▲ China Guardian Auction 2020 Autumn Auction Dong Qichang's "Wu Laiyi Cemetery Inscription", partial
Dong Qichang's "Tomb Inscription of Wu Laiyi Cemetery" and "Records of Mahu lake" were chronologically examined
Text/ Tong Gu Tang Contributor / Sister Lin Photo / China Guardian Auction
As a leader in the art world, Dong Qichang is the culmination of Chinese literati painting theory, and is also a giant with nearly perfect literati interest and aesthetic ideas, especially the "Southern and Northern Sect" painting theory advocated by him, which has a far-reaching influence and has been practiced by future generations.
And its artistic attainments are also comparable to almost no one, such as "landscape painting", the Tang Dynasty is rich, the Song Dynasty is dignified, the Yuan Dynasty is scattered, the Qing Dynasty is strange, and the Ming Dynasty is either wild, or the book is full of qi, but it inherits the "Yuan Four Families", and traces back to the "Five Dynasties and Two Song Dynasties", becoming the ultimate model of the style of "ancient elegance and clumsiness" and "Qingrun Xiu".
Or calligraphy, its teaching tradition, from Zhong Xuan and Erwang to Zhang Xu, Yan Zhenqing, Huai Su, from Yang Ningshi to the "Song Sijia" and even the Yuanren Zhao Mengfu, the sages of the Fan Thesis school, all of whom studied, the bystanders, and the self-made machine, are the holders of the cattle ear of the late Ming Dynasty, and the followers are like a stream.
Dong Qichang (1555-1636)
Dong Qichang, Zi Xuanzai, SiBai, Xiangguang Resident, Songjiang Huating, Ming Dynasty calligrapher and painter. In the seventeenth year of the Wanli Dynasty, he was appointed as the editor of the Hanlin Academy, and the official was shangshu of the Nanjing Rebbe, and the posthumous "Wenmin". Dong Qichang is good at painting landscapes, using Buddhist Zen Buddhism as a metaphor for painting, advocating the theory of "Southern and Northern Sects", and is an outstanding representative of the "Huating School of Painting", and has the beauty of "Yan Bone Zhao Zi". His paintings and painting theories had a great influence on the painting world in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Calligraphy goes in and out of the Jin and Tang Dynasties, becoming a style of its own, and can write poetry.
In the history of Chinese painting and calligraphy, Dong Qichang inherited the past and the future, had a profound influence, and gathered the predecessors to achieve great success, integrated and penetrated, and the rest of the Xu is still endless, so the examination of it, especially some unsigned annual "works", systematically sorted out, is of great academic significance.
The author tries to discuss the creation era of his "Wu Laiyi Cemetery Inscription" and "Huai'an Province Maolu Mahu Record".
▲ Dong Qichang "Wu Laiyi Cemetery Inscription", China Guardian "Grand View" night show
▲ Dong Qichang's "Memoirs of Mahu lake on the Road", collected by the Palace Museum in Beijing
Dong Qichang's "Tomb Inscription of Wu Laiyi Cemetery"
The "Wu Laiyi Cemetery Epitaph" was written by Dong Qichang at the request of his colleague Wu Yongxian for his father Wu Yingdao (nicknamed Laiyi Jushi), which is found in the third year of Ming Chongzhen (1630), Dong Qichang wrote the Rongtai Collection volume VIII, and the Shanghai Library contains the twenty-volume Rongtai Collection engraved in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, which is written in volume 9.
▲ The "Rongtai Collection" (volume VIII: Epitaph) in the "Feng Shao Sima Wu Laiyi Cemetery Epitaph" book shadow
This epitaph, at different times, was twice included in different versions of the Rongtai Collection, and has been modified and deleted because it involves sensitive information such as Zuo Guangdou, one of the "Six Gentlemen of Donglin". For example, the deletion of Wu Yingdao's wife Fang Shi and the marriage of her descendants is related to the background of the era of the "Wei Castration Party" and the "Donglin Party" in the late Ming Dynasty.
▲Dong Qichang "Wu Laiyi Cemetery Inscription"
Hand-rolled ink on paper
Quote: 32×120 cm. Approx. 3.5 m2
Word: 32×963 cm. approx. 27.7 sq. ft
Trek: 36×66 cm. Approx. 2.1 m2
Description: It was collected by Ma Qichang (1855-1930), a beginner in the late Qing Dynasty, and Zhang Zuyi (1849-1917), a modern calligrapher, seal engraver, and collector of gold and stone.
Ma Qichang, Zi Tongbo, Late Baorun Weng, Anhui Tongcheng people. Born in a family of scholars, he inherited his family studies at an early age and studied under Wu Rulun. Later, he studied under Zhang Yuzhao. Volume IV of the "Old Biography of Tongcheng Qi" has the "Biography of Sima Tingwei of Wu", which has a more detailed record of Wu Yongxian's resume. After Tongbo hid this volume, he also invited Tan Zongjun, Yu Yinlin, Wu Rulun, Liu Zeyuan and others to appreciate and observe it.
It was collected by Ma Qichang (1855-1930), a beginner in the late Qing Dynasty, and Zhang Zuyi (1849-1917), a modern calligrapher, seal engraver, and collector of gold and stone. After the volume, Tan Zongjun, Yu Yinlin, Wu Rulun, Liu Zeyuan and others appreciated and observed.
