In 978, Qian Hongli followed the ancestral precepts, took Cangsheng as his thought, returned to the Song Dynasty, and realized the unification of China, which was praised by historians.
Because of Qian's outstanding military achievements, he was awarded the Golden Book of Iron Coupons by the Tang Dynasty, commonly known as the Death Card. However, with the changes of history, most of them have disappeared and disappeared, only qian's iron coupon golden book, which has gone through thousands of years and endured hardships, has been miraculously preserved: donated to the state by the descendants of Le Qian, the governor of Shengzhou, Zhejiang, and has become a first-class precious cultural relics of the National Museum to show the world. So how did the Iron Coupon Book come about? What does it do?
Gold Book Iron Coupons (Collection of the National Museum)
The Iron Coupon Golden Book is the Emperor's Contract
The Iron Book of Iron Coupons, also known as the Danshu Iron Coupons and the Golden Book Iron Coupons, is a contract made between the ancient emperor and his courtiers - the oaths of the emperor and the meritorious and heavy subjects are written on the "iron coupons" with Dansha or gold, so it is called "Golden Book Iron Coupons", because it has the right to be exempt from punishment, commonly known as the gold medal for death. The iron coupon is shaped like a cylinder tile-shaped iron product, the two coupons are combined into a whole, the left coupon is awarded to the hero, the right coupon is hidden in the royal inner palace or the temple, and in the face of special circumstances, the two coupons are combined together to verify the authenticity. The letter on the iron coupon was originally crossed in with Dansha, collectively known as "Danshu Iron Deed". Hou Liang used silver powder to fill in the words, so the "Zizhi Tongjian" was used as a "silver coupon"; the Sui Dynasty used gold crosswords, also known as "golden coupons" and "golden books", and the Liao dynasty used gold crosswords, so the "History of Liao" was used as a "golden coupon"; the "History of Ming" was called "Shi Coupon" because the iron coupons could be passed down from generation to generation. Xu Shen's "Explanation of Words and Characters" says "Fu, Xinye". According to Kao, in the pre-Qin era, the rune was a kind of relic used as a voucher, generally made of bamboo wood. The charm of the "Letter Lingjun Stealing Charm to Save Zhao" is the relic of the monarch.
According to the information currently available, the inventor of the Danshu iron coupon is Liu Bang, the ancestor of Han Gao. Shi Zai: After Liu Bang established the Han Dynasty, he "ordered Xiao He Ci To Order, Han Xin Shen Military Law, Zhang Cangding Regulations, And Uncle Sun Tong System Of Etiquette; and also swore an oath with meritorious servants, Danshu, Tieqi, Jin Kui, and Shi Room, hidden in the Zongmiao Temple." The oath in the Danshu iron coupon is "make the Yellow River like a belt, Taishan like a strong, the country to live forever, and the Miao and Miao people". Han Gaozu was a reward for the heroes and awarded them the "Danshu Iron Coupon". He probably felt that bamboo and wood were perishable, not enough to express his determination to have the world and enjoy the wealth and wealth forever with the heroes for generations, so he changed it with iron. "Later Han Shu Ji Zun Zhuan": "The Danshu iron coupon is transmitted to infinity." "The recipients could not help but feel the mighty grace of the emperor, and they were loyal to the imperial court for generations, and they were put into gold and hidden in the temple made of stone.
In fact, the emperor swore an oath, but not many people seriously fulfilled their promises. For example, Han Xin, Peng Yue, etc. are all great heroes, and the result is that they all end up with rabbits and dead dogs cooking. As for the descendants of meritorious heroes, they have no privilege of exoneration, and if they slightly violate the criminal law, that is, they will be brought to justice, such as the descendants of Chen Ping, the minister of state, who robbed people's wives and were sentenced to death. Historian Sima Qian once made a statistic: "Han Xing, meritorious recipients, more than a hundred people", when Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was too early, only a hundred years later, only five descendants of the heroes retained the title of marquis, and the rest were sentenced to death for breaking the law.
Since Liu Bang, the ancestor of Han Gao, began to praise and win over meritorious heroes with iron deeds, later emperors have imitated it, and the so-called "descendants inherit the inheritance and do not change", they believe that this political strategy and means are very effective for strengthening the ruling power. During the Three Kingdoms period, in order to encircle the surrounding ethnic minorities, the Shu Han Dynasty gave iron coupons to The Zhuyi in the South, Cao Wei to Guan Longyi, and Qiang. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, wars were frequent, and the oath of danshu iron coupon was changed from hereditary knighthood in the early Han Dynasty to exonerate the death penalty. The Tang Dynasty exempted the recipient from the crime of rebellion once or several times, which became the main content of the Tang government's reward of iron coupons. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, not only did the recipients have the privilege of being exempted from capital crimes, but also involved the privilege of forgiving the death penalties of their descendants. For example, Qian Wei forgives 9 deaths, and descendants die 3.
Literary works have also rendered iron coupons to increase their mystique and influence. The ninth time in the novel "Water Margin", when the owner of the shop introduced Chai Jin, he said: "There is a rich man in this village, surnamed Chai, named Jin, who is called Chai Daguanren here, and is called 'Little Whirlwind' in the rivers and lakes." He was a descendant of Emperor Chai of the Great Zhou Dynasty. Since Chen Qiao abdicated the throne, Emperor Wude of Taizu gave him the 'iron coupon of oath' at home..." The fifty-second time he wrote Chai Jin again: "The little man is a descendant of the Chai Shi Sect, and there are iron coupons for the oath of taizu in the family." This "oath iron coupon" is a different name for the "Danshu iron coupon", the Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin "yellow robe plus body", from the Later Zhou Chai family to obtain the throne, gave the Chai clan "Danshu iron coupon", Chai clan descendants can not be punished for crimes, there is indeed a basis in history.
