The famous Qing Dynasty bibliophile Changshu Chen Shu (Zi Zhun) is one of the five surviving Ming Dynasty folk banknotes with complete volumes. The remaining four parts are: Changshu Qu Yong's Old Tibetan Ming Banknote, Songjiang Han Ying's Old Tibetan Ming Banknote, Gui'an LuXinyuan's Old Tibetan Feng Shu's Old Ming Banknote, and Haiyan Zhu Xizu's Old Tibetan Ming Banknote. In addition to the Feng Xiaoming banknotes, which are now in the Jingjiatang Library in Japan, the other four are in the National Library of China. Unlike the other four Ming banknotes, scholars have a very limited understanding of the circulation and collection of Chen Zangming banknotes. In his later years, Mr. Hu Shi ruled the "Notes on the Water Classics" for more than twenty years, and the various editions of the "Notes on the Water Classics" he read were countless, and he wrote more than a million words of research works on the "Notes on the Water Classics", which also discussed the problem of the Ming banknotes, but it was surprising that he did not have a word on the Chen Zangming banknotes, and he should not have known about the banknotes before he died. This alone can glimpse the little-known version of the Banknotes that have been stored in the Ming Dynasty.
The five volumes of the complete "Notes on the Water Classics" are Ming Dynasty folk banknotes
The Notes on the Water Classics written by Northern Wei Li Daoyuan is the most famous classic in ancient China that records regional geographical information based on waterways. Based on the territory of the Western Han Dynasty (several regions and extraterritorial areas), it provides a comprehensive description of many important rivers and their watersheds, covering both physical geography and human geography. The book consists of 40 volumes and more than 300,000 words, which is a "strange book of the universe" written by Li Daoyuan in the service of the official Rongma, using various local documents he collected and some of his field investigations (Liu Xianting's "Guangyang Miscellaneous Records", volume IV). Later, although similar works such as Huang Zongxi's "Present Water Classic" and Qing Qi Zhaonan's "Outline of Waterways" appeared later, their value could not be compared with the "Notes on the Water Classic". In the ancient writings of china that record the waterways of rivers, the "Notes on the Water Classics" has always been a masterpiece of "not one, not two" (Shen Deqian's "Shen Bingxun 'Water Commentaries on the Commentary on the Commentaries on the Water Classics'" Preface).
For more than five hundred years after the "Notes on the Water Classics" was written, it was circulated by writing (banknotes), and the earliest official record was in the Sui Shu Jing Zhi. In some of the sui to northern song books (such as the Sui Dynasty's Beitang Shuqian, the Tang Dynasty's Chuxue Ji, the Northern Song Dynasty's Taiping Imperial Records) and the General Geographical Chronicles (such as the Tang Dynasty's Yuanhe County Atlas, the Northern Song Dynasty's Taiping Huanyu Records), the text of the Water Classics can be seen. By the time of the Northern Song Dynasty (1034-1038), the original forty volumes of the Notes on the Water Classics had been scattered, and only thirty-five volumes remained (later divided into forty volumes).
After the advent of engraving, the Water Commentary was also popular. The earliest known inscription is the Chengdu Fuxue Palace Periodicals in the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty. The earliest surviving inscription is the "Remnant Song Ben" (now the National Library of China), which was published around the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty, and only eleven and a half volumes remain (none of the leaves are complete), and the word count is less than one-third of the whole book.
Descending to the Ming Dynasty, two major systems were formed in the circulation of the version of the Water Classic: the ancient system and the modern system. The so-called ancient version, that is, when it is engraved and written in banknotes, is based on the preservation of the original appearance of the Song ben (or the shadow Song ben), even if the original copy is obviously false, it will not be changed, and it does not involve the collation and research of the version. In addition to the above-mentioned "remnant Song Ben", the Ming Dynasty official banknote "Yongle Dadian" version of the "Water Classic" and the Ming Dynasty folk banknote "Water Classic Note" belong to the ancient book system. The so-called present version is the version that has been studied and corrected from the original. Since the earliest engraving of the Ming Dynasty, "Notes on the Water Classics", The Zhuming and Qing inscriptions that have been published in Huang Province belong to the present system. The popular version of the Water Sutra that we generally read now can also be included in the present system.
