beautiful man but have seen you as a madman, you cunning person, full of lovers' nicknames, how can it be conservative? And it's from the Book of Verses. National Style", which records common things in the folk, shows that the folk style is indeed open! The Zhou Dynasty also had a policy recorded in the Mencius Liang HuiWang:
"When it is, there is no complaining woman inside, and no husband outside."
The marriage of men and women is mentioned at the national level, and words such as "complaining women" and "widows" are used, which shows the degree of social openness!
At the time of Confucius's life, the Analects recorded: Three hundred poems, in a word, thinking innocently. To say that the "Book of Poetry" records things that are true and true, is not only a summary of the "Book of Poetry", but also an affirmation of the content of the "Book of Poetry", indicating that confucius lived in a period of time and did not have taboos about the love of men and women! You can also see how open society is!
3. The Post-Han Dynasty
But as the years passed, in the Later Han Dynasty, there was a famous talented woman, Ban Zhao, in addition to repairing the history books, she also had an important work that was extremely poisonous to future generations, "Female Commandments", which directly proposed the "three from four virtues" ceremony for women, and even women in later generations were deeply harmed!
The book consists of seven parts, "Humble", "Couple", "Shunshun", "Women's Behavior", "Concentration", "Qu Cong" and "He Uncle and Sister". The three major relationships that a woman needs to deal with after marriage are clearly stipulated: to be obedient to her husband, to be obedient to her uncle, and to be obedient to her uncle. A change from the equality of men and women in the past life!
Change the equal conjugal relationship to husband and wife weakness: in the "concentration" section, there are: "Virgins do not marry second husbands", "Concentrate on the right color, no obscene voice in the ears, and no squinting eyes." The stipulation that women cannot remarry is completely contrary to the Zhou Dynasty's "no complaining women inside, no husbands outside", changing the mutual pleasure of men and women to women's service to men, and also creating the concept of "thrifty women", which is a great distortion of human nature!
4. Tang Dynasty period
The folk customs of the Tang Dynasty do not need to be written much, and everyone knows it very well, whether it is Li Longji's love for Yang Yuhuan described in Bai Juyi's "Long Hate Song":
Looking back at a smile, the six palaces are colorless. Spring cold bath Huaqing pool, hot spring water slippery wash gelatin. The waiter lifted up the delicate and weak, and it was the time of the new cheng enze. The clouds and sideburns are golden steps, and the hibiscus tent is warm for the spring supper. The spring supper rises for a short day, and the king does not go to the throne from now on. Chenghuan waiters have no leisure time, and spring is from the spring to the night of the night. There are three thousand harem beauties, and three thousand pets are in one. The golden house is dressed up as a pampering night, and the jade house feasts on drunkenness and spring.
It is also a special favor, a night waiter, an early dynasty, and the depiction of Yang Yuhuan's charm and skin after cheng'en, all of which show that The Tang Dynasty is not shy about the affairs of men and women, and can even appear in the literary works of the top literati without fear!
Not only Bai Juyi, Li Bai's "Sending Far" and "To The Wine" have:
"Why do you see each other and extinguish the candle and untie your robe?" "Drunk in the arms of the tortoiseshell feast, The Hibiscus tent is nai jun ho."
The Song and Ming people who are all descendants (except for the beautiful poems such as Wang Cihui in the Ming Dynasty) basically can't write poems!
In Yuan Shu's Huizhen Poem:
"Turn around and see the flowers and snow, and climb into bed to hug the bushes." Mandarin ducks cross neck dance, emerald acacia cage. The eyebrows are shy and partial, the lips are warmer, the qi is clear and the orchid is warm, the skin muscles are abundant, the wrists are weak, and the more delicate love is bowed. Sweatdrops and greenery. "
Writing about the love affairs of men and women is written in more detail, and the feminine state of the woman is described in extreme language, which is the proof of The Enlightenment of Datang!