The Iron Coupon Book has been a long time
Qian's iron coupon golden book was inscribed by Lu You of the Song Dynasty, Liu Ji of the Ming Dynasty and others, and also presented the imperial records of six emperors, including Song Taizong, Song Renzong, Song Shenzong, Ming Taizu, Ming Chengzu and Qing Gaozong, and became national treasures. After the storms of war and the upheavals, this national treasure can be well preserved and become a good story.
Zhao Kuangyin called the emperor Jiansong and unified the whole country. In 978, the fifth Wuyue king, Qian Hongli, in order to save his life from being destroyed, followed the ancestral instructions of Qian Wei, the king of Wusu, and dedicated all 550,680 households in 13 prefectures and 86 counties and 550,680 households under his jurisdiction to the Northern Song Dynasty. Qian Hongli moved the palace to Nanyang, Henan and died there, but the "Golden Book of Iron Coupons" and the bamboo books, jade books, edicts and other family cultural relics given by successive emperors remain in the Qian Ancestral Temple in Hangzhou. In the first year of Chunhua (990), Hangzhou officials transported all wuyue old goods such as iron coupons to Beijing for sacrifice to Emperor Taizong of Song. In order to appease the Qian clan, Emperor Taizong of Song issued an edict after viewing the iron coupons, and gave the iron coupons to Qian Hongli's son, Qian Weilian the Prince of An, for safekeeping, and after Qian Weilin's death, he gave them to his brother Qian Weiyan for collection. After Qian Weiyan's death, the iron coupon was given to his second son, Qian Qian, for safekeeping, and then transferred to Qian Jingzhen, the grandson of Qian Weiyan and the son of Qian Xuan, the Duke of Jiguo.
In March of the eighth year of Xining (1075), Qian Jingzhen became the princess of the State of Qin Lu (1060-1146), the daughter of Emperor Renzong of Song, and the "Golden Book Iron Coupon" began to be treasured in Qian Jingzhen's horse house. When Qian Jingzhen married Princess Dachang, he served as a lieutenant of the horse and was later awarded the title of King of Ji County. Princess Dachang was wise and virtuous, and was the favorite daughter of Song Renzong, who married Qian Jingzhen under the auspices of Song Yingzong. The Jin invaded, and she sold all her family property to support the imperial court in resisting jin. The Second Emperor Hui Qin was taken captive, and after the Zhao and Song imperial families crossed south, she said that the country could not be without a monarch for a day, so she summoned the imperial family and ministers to preside over the election of King Kang Zhao as emperor. The eldest son of the princess, Qian Chen, was given the title of Duke of Rongguo, and later promoted to Taishi and Duke of Yuguo.
In the first year of Shaoxing (1131), Qian Chen moved south with the Song Dynasty at the behest of his mother and lived in Linhai, the seat of Taizhou. After the Qian family lived in Taizhou, they gradually became a large family and a noble family in Taizhou. In the summer of the fourth year of Shaoxing (1134), Emperor Gaozong of Song gave Princess Dachang the first "one line" house and inscribed the four words "House of Loyalty and Filial Piety" to let her enjoy glory and wealth. The "one-line" house is on the east side of the old campus of Taizhou Middle School in linhai City, Zhejiang Province. The "Iron Coupon Golden Book" was carried by Qian Chen and hidden in the Linhai mansion, which became the "family treasure" of the Qian clan in Taizhou. In the second year of the Southern Song Dynasty (1276), when the Yuan soldiers were about to reach the rooftop, the Qian family fled with the iron coupon and died on the way, and the iron coupon was missing. However, the sky has eyes, and 56 years later, in the second year of Yuan Shun (1331), the "Iron Coupon Golden Book" was fished by a fisherman from the deep water of Zeku and sold to an old scholar in a neighboring village. Qian Shijue (1276-1346), the 14th grandson of the Qian dynasty, bought back the "Golden Book of Iron Coupons" with Shihugu. However, the water was soaked for too long, and the gold characters embedded in the second half of the "Iron Coupon Golden Book" peeled off a lot. The "Iron Coupon Golden Book" remained in Linhai for 767 years, and the world did not fall.
At the age of 83, the literary scholar Lu You wrote an "Iron Coupon Text of Emperor Zhaozong of the Tang Dynasty Giving Money to King Wusu", which contains the following record. In the sixth year of Shaoxing (1136), when he was twelve or thirteen years old, he accompanied his mother to his aunt's house, met with the elderly princess Dachang, saw the iron coupons, the jiedushi seal and other treasures, and said: "The iron coupons are hidden in the lying room, like a tile. Now more than seventy years ago, it is possible to see the transcript in the family of Wu Su's grandsons. After the cross, Gavin wrote by hand. An old Tibetan book post with a pledge character is the same. Wu Shengjun jiedushi made the seal, then Wen Xian Yin Luoshi led the Dengzhou Festival. In June of the third year of the opening of the jubilee, San'in Lu wrote a letter. ”
Qian Daxin, a famous scholar of the Qing Dynasty, wrote in the "Qianyantang Jinshi Wenbuwei": "The family of Qian Wenchuan, a villager in Baishi, is hidden in the coupon. "In 1895, a strange thing happened in Lingwai Qian Village, the iron coupons guarded day and night were stolen from the ancestral hall, and in 1901, the descendants of the Qian clan in Changle Town spent 400 taels of silver to buy the iron coupons from a Changshu person again. The iron coupon finally returned to the Qian family, and the descendants of the Qian family returned home for the iron coupon and acted for 10 days to celebrate. After that, every Spring Festival, iron coupons were carried in a flower palanquin, and in the sound of band blowing, they were welcomed to the ancestral hall, and placed together with the relics of the ancestors to perform the sacrifice in a solemn ceremony.