In addition, it is the highest specification, the largest shape and the Largest Hand Scroll with a Silk Bar seen in the market. The penmanship in the volume is exquisite, the layout is sparse, the writing is natural and free, and the style is extremely similar to the Palace Museum's collection "Records of Mahu Lake in Huai'an Province".
Dong Qichang's epitaphs are handed down to the present day, which can be described as very few, mostly for the collection, first, for Xiang Yuanbi's "Taixue Molinxiang Cemetery Epitaph" in the Collection of the Tokyo National Museum, second, "Zhu Si Epitaph" in the Collection of the Palace Museum in Beijing, and third, the "Epitaph of Qin Yu'an" in the Hubei Provincial Museum, this "Wu Laiyi Cemetery Epitaph" is the only work seen in the market at present in its "Rongtai Collection", and it is especially rare.
Background of the writing of "Wu Laiyi Cemetery Inscription"
Wu Yongxian (1558-1626), in the font, a character such as, the number Yu'an, Anhui Tongcheng people. From the Ming Wanli to the Apocalypse, he was an important minister of the imperial court, and he once held important positions such as the Right Attendant of the Military Department and the Governor of Jiliao, but the history is very poor, the biography of his life is unknown, and there is no biography in the History of Ming, which is suspicious.
He and Dong Qichang, both ministers of the late Ming Dynasty, belong to their colleagues, and the two naturally know each other, so when did the friendship between them begin, as well as wu's biography of the eunuchs and the background of the writing of this epitaph, etc., should be studied.
According to Kao, from March of the fourth year of the Apocalypse (1624) to March of the fifth year of the Apocalypse (1625), Wu Yongxian was changed from "Right Attendant of the Great Viceroy's Army Department and Right Governor of the Imperial History" to "Governor Jiliao".
The Viceroy of Jiliao, under the jurisdiction of the Inspector of Shuntian, the Inspector of Baoding, and the Inspector of Liaodong, shows that Wu Yingxian was a feudal official with heavy troops. During the Chongzhen period, Yuan Chonghuan was the governor of Jiliao, and the "Governor of Jiliao" was only a subordinate official of the "Governor of Jiliao", which can also be seen as the prominence of Wu's status.
▲ Dong Qichang "Wu Laiyi Cemetery Inscription", partial
According to the "Bai Mu: Dong Qichang Book "Wu Laiyi Cemetery Inscription" examination" text, Dong Qichang's "Wu Laiyi Cemetery Epitaph" hand scroll, the beginning of the volume has the words "In the old age of the former Pengzi, Qichang and the present-day Shao Sima Wu Gong learned beiyongye", of which "beiyong" generally refers to the Beijing Guozijian, and the "age of the penzi" is the sixteenth year of the Wanli calendar (1588).
During the Ming Dynasty, the dual-Beijing system was exercised, and there were Guozijian in Nanjing and Beijing, which was also known as "Beijian" or "Beiyong".
Therefore, Wu Yongxian and Dong Qichang first met no later than 1588, and Wu shi had entered the State Prison. After that, Dong Qichang was in the seventeenth year of the Wanli Calendar (1589) and the first, while Wu Yongxian was a jinshi in the twentieth year of the Ming Wanli Calendar (1592), and the difference between the two "lifting the profession" was one subject.
In the epitaph, Dong Qichang called Wu Yongxian "Sima "Sima ", which shows that after Wu entered the career path, the official fortunes were prosperous and gradually rose to a high position of authority.
Among them, Dong Qichang said that "in the history of China and foreign countries, in the middle of the battle, in order to play the most honored person as the Zhongxian Grand Master, The Governor of Sichuan Capital Yushi", that is, Wu Yongxian was awarded the post of "Playing the Most" after the "Battle of Pingbo". "Playing the most" means that the performance appraisal is listed as excellent, so as to report to the imperial court.
He also said that "he asked for advice again, and started to accept the words", for Wu Yongxian resigned from the official due to illness, and after 8 years of his home, the imperial court was re-summoned as a waiter, according to the following text, it can be known that it is "the right attendant of the military department, and the right minister of the capital chayuan". "Na Yan" was a scarf used by Shangshu and other close subjects, and later referred to the emperor's close subjects.
Dong Qichang, on the other hand, was idle at home due to changes in the korean situation, and in the fifth year of the Apocalypse (1625), he was appointed as the Shangshu of the Nanjing Rebbe.
In the epitaph, there is a saying that "and Yu also undertakes to lack Chunqing, and gives favors to follow Sima in order to reward the past in case", of which "Chunqing" is the Libu Shangshu, "Chengwu", which is a modest title for temporarily holding a certain position.
The epitaph also says that "from the plug to give Jian Qichang, Zhi to the stone in the cemetery", of which "saishang" is the Border Pass of Jiliao, and Zhi Wu first begged Dong Qichang to write the epitaph from the plug.
Combined with Wu Yong's resume of the "Governor of Jiliao" between the four to five years of the Tianqi, the epitaph should be written by Dong Qichang around the fifth year of the Tianqi (1625). Specific when, the following is based on the detailed analysis of the "Records of Mahu Lake in Huai'an Province".
Wu Yongxian's father: The life of Wu Yingdao
Regarding