The Ming Banknote "Notes on the Water Classic" printed this time is one of the five surviving Ming Dynasty folk banknotes (today the Tianjin Library still has a fragment of the Minglian Lake Academy banknotes), which belongs to the ancient book system. Because it was once the old collection of the famous bibliophile of the Qing Dynasty, Changshu Chen Yi (Zi Zhun), it was referred to as Chen Zangming Banknote. The remaining four parts are: Changshu Qu Yong Old Tibetan Ming Banknote (Qu Zang Ming Banknote), Songjiang Han Ying Majesty Old Tibetan Ming Banknote (Han Zang Ming Banknote), Gui'an Lu Xinyuan Old Tibetan Feng Shu (Zi Ji Cang) School Ming Banknote (Feng School Ming Banknote) and Haiyan Zhu Xizu Old Tibetan Ming Banknote (Zhu Zang Ming Banknote). Of the five Ming banknotes, the remaining four are in the National Library of China, except for the Feng Xiaoming banknotes, which are now in the Jingjiatang Library in Japan.
Chen Zangming's Banknote "Notes on the Water Classics" (Collection of the National Library of China)
Re-acquaint yourself with the Chen Zangming banknotes
Unlike the other four Ming banknotes, scholars have a very limited understanding of the circulation and collection of Chen Zangming banknotes. In his later years, Mr. Hu Shi ruled the "Notes on the Water Classics" for more than twenty years, and the various editions of the "Notes on the Water Classics" he read were countless, and he wrote more than a million words of research works on the "Notes on the Water Classics", which also discussed the problem of the Ming banknotes, but it was surprising that he did not have a word on the Chen Zangming banknotes, and he should not have known about the banknotes before he died. This alone can glimpse the little-known version of the Banknotes that have been stored in the Ming Dynasty. However, if we carefully examine the seals and school language of the books retained on this Ming banknote, and combine the relevant scholars in history with the reading of the "Notes on the Water Classics", not only can we roughly outline the circulation trajectory of the Chen Zangming banknotes, but even have an unexpected discovery, allowing us to confirm a version of the "Notes on the Water Classics" that everyone thought was dead in the past, and then re-understand the face of this Chen Zangming banknote and its own value.
Hu Shi Manuscript (Jilin Literature and History Publishing House, 2014) book shadow
On Chen Zangming's banknotes, in addition to Chen Yu's "Ji Rui Lou" book seal, you can also see the collection seals of "He Shouren Seal", "Wu County Shen Wen", "Discernment Seal", "Wen Duan Gong Testament", "Weng Tong Gong Seal", "Weng Bin Sun Seal" and so on. From the position of these seals in the book, we can first roughly sort out the clues of the circulation and collection of this Ming banknote: in the Ming Dynasty, it was first collected by He Shouren (whose person is unknown, his whereabouts are to be examined), and during the Jiajing period, it belonged to the Wu County bibliophile Shen Youwen (character discernment). During the Jiaqing period of the Qing Dynasty, it was the collection of Chen Yi's family; after chen's death, it should be purchased by his fellow villager Weng Xincun (Pan Zuyin's "Preface to Chen's Bibliography of Ji Rui Lou" mentioned that Weng Xincun had obtained part of his collection after Chen's death), and then through the hands of Weng Tonggong (son of Xin Cun) and Weng Binsun (grandson of Tong Gong's brother Tongshu), and finally in the 1950s, when Weng Zhixi (bin Sun's son) donated it to the Beijing Library at that time. In addition, special attention should be paid to a Yuan Tingshou quote at the end of this banknote book. The information revealed by this saying can make the above-mentioned roughly restored circulation and collection clues add an important link between Shen and Wen and Chen.
Yuan Tingshou (also known as Tingzhu, zihekai, also known as Shoujie, wuyanlou master), a native of Qingwu County, along with Huang Pilie (字邵武, zi Shaowu, zipu, 荛夫, also known as Fu Weng), Zhou Xizhao (字仲涟, xiangyan, also known as Yitang, alias Xiangyan resident), Gu Zhikui (字抱chong) and called Qianjiajian Wuzhong "four friends of the book collection". At the end of Chen Zangming's banknote, Yuan Shi said: "Jiaqing Yi ugly borrowed school in September, because of the right mistake and jane lost. Tingshou. And "Yuan Youkai borrowed the proofreading" chapter, it can be seen that this writing should be Yuan's handwriting rather than a transcription. In september, yuan shi obtained from Gu Guangxi (字千里, number 涧萍) a copy of Sun Qian's (Zi Qianfu) school "Notes on the Water Classics" (only sixteen volumes now exist, hidden in the National Library of China), and then borrowed the Shadow Song Banknote "Notes on the Water Classics" from Gu Zhikui's small reading pile, not only recording some differences in the text in it on Sun Qian's schoolbook, but also modeling the end of this shadow Song banknote in accordance with the style (Fu Zengxiang's "Records of the Books and Eyes of the Tibetan Garden Group" Volume V, "Shibu III" and "Notes on the Water Classics"). And this quotation, previously only found in Qian Zeng's book "Reading Minqiu Ji", and the text is often leaky, coupled with the whereabouts of Gu Zhikui's shadow Song banknote "Water Classic Notes" are unknown since then, so scholars, including Mr. Hu Shi, have paid more and more attention to the shadow Song banknotes of Yuan Tingshou's hand model, and think that it is the only surviving complete transcript that can reflect the original song of the Song Periodicals.