It is recorded in the Shengzhou County Chronicle that when the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression broke out in 1938, Changle was also occupied by the Japanese army. In order to prevent the loss of the iron coupons, the People of the Changle Qian Clan agreed to hide the iron coupons in the deep wells of Qian Gunlin's family. According to Mr. Qian Wenhan, Qian Gunlin's son, Mr. Qian Wenhan recalled: More than seventy years ago, when the iron coupons were delivered to his home, his parents thought of many ways to make the iron coupons not damaged, first to apply oil, then to seal the wax, and finally to wrap the iron coupons with cotton thread and then seal the wax, and tie them with thread and put them into their own wells. This well is clear in the autumn, and the cultural relics are easily exposed at a glance. Every night, Mr. and Mrs. Qian Genglin picked up a load of mud from outside and poured it into the well, mixing the well water. From then on, Qian Genglin's family had to go far away to fetch water to eat. Hold out for seven years and win the War of Resistance. In November of that year, the weather was cold, Qian Genglin drank a mouthful of liquor, went down the well to take out the iron coupons, peeled them off, and kept them intact.
In May 1949, when Changle was liberated, the Qian clan felt that the people's government could be trusted, so they donated iron coupons to the state and kept them by the Zhejiang Provincial Cultural Relics Management Committee. In view of the significant historical value of this object, in 1959, the then Chinese History Museum collected iron coupons.
Qian Gonggong was awarded the Golden Book of Iron Coupons
In the late Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms were called "extremely chaotic" by historians, the feudal towns were divided, the warlords were fighting, disasters were frequent, the northern ten rooms and nine empty spaces, "the great epidemic in eastern Zhejiang, most of the dead", "the drought in Jiangnan, the hunger and cannibalism", the people were in deep water. King Qian of Wuyue was born at that time. He was born in poverty, and he liked to learn martial arts, because he was the eldest son, at the age of 16, he ventured to Haiyan and other places, shoulder to pick up and sell illegal salt to Anhui and other places, in exchange for money and grain to serve his parents. At the age of 21, Qian Wei threw himself into the army, "Xiao Yong was brilliant", courageous, strong in martial arts, and was highly valued by Dong Chang, the commander of Shi Jingzhen. In 879, when the Huangchao rebel army invaded Lin'an, Qian Wei skillfully broke the siege with fewer enemies and more enemies, using tactics such as ambush and bluff. In 880, civil unrest broke out in the Tang Dynasty, and in order to protect local stability, Dong Chang and Qian Wei united with the militia groups of various counties to establish the "Eight Capital Army". Dong Changqi lacked foresight, fainted and cruel, and his ambitions grew, and after four years of arduous fighting with Qian Wei, he and Qian Wei pacified The Rebellion of Liu Hanhong, who had observed the rebellion in eastern Zhejiang, and then took the throne as emperor.
In 895, the Tang Dynasty enfeoffed Qian Wei as an envoy to eastern Zhejiang to attack DongChang. Qian Wei first remembered Dong Chang's kindness, and he was also a fellow villager, and twice advised Dong Chang not to rebel. However, Dong Chang joined forces with Huainan Jiedu to make Yang Xingmi secretly attack Suzhou and Hangzhou, which made Qian Wei determined to conquer Yuezhou (Shaoxing), and Dong Chang, on the way to Hangzhou, was ashamed of himself and committed suicide by throwing himself into the river.
In 897, Qian Wei rebelled against Dong Chang, and Tang Zhaozong specially gave him the "Golden Book iron coupon", the iron shape is like a tile, the middle dome is hanging, the quality is like green jade, 29.8 cm long, 52 centimeters wide, 2.41 centimeters thick, weighing about 132 taels, 350 gold characters embedded in it, 25 lines of the main text, 14 characters per line, the full text is very laborious, and the cash characters are mostly peeled off. Emperor Zhaozong of Tang zhaozong's edict reads: "The military festivals of Zhenhai Zhendong and other military festivals in Zhejiang, the eastern and western provinces of Zhejiang province, the envoys who also made and handled Yingtian Zhao, the envoys who were also envoys of the two Zhejiang salt and iron system and the same transport, the Kaifu Yi Tongsan Division, the inspectors and the lieutenants of the Inspectors, the military officers of the Prefectures of Jierun, the military of The Prefecture of Yue and other prefectures, the assassins of the prefectures of Runyue and other states, the five thousand households of Wang Shiyi in Pengcheng County, the food and the sealing of 100 households, the rumors: Ming Deng Zhi Zhi Xun, the Words of the Han Dynasty, the Virtue of The Wounds of The Hole, the Book of Mei Lu, then the Zhi Zhi De Zhi Xun, the Ancient and Modern Consistency." Dong Chang is a hypocrite, a dim mirror water, a wild conspiracy, and a qi person. And Erpi held the fierce canal and swung the river table. Loyalty to comfort the community, benefit to the blessing of the living. Its machine is also atmosphere clear, and its transformation is also tired. The zheng ou is more than the charcoal, the teacher is selfless; bao Yu Hang is between the golden soup, and the government has a history. Zhi Awards royal family, the crown of the Marquis of The Crown, overflowing in the Chang, flowing in Dansu. Although Zhong Xuan published the Five Ripe Cauldrons, Dou Xianle Yanran's Mountain, did not take enough care of the merits, or there were odd numbers. It is in the tin gold version, and the oath is declared: The long river has a period like a belt, and Taihua has a day like a fist; but I will always extend the will of the left to the descendants, so that the Qing will always be favored and honored, and the wealth will be preserved. If the secretary of state forgives nine deaths, the descendants die three times, or commit a regular punishment, the secretary shall not be held responsible. Take my oath and go to The Only Chinya. It is advisable to pay the history museum and show the world. ”