1. Song Dynasty
The Song Dynasty was a very economically prosperous era, and the economy and urban development even belonged to the peak of the feudal dynasty, but the people of this dynasty were very reserved, because there was a neo-Confucianism such as "Cheng Zhu Lixue" in that dynasty, and people had no way to read it in order to promote the official custom when they were facing the officially customized ideological popularization books. But this "Confucianism" is new, and it is different from Confucius's thought, and it is a modified Confucianism, and even classics such as the Four Books must refer to Zhu Xi's "Notes on the Four Books". So the male mind is imprisoned in the newly annotated Confucian classics.
Not only that, "Cheng Zhu Lixue" also proposed: male and female defense. Therefore, in many film and television dramas we can see such a phenomenon, the women of the Song Dynasty basically do not go out much, even if they go out, most of them have to use veils and veils to mask their faces, and it is easy to see strange men. Even the handwriting of the woman in the boudoir and the small zha written things cannot be transmitted to the outside world, so Li Qingzhao's first husband was willing to show her poems to people, or even assemble them into a book, which is very remarkable. And this view not only restricts women, but also restricts men, men can not easily talk to women, resulting in inability to communicate between the sexes, free love is basically impossible. The gradual formation of psychological attitudes and social atmospheres between the sexes has led to men being curious about women, and even become a literary phenomenon such as "literati spring dreams". It shows that the phenomenon of avoiding talking about the love affairs of men and women at that time greatly suppressed human nature!
2. Ming and Qing dynasties
Cheng Zhu Lixue was also listed as an official ideology in the Yuan Dynasty, and this influence continued until the Later Ming Dynasty of the Yuan Dynasty, and it was even more serious in the Ming Dynasty! The view of "women's chastity" is very important, and the words put forward by Cheng Yi, which is "small in starvation and death, and big in loss of discipline", were resolutely implemented in the Yuan Dynasty, so the concept of chastity began to spread in society. When the Qing dynasty revised the history of the Ming Dynasty, the biography of Jie Lie was found to be "no less than 10,000 people", of which 308 people died the most tragically.
Heavenly reason, extinguish human desires. What is destroyed is not human desire, but the pursuit of absolute control over man's spirit. Even the basic needs of man's great desires have been suppressed, let alone rebellion? Or for the stability of feudal rule. Therefore, at that time, human sexual needs were in a state of unprecedented repression and confinement, the oppression and bondage suffered by women reached their limits, and human nature was seriously distorted.
While women are repressed, there is a phenomenon that men have a view of women: how girls should be, for example, now some girls wear clothes that expose some skin and are said by some men to be "inappropriate", girls are killed in the use of Didi travel, and a bunch of people are saying how people wear clothes below. These are the views of the time on the future generations, but these also show the conservatism of the Chinese! Now that it is, the Ming Dynasty is even more unimaginable.
After the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, it was castrated in the face of Cheng Zhu Lixue, retaining the great suppression of human nature, and castrating Cheng Zhu Lixue's advantages in shaping personality, so in the hundreds of years of Qing Dynasty rule, women and men were also shy when mentioning "sex"! For example, in the film and television dramas of the Qing Dynasty, many doctors would cover the wrists of female patients with veils when they treated people, etc., which were all manifestations of the suppression of folk customs at that time.
Since the overthrow of the Qing government in Xinhai, the democratic republic has brought not only the innovation of the system, but also the enlightenment of the mind, and people have gradually treated "sex" from conservative to open, although now during the ten years of great turmoil, the relationship between men and women has been characterized as a comradely relationship, ignoring the development of feelings and intentions between men and women, but then it has gradually improved, and China's view of "sex" has gradually become more enlightened, and people no longer regard it as something that cannot be discussed or should not be discussed. The attitude of the whole society has become very relaxed in its attitude towards this matter. In primary and secondary schools, "sexual popularization" has also been carried out, correctly understanding the "sexual organs", regarding them as a normal part of the body, so that children can see this matter as normal from an early age.
This is not only a change in China's social atmosphere, but also a change in the degree of social civilization, no longer trying to achieve spiritual control by suppressing normal human nature, but giving people a broad space to let them soar freely, and can't help but remind people of the most brilliant era in Chinese history - Datang, rich and strong national strength, open society! Let's end with a sentence from Mencius:
"Everything is desired, and if there is no desire, there is nothing to be done." Desire followed by action, and action is attributed to the predicate of the most inaccessible. Desireless and inactive, and justified? "。