However, in this photocopy of this Chen Zangming banknote, it is surprising to find that at the end of the book there is the same line and text as Yuan's hand model. Not only that, but carefully examining the version of line information and errors and omissions and over-recorded foreign texts indicated by Yuan Shi in Sun Qian's school book, etc., all of which are in line with this Ming banknote. These ends, combined with the foregoing, can confirm that this Chen Zangming banknote is the Shadow Song Banknote "Notes on the Water Classic" hidden by Gu Zhikui, who everyone thinks that he has been dead for a long time. Gu Zhikui was Gu Guangxi's brother-in-law, and in addition to Yuan's mention and recording of different texts, Huang Pilie also recorded it under the "Notes on the Water Classics" in Qian Zeng's "Reading And Minqiu Records", and used to revise the "Notes on the Water Classics" collected by Lu Mengkai, which was recorded by Qian Zeng, and the supplementary text was the same as the Yuan records (see Guan Tingfen and Zhang Yu's "Reading Min Zhi Zhi Zhi Proofs" volume 2 of the "Li Daoyuan Water Injection Sutra Forty Volumes" article). Since then, Gu Zhikui's collection of this shadow Song Ming banknote "Notes on the Water Classic" has not been mentioned again. Now it seems that after Gu's death, this Ming banknote may have been included in the Chen Shu Rui Building. So far, the reason why few scholars have associated the Chen Zangming banknotes with the Gu's Shadow Song banknotes used by Yuan School may be that this book is deeply hidden in the homes of the Chen and Weng clans, and few people have seen it; second, this book does not have any seal of Gu's collection on it, if it is only a general collation of the bibliography, it is naturally difficult to find the internal relationship between the two and set it as a book.
The value and shortcomings of Chen Zangming banknotes
After revealing the true origin of chen zangming banknotes, let's take a look at the version of this ying Song banknote itself.
Chen Zangming banknotes consist of twelve volumes, half-leaf eleven lines, two crosses (occasionally or twenty-one characters), no grid. The verse is at the top of the head, and the note is one word low. At the front of the book, there is half of the preface of Li Daoyuan, and the characters of the Que Zi (when it is half leaf 22 crosses) begin and end, and the lines are the same as the Qu Zang Ming banknotes. The first title of each volume is "Sanchin Written by Li Daoyuan". Judging from the text and text content of Chen Zangming's banknotes, they should be the shadow banknotes of the Song Periodicals. In addition, the "Huan" character in some of the articles in the book has the phenomenon of missing the last pen to avoid secrecy, and it is speculated that the ancestral version of this banknote should be an engraving of the second year of the Southern Song Dynasty (1087).
On the whole, Chen Zangming banknotes mainly have the following research value. First, it can fill the gap of the Song Ben. Because the remnants of the Song Dynasty were too incomplete to be fully utilized. The Chen Zangming banknote is not only in the line, but also the same as the remnant Song ben, and even the number of words per leaf and each line is consistent with the remnant Song ben (occasionally there will be a difference of one word per line). If the Chen Zangming banknote is used as the base copy, and combined with other ancient version of the "Water Classics" version, to make up for the fragments of each leaf and line of the Song Dynasty, it should eventually be possible to roughly restore the appearance of the Southern Song Dynasty periodical "Water Classics Notes". Second, the Song periodical "Notes on the Water Classics" retained at the end of the book is extremely precious. This verse is the full transcript of the afterword and inscription of the Chengdu official inscription in the second year of the Northern Song Dynasty, from which there is a clearer understanding of the history of the "Water Classic Notes" before and after the first inscription of Yuan You, and the later "Notes on the Water Classics" are from the Chengdu Official Inscriptions of the Second Year of Yuan You. Third, we can understand the reasons for the error and simplicity of the Ming Periodical's Notes on the Water Classics. The Chen Zangming banknote is quite similar in text to the Huang Province Zengben of the first ming dynasty publication, the Water Classic, and the errors and simplicities are also quite consistent, and it is inferred that the base used by the Huang ben is the same ancestral book as the Chen Zangming banknote. In volume 1 of "River Water I", the Yellow Book has a mistake that is the same as the Chen Zangming banknote, and it can be clearly seen from the Chen Zangming banknote that the text of this error is complete with two leaves before and after. In other words, this error should be caused by misguiding the two leaves before and after when the banknotes are bound into a book. Judging from the fact that each leaf of the existing Ming banknote "Water Sutra Note" has no leaf code label, this situation is very easy to occur.