In the edict, Tang Zhaozong praised Qian's exploits in cutting Dong Chang and praised him for "draping the fierce canal and swinging the river table." Loyalty to comfort the community, benefit to the blessing of the living... Zhi Award Royal Family, Meritorious Marquis Domain". He called Qian's merits "although Zhong Xuan published the Five Ripe Cauldrons, Dou Xianle Yanran's Mountain, but did not take care of the merits." Therefore, he "gave him a golden version and swore an oath: The long river has a period like a belt, and Taihua has a day like a fist; but I will always extend the will of the left to the children, so that the qing will always be favored and glory, and the rich and noble will be preserved." Qing forgives nine deaths, and the descendants die three. Or commit a regular sentence, and the division shall not be held responsible. Take my oath and go to The Only Chinya. It is advisable to pay the History Museum and show the world". The main content of the iron coupon is to record the merits of the given person in requisitioning Dong Chang, and the coupon civilization says that "the qing forgives nine deaths, the descendants die three times, or commit a regular punishment, and the priest shall not be held responsible." This is the reward and relic given by the emperor to the money. Wu Renchen of the Qing Dynasty called the iron coupon in the "Spring and Autumn of the Ten Kingdoms": "The crystal light flickers, and the heavens are warm and pure." ”
When Qian Wei received this "Golden Book Iron Coupon", he was moved to tears, he said: "I am only 46 years old, and I have received such a generous reward from the emperor, it is difficult to repay the favor!?" And in this way, he earnestly taught his children and grandchildren: "Be careful and cautious on the day, and admonish your sons and grandchildren, and do not dare to be tired of this, and do not dare to cause trouble because of this." In October of the same year, Qian Wei asked the literary scholar and Qiantang County Ling Luoyin to draft the "Table of Xie Zhi Iron Coupons" to thank the imperial court. This "Xie Zhi Iron Coupon Table" has been circulated for more than a thousand years, and was exhibited at the Zhejiang Provincial Literature Exhibition in the 25th year of the Republic of China (1936), but its whereabouts are unknown. In 900, in order to recognize the merits of King Qian, the Tang Dynasty sent people to take a portrait of Qian And hang it in Ling Yan Pavilion. Its copy has always been treasured by the descendants of the Qian family, due to its age, the original is in tatters, and Sun Qianyong, a descendant of the Qing Dynasty, asked someone to copy it, and now the facsimile is stored in the Changshu Museum in Jiangsu Province.
The core of Jiangnan culture is the culture of the Five Dynasties of WuYue, and the Song people compiled the "Hundred Family Names" to rank the Qian family as the second family after the Zhao and Song royal families, indicating the world's affirmation of the Qian family's home and country feelings. After The War was quelled, Qian Wei maintained local tranquility, established the Wuyue Kingdom, and fixed the capital of Hangzhou for more than 80 years, creating a pattern of "heaven on the top and Suzhou and Hangzhou on the bottom", and building a characteristic Jiangnan water town culture. King Qian's kindness and wisdom enabled West Lake to resolve the "thousand-year catastrophe". According to the record: At that time, the central government allowed Qian to build a royal palace, and Mr. Feng Shui believed that filling in the West Lake to build a royal palace was the best choice, where feng shui was good, there was royal qi, and the Qian family could enjoy a thousand years of jiangshan. Qian Wei resolutely disagreed, saying: "The people live on the lake water, and if there is no water, there is no people, what else do I want Wang Qi to do?" He not only did not fill the West Lake, but also recruited 7,000 "Shallow Troops" to specialize in dredging the West Lake and other waters, and posterity has a poem praising King Qian with the verse "Stay in the West Lake and turn over the green waves".
Qian Wei has carried out three expansions in Hangzhou, which greatly broadened the scope of Hangzhou City, and the ninety-nine eye wells in the "Baijingfang Lane" left by Hangzhou City were dug by Qian Wang, so it is commonly known as "Qian Wang Jing". At the same time, Qian Wei developed the economy, supported nongsang, opened up shipping, expanded trade, and built Hangzhou into a "paradise on earth" of "rich party". According to historical records, the household registration in Hangzhou at the end of the Sui Dynasty and the beginning of the Tang Dynasty was only 15,380 households, and by the time of the fifth generation of Wu Yuesheng, the population had surged to more than 100,000 families and 500,000 people.
King Qian attached great importance to Suzhou, an important town in southern Jiangsu, and the Tiger Hill Pagoda was also built by King Qian. He sent his sixth son, Qian Yuanxuan (886-942 AD), to garrison him. Qian Yuanxuan likes gardens the most, and has governed Suzhou for 30 years, and has a lot of political reputation, especially his contribution to the construction of Gardens in Suzhou has been passed by later generations. The history books record that he was "frugal and calm, and the county administration was rational", "well-governed forest gardens, the flow of the river thought of the swamp, the accumulated soil thought of the mountain, the peaks of the islands, out of ingenuity, seeking to cause different trees, than the accumulation of age". The five generations of poet Guan Xiu once wrote a poem praising Qian Weidao as "a sword frost and cold fourteen states", indicating that when Wu Yueguo was at its strongest, he had 14 states under his jurisdiction and became a hero of the moment.
At the age of 81, Qian Died of Illness in Hangzhou, nicknamed Wu Su. His last words were to "do good deeds to China for future generations", "if you encounter Allah, you should quickly return to china", and established the "Eight Precepts", which were later interpreted into the famous "Qian Family Training", so that the descendants would benefit for a long time and talents would emerge. For Qian's exploits, posterity was endlessly praised, and Su Dongpo wrote an article entitled "Table Loyalty and Observation". In Jiangsu, Zhejiang and other places, there are many ancestral temples and place names commemorating him. Ouyang Xiu of the Northern Song Dynasty once said: "Since the fifth dynasty of Duqiantang, he has known China, obeyed his subjects, and his death, and asked for his life, and did not bother to do anything, and now his people are prosperous and happy." ”
Six emperors were rewarded with iron coupons for the Golden Book
The National Museum treasures the "Golden Book of Iron Coupons" of King Wuyue with a history of more than a thousand years, and the iron coupons of later generations are mostly made with reference to this iron coupon, and have been the imperial records of six emperors such as Song Taizong, Song Renzong, Song Shenzong, Ming Taizu, Ming Chengzu, and Qing Gaozong (Qianlong Emperor). Among them, Zhu Yuanzhang had visited the imperial court twice, and the Qianlong Emperor personally made a "Guan Tie Coupon Song" poem reward when he returned it after the visit, and awarded it to meritorious and important subjects according to its form. It can be said that the iron coupons issued by the Tang, Song, Ming and Qing dynasties are similar in shape.
In the second year of Ming Hongwu (1369), Zhu Yuanzhang wanted to imitate the ancient emperor to commend the founding heroes and give iron coupons, but no one knew the shape of the iron coupons. At this time, Wei Su, a scholar and scholar of Hanlin, said that the Linhai Qian clan had iron coupons, so the imperial court sent people to Taizhou. When the descendants of the Qian clan received the holy will, they did not dare to be careless, and quickly sent the "Golden Book of Iron Coupons" and the portraits of the five kings of the Qian clan to the capital. After Zhu Yuanzhang, li shanchang, the chancellor, and Niu Liang, the rebbe shangshu, etc., they still carved a mold and carved it into a woodcut iron coupon. Qian's descendants still brought the "Iron Coupon Golden Book" back to Linhai to treasure for generations. The Qing Dynasty scholar Ling Yangzao recorded this incident in the "Li Spoon Compilation and Iron Coupon" in the Ming Shi Youfu Zhi IV. This time the iron coupon entered Beijing, which opened the eyes of Zhu Yuanzhang's courtiers, who competed to chant, sing and non-stop, and the literary leader Song Lian also wrote an article "Sending Money to Yunyi to Return the Roof Sequence" to commemorate this event.
In the twenty-seventh year of Qianlong (1762), when Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty made his third southern tour to see this rare treasure, Qian Xuan and others sent the "Iron Coupon Golden Book" to Changzhou for him to see. The Qianlong Emperor not only inspected the iron coupons, but also carved the "Song of Guan Qian And Iron Coupons" that he personally inscribed on the wooden box where the iron coupons were placed. Qianlong inscribed a poem: "Table loyalty to the yong ancestral Qiantang, but iron coupons are hidden in Taizhou." After hearing his name for a long time, qiu qing and his clan are now presented as generals. Cast iron such as wall gold characters, Qianning years still exist in Tang. If the emperor is known as Zhi'er, Dong Chang is arrogant and dizzy. Pi Pi Fierce Canal DingJiang Table, Qi Qing Win Tai Bao Yu Hang. With the Sikkim version of Yongyan Zuo, Ke Bao Fu Gui Rong favored the long. Forgive Qing Qing nine dead sons three deaths, promise me to swear not to forget. Looking at the erosion of words, the iron is like where this person is. Longmen made an oath, and Zhao Song turned to the new king. Junjie knows that there is a FuBi, and a good existence of Sangzi Gong Si Liang. At that time, the iron coupons could not be fixed, and after moving south, they were out of the square. Compose the song box to pay Zhen Yi, and the praise and thanks are humble. At that time, some ministers and celebrities, such as Zhuang Yougong, Fan Qingfeng, Qi Zhaonan, Shen Deqian, Jiang Shiquan, etc., all gave poems "Gonghe", which was a momentary event.
Qian's "Golden Book of Iron Coupons" is now on display at the National Museum, and many descendants of the Qian clan have come to see it, and I have also visited it many times. In addition to appreciation, there are many emotions. The times are progressing, society is developing, and now the country is safe and secure, anti-corruption and anti-corruption, deeply won the hearts of the people, do not pardon the "Danshu iron coupons", do not engage in "iron hat king", but also let the system anti-corruption become the steady state of the people's aspirations. However, the cultural value of the "Iron Coupon Golden Book" is eternal, it interprets the rise and fall of a family and the glory and disgrace, and also witnesses the vicissitudes and changes of a thousand years of history.
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Tao Fuxian: Qian Wei and Wu Yueguo
When people enter Lin'an City, if they pay a little attention, they can find that the mountains, streets, parks, wells, inscriptions, pavilions, and even shopping malls and food here are mostly related to the Wu Yue Kingdom and the Qian family of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. Gongchen Mountain, Shijing Mountain, An Guo Mountain, Bo Liu Jing, Qian Wang Ling Park, An Guo Lou, Yijin Street, Wu Su Li, etc., will all evoke people's memories of Wu Yue Guo and its founding king Qian Wei during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.
Portrait of Qian Wei Painted by Wang Yuanxun (1728-1807) of the Qing Dynasty
Qian Wei (錢镠), characters with beautiful characters, was born in Lin'an in the sixth year of Tang Dazhong (852), was born in a humble background, worked as a farmer for generations, and made a living by selling salt in his early years.