The fragments of the Song Dynasty (national library of China, picture above) of volume 19 of the Notes on the Water Classics are contrasted with the lines of the Chen Zangming banknotes
Of course, as one of the ancient texts of the "Notes on the Water Classics", Chen Zangming's banknotes also inevitably have some shortcomings, in addition to the problem of misinformation mentioned above, there are also problems such as text leakage (such as the eighteenth volume of "Wei Shui" Li note "Chang'an People Liu Finally collapsed", "obtained a foot of white jade square" to "Yu Shu Cui Xiao Huang Lan" more than four hundred characters of a full leaf), false (such as volume XVII "Wei Shui" Li note "and the east and The Da Ben Zhou water out of the West Mountain Eryuan combined with the Eastern Calendar Da Ben Chuan", "Da Ben Zhou Shui" as "Da Ben Chuan Shui") and other such problems. This is what requires special attention when using this Ming banknote to conduct the study of the text of the Water Sutra.
Finally, A few words will be added to the current bibliographic information of Chen Zangming's banknotes. In the second volume of the "Bibliography of Ancient Books and Books of the Beijing Library", "Shibu", Chen Zangming's banknote is written as follows: "He Zhuo, Gu Guangxiu School, Yuan Tingzhuo School and Bao". Among them, there is naturally no doubt about "Yuan Tingzhuo School and Trek". However, the expression of "He Zhuo and Gu Guangxi School" is probably not accurate enough. Looking through the Chen Zangming banknotes, we can see that there are only roughly three kinds of handwriting of the main text of the batch school, and from the perspective of the content of the batch school, the schooler should be compared with the text of Ming Zhumou's "Notes on the Water Classic", and cannot directly confirm that it was He and Gu. At present, the original manuscript of He Zhuo's school copy of the "Notes on the Water Classics" (now the "National Library" in Taiwan) is approved by the school on a "Notes on the Water Classics". Comparing the text in it with the school language of chen zangming banknotes, it is not difficult to find that the content and handwriting are different. The reason why the collators think that there is any school language in the Chen Zangming banknote may be related to the fact that the second volume of the "River Water II" has a sentence of "'Jin' returned to the Tai Servant Family Codex, and Zhao Qing Chang SchoolBook is 'Jinda'". However, similar to the school language, He Shi's autograph on the "Notes on the Water Classic" is: "'Catch' is attributed to the Tai Servant Family Banknote, and Zhao Qing Chang School Book is 'made'" (Zhao Yiqing's "Notes on the Water Classic" quotes He Shi's same sentence). The two express different words. Not only that, in fact, He's handwritten school language is wrong, and the text he has proofread should actually be the expression "Jinda" in the school language of Chen Zangming's banknotes instead of "Jinzao". From this, it seems to be inferred that if He Shi is not a clerical error here, it is likely that he has not personally seen the Gui Tai Shu (i.e., Gui Youguang) family banknotes belonging to the ancient system and the Zhao Qingchang (i.e., Zhao Qimei) school version of the "Notes on the Water Classics". In other words, Ho is probably also a proofreading phrase in someone else's version of the over-recorded. As for the bibliography of "Gu Guangxi School", it should be related to the small character "Qianli" under the small characters of "Zhongtuo Yiye" in The Eighteenth Volume of Chen Zangming's Banknote Volume XVIII "WeiShui". "Qianli" here refers to "Gu Guangxi" naturally, but from the handwriting of this four-character school language, it does not look like Gu's handwriting. Moreover, if this is Gu's pro-school, there is no need to embellish the word "thousand miles". On the contrary, this kind of signature under the school language is just a common practice for the Qing people to over-record other people's school languages. According to the above analysis, even if some of the school language content in Chen Zangming's banknote can be regarded as related to He and Gu, it can only be a transcript of others, and should not be judged as the handwriting of the two.
In other words, Chen Zangming's banknote is a very precious version of the "Notes on the Water Classics", and the National Library Publishing House has included it in the "Series of Basic Classics of Traditional Chinese Studies" for photocopying and publishing this time, which is really a move to benefit The Study of the "Notes on the Water Classics", and I believe that the study of the "Notes on the Water Classics" will certainly be of great benefit.