The founder of "Paradise on Earth"
The State of Wuyue was founded in the Yangtze River Delta of Wu and Yue, occupying eleven prefectures in present-day Zhejiang Province, plus Suzhou and Fuzhou, a total of thirteen prefectures.
Suzhou and Hangzhou are both famous Chinese historical and cultural cities at home and abroad, known as "paradise on earth", and the prosperity of today's Suzhou-Hangzhou area is inseparable from qian's achievements in history. Since the unification of the "two Zhejiang" and the formal establishment of the State of Wuyue, Qian Wei personally led the military and civilians to expand Hangcheng five times. It is worth mentioning that in 907 AD, when the city of Yacheng was expanded, some warlocks offered advice to Qian Wei: if the old base was expanded, the Guozuo was only a hundred years old; if the West Lake was built, it could be extended ten times. Qian Wei replied that the people depend on the water of the lake for their livelihood, and without water, there is no people, and where is the Allah that has remained unchanged for thousands of years? A hundred years of a country will be satisfied. He spent a lot of effort to dredge the West Lake, and posterity praised him with the sentence "Stay in the West Lake and turn over the green waves".
In the fourth year of Later Liang Kaiping (910), Qian Wei increased the number of troops and civilians to carry out the water conservancy showdown of the mighty mountains and rivers along the north bank of the Qiantang River, and used the scientific method of erecting pillars and beating bamboo cages to subdue the surging tide demons, and built a hanhai stone pond from the Liuhe Pagoda to the Genshan Gate, completely eradicating the flooding of Hangzhou City, and leaving behind the beautiful legend of "Qian Wang Shooting Tide".
"When the Sui Dynasty was covered, the water was salty and difficult to drink, and since Li Bi, the Marquis of Tang Dynasty, opened six wells and diverted the water from the West Lake into the city, the King of Qian dug a well ninety-nine eyes to the Zemin." Hangzhou's "Baijingfang Lane", according to legend, there were originally ninety-nine eyes of the well, which was opened by Qian, so it was called Qianwangjing. Qian's seventh son, Yuan Wan, ordered his soldiers to divert the water from the West Lake into the city as a pond of gold to facilitate residents to drink. In addition, longshan and zhejiang second gates are set up, "with large and small two weirs, isolated from the river water, not put into the city, then the city dedicated West Lake water, the water is clear, no siltation." Qian Wei did a lot of work for the dilution of drinking water in Hangzhou City.
Qian Wei also chiseled the reef in the Qiantang River to facilitate navigation and economic development, so that Wu Yueguo would be "rich in the southeast."
Left: Shaoxing Museum holds Qian Miao's 62-year-old silver Jane
Right: Zhejiang Provincial Museum holds Qian Miao's 63-year-old Silver Jane
Qian Wei praised the development and prosperity of the two Zhejiang economies and the foundation of the "paradise on earth" generation. This is recorded in detail in the famous Song Dynasty iron-faced imperial history Zhao Bian, the Song Dynasty national hero Wen Tianxiang, and the Ming Dynasty founding father Liu Ji respectively wrote the "Biography of the King of Wusu" and other monographs.
On the occasion of the five generations, the world was troubled, but the people of Wuyue lived and worked in peace and contentment, so that the people of Wuyue were spared the suffering of war and chaos, and lived a period of peace and prosperity. There were only 15,380 households in Hangzhou in the Sui Dynasty, and by the time of wu yuesheng in the fifth generation, it had reached "more than 100,000 households". After Qian's death, ZiYuan Wan and Sun Hongzuo took the throne successively. At the time of Qian Hongzuo, the warehouse had ten years of savings and was exempt from national taxes for three years.
In the five dynasties, among the southern regimes, Wu Yueguo was the region with the fastest economic and cultural development. Under the guidance of Qian Wei's basic national policy of "doing good to China, protecting the border and the people", we vigorously carried out the construction of farmland water conservancy infrastructure, developed handicrafts, trade and cultural undertakings, and expanded central cities such as Hangzhou and Suzhou.
In developing the economy, Qian Wei first firmly grasped the lifeblood of agriculture -- farmland water conservancy infrastructure construction,[ and focused on rectifying the Qiantang River basin and the Taihu Lake basin , thus building Wu Yueguo into a land of fish and rice. Taking advantage of the superior conditions of the water network Zeguo, Wu Yueguo created the "polder" farming method, that is, around the farmland on both sides of the river canal, build a dike, enclose the field inside, and block the water outside, and the polder is a major progressive measure for Wu Yueguo to develop agriculture.
Qian Also attached great importance to the development of handicraft industries such as salt drying, tea making, porcelain making, and silk weaving. At that time, among the Ten Kingdoms, the silk weaving industry of WuYue was the most rapidly developing. The development of the silk weaving industry has stimulated the enthusiasm of farmers to plant mulberry silkworms, so that the territory of "mulberry and hemp shade the wilderness", the silkworm season has appeared a lively scene of "picking mulberry in the spring lane". The land of Wuyue has become the most developed area of the silk weaving industry in the country and the "silk capital" of China.
Economic prosperity is based on the development of production, but to achieve real economic prosperity, it also depends on the development of commerce and trade. Through commercial transactions, it connects China's two major economic belts, the Yellow River Basin and the Yangtze River Basin, to achieve the smooth flow of goods and make the best use of goods. Five generations ago, China's metropolises were all north of the Yangtze River, and Xijing and Tokyo, known as the "Two Capitals", were the largest commercial and trade centers in the country, followed by Yangzhou and Yizhou (Chengdu). Five generations later, the commercial center slowly shifted to Suzhou, Hangzhou, Ming and other states. These are all confirmed by the practice of Zhao Kuangyin's later unification of China and the southern Song Dynasty's capital hangzhou.
At present, seven of the nine regions of Huninghang (including Jia and Hu), Su Xichang and Yongwenshao, the richest regions in the Yangtze River Delta, are in the former Wuyueguo region. The past of Wu Yueguo has been more than a thousand years, but its great significance and influence have continued to this day. The five kings of the Qian dynasty practiced the basic national policy of "doing good to China, protecting the border and the people", thus making historic contributions to the country's economic prosperity and people's well-being.
Left: Zhejiang Provincial Museum holds Qian Miao's 66-year-old Silver Jane
Right: Qian Miao, 67 years old Silver Jane
Advocate of Sino-foreign exchanges
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Qian Wei returned to his hometown of Lin'an several times, but his father Qian Kuan avoided seeing him, and later he said to Qian Wei: "My family has been doing things in the field and fishing for generations, and no Guida has ever been like this, and now he is the lord of the thirteen states, suffering from enemies on three sides, fighting with people for profits, and fearing that it will harm my family." This teaching had a great influence on Qian Yue's later implementation of the policy of "protecting the border and the people, serving the Central Plains, and not losing the Festival of Subjects"; after Wu Yue founded the country, although he had built a yuan, he had all traveled privately in the country, and even his own year money had never been minted, and at that time, there was a peasant in the field who had to pass on the national seal and offer it to Qian, and King Qian said, "This is the treasure used by the Son of Heaven, and it is not suitable for his subordinates to stay", and immediately dedicated it to the imperial court, which shows the valuable spirit of King Qian's hope for national reunification.
The cause that Wu Yueguo is committed to is not only for the benefit of one thing in the moment, but for the long-term peace and stability of thousands of years. Wuyue stated for seventy-two years, and ruled Hangzhou for eighty-six years, since the three kings and five kings after Qian Yue, one surname to the end, which has the conditions for long-term peace and stability. It is precisely because of the protection of the border and the people, and there is nothing to do, Wu Yueguo has become a blessed land and a happy land in the chaotic world that the northerners who migrate to the south yearn for.
And Qian's deathbed political exhortation that "the descendants of China will do good deeds to China, and do not use the great gift of changing their surnames" was followed by future generations of Qian Wang. On May 4, 978, Qian Hongli followed the ancestral instruction that "if you meet a true monarch, you should quickly surrender", judged the hour and sized up the situation, and returned the land to the Song Dynasty, so that the prosperous and developed Wuyue State at that time was not destroyed, the people were spared from the destruction of life, and the political situation of China's peaceful reunification was stabilized and consolidated. The great mind of the third and fifth kings of Wu Yueguo, who regards the will of the people as the return, the interests of the people first, and the great cause of national reunification as the most important thing, has further increased the admiration and love of the broad masses of the people for them.
During the reign of Qian Wei and his successors, Wu Yueguo actively developed trade exchanges and cultural exchanges with overseas countries on the basis of its social stability and economic prosperity. According to literature, ancient Korea, Japan, India and Arabia all carried out economic and cultural exchanges with the State of Wuyue. Among them, Wu Yueguo's exchanges with Japan and Korea were particularly frequent.
During the WuYue Dynasty, there were Silla, Post-Baekje, and Goryeo states on the Korean Peninsula. According to volume 67 of the New Five Dynasties History, at the beginning of the establishment of the Wuyue Kingdom, Qian Wei "sent envoys to Silla, the King of Bohai, and the kingdoms of Haizhong to worship their rulers."
At that time, the non-governmental trade between The Kingdom of Wuyue and Silla, Later Baekje, and Goryeo was quite frequent. Volume 81 of the Spring and Autumn of the Ten Kingdoms records that in December of the second year of Jianlong, "Haijia offered a body of Agarwood, a tall ruler, and a ghost worker, and the king was called 'Qingmen Virgin'." Also, the lord of the Li Dynasty, Wang Dashi, chose a thousand pounds of sinking wood and stacked it into a beautiful mountain, like the seventy-two peaks of Hengyue. Wang Xu sold five hundred taels of gold for five hundred taels. "It shows that Wu Yueguo's trade relations with foreign countries are quite free and equal.
After the establishment of the Wuyue State, Qian Wei and his heirs sent envoys to Japan many times to actively promote economic and cultural exchanges with Japan. At that time, Wu Yue merchants who went to Japan to do business, and their famous ones such as Jiang Chengxun and Jiang Yan all served as envoys of Wu Yue. For example, in 936 and 953 AD, Jiang Chengxun twice sent envoys from King Wuyue to Japan, and gave gifts such as silk, silk, and sheep to the Japanese imperial court. The merchant Bao Zhi also brought peacocks and other rare birds and wonders to the Japanese emperor. According to historical records, for decades civilian merchant ships traveled between China and Japan. At that time, almost all the Chinese merchant ships that sailed to Japan went from Wuyueguo.
Chinese merchant ships sailing for Japan departed from Hangzhou, the capital of the Wuyue Kingdom, crossed the East China Sea, passed through Hikajima island in Hizen-Matsuura County, and docked at Hakatazu Port (present-day Fukuoka City). The timing of each voyage is usually in the summer, when the wind season comes, after arriving in Japan, selling goods there, and then departing in September after the typhoon period.
In addition, Wu Yueguo also established friendly commercial relations with India, Arabia and other countries. According to the second volume of the "History of Wu Yue Bei", "the great food country of Hainan where fire oil is obtained, sent by iron cylinders, the water is fertile, and its flame is full of flames", fire oil is oil, so Zhejiang became the earliest province in China to use oil. Foreign exchanges enabled Wu Yueguo to carry out commerce and trade earlier, which also laid a solid foundation for the formation of "Zhejiang businessmen" and the rapid development of economy and trade in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Shanghai today.
Founder of the City of Culture
During the Wuyue period, culture achieved unprecedented development and prosperity. After Qian Wei came to power, he attached great importance to recruiting literati scholars. He opened up the way of speech, "corporal Li Xian", and listened to the advice of Na Na, and the famous artists luo yin, Pi Guangye, Hu Yue, Lin Ding, and Shen Song at the end of the Tang Dynasty, and the military generals Gu Quanwu, Ma Qi, Du Ling, and Ruan Jie were all treated with courtesy by him, and Luo Yin became his important advisers. Because of the wide recruitment of talents and wise people, Wu Yueguo's talents are abundant. At that time, a famous poet monk Guan Xiu gave Qian Wei a poem, two of which were:
"Full of flowers drunk three thousand guests, a sword frost cold fourteen states."
The prosperity of Buddhism is a prominent symbol of the cultural development of Wuyue Kingdom, according to the statistics of "Xianchun Lin'an Zhi", there are more than 150 monasteries in Hangzhou, known as the "Jiangnan Buddha Country", the Meritorious Pagoda of Lin'an, the White Pagoda of Hangzhou, the Liuhe Pagoda, the Leifeng Pagoda, the Baochu Pagoda, etc. are newly built or rebuilt during the Wuyue Kingdom, and the pagodas built by Wu Yueguo outside Hangzhou include the Yunyan Temple Pagoda on Suzhou Tiger Hill Mountain, the Shanghai Longhua Temple Pagoda, the Yiwu Shuanglin Temple Iron Pagoda, the Anji Majiadu Lingzhi Pagoda, etc.
In terms of temples, the four famous temples in Hangzhou, such as Lingyin Temple, Jingci Temple, Shengyin Temple, and Zhaoqing Temple, were all built or rebuilt during the Wuyue Kingdom. Xiatianzhu Fajing Temple, originally founded by the Indian monk Hui Li during the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was rebuilt as a five-hundred-arhat temple; Zhongtianzhu was originally built in the Sui Dynasty, and during the WuYue Kingdom, Qian Hongli was expanded and renamed Chongshouyuan. Other monasteries newly built and expanded in Hangzhou during the Wu yue kingdom were Jingci Temple, Brahma Temple in the southern foothills of Huanghuang Mountain, Li'an Temple in Jiuxi, Liutong Temple in Chishanbu, Lingfeng Temple in Lingfeng, Yunqi Temple in Wuyun Mountain, Baocheng Temple in Ziyang Mountain, Kaihua Temple on Yuelun Mountain, Qinglian Temple in Yuquan, Agate Temple under Beishan Mountain, and so on.
Wuyueguo Buddhist grotto art in Hangzhou has many places, among which the stone carvings between the stone walls on the southern slope of Ciyunling, namely amitabha Buddha, Guanyin Bodhisattva, and Dashizhi Bodhisattva statues, are the largest and most representative of the grotto art statues in the five generations of Wuyueguo period, and you can still enjoy the exquisite and vivid carvings of them. There are also sixteen statues of Arhats in Yanxia Cave, statues of Arhats in Shiwu Cave, and three Buddha statues in Feilaifeng Shooting Xu Cave. In addition, the Cultural Relics of the Wuyue Period, such as the Midas Stone Buddha, the Cliff Stone Carvings and Stone Pagodas, and the Brahma Temple Scriptures on Phoenix Mountain, have been preserved to this day.
The porcelain is the most exquisite of Wu Yue's secret color porcelain, and Qian Hongqi once paid tribute to the Song Dynasty secret color porcelain of 140,000 pieces. In the excavation of contemporary ancient cultural relics, the tomb of Qian Yuanwan, the son of Qian Wan, and the tomb of Shui Qiu, the mother of Qian Wan, have found secret color porcelain, which has extremely high artistic value and has also shined in the history of Ceramics in China.
Yue kiln celadon brown cloud pattern smoker Tang Tianfu year (901)
In 1980, the tomb of Qiu In Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, was excavated
Collection of Lin'an Museum
The development of culture and the prosperity of Buddhism have promoted the progress of the printing industry, and the progress of the printing industry has accelerated the development of culture. The well-preserved engravings of the Wuyue period are the Tibetan scriptures in the bricks of leifeng pagoda. During the Wuyue Period, Hangzhou became the largest printing center in China at that time.
Qian Wei himself was not only able to fight a good battle, but also left many poems, which were wrapped in a ball of heroism, which made people sigh. Not only that, but his calligraphy is also quite accomplished, good at grass, and is well-known in the Central Plains.
Qian Died in Hangzhou on March 26, 932, the third year of the Later Tang Dynasty (932), at the age of 81, reigning for 26 years. At the entrance of Lin'an Dong Yingxun (on the right side of the east end of present-day Yijin Street), a monument is inscribed "Qian Wusu's Hometown". Located at the southern foot of Mount Taimiao in Lin'an'an, the tomb of Qian Ishi is the only remaining imperial tomb in Zhejiang Province. In 2001, it was announced as a national key cultural relics protection unit.
During the Wuyue period, following the Tang Kai Song Dynasty, the Wuyue region became a state of cultural relics and one of the important cultural centers of China, and Qian Wei had an indelible historical merit to the prosperity of culture.
Yue kiln celadon brown cloud pattern cover poppy Tang Tianfu yuan year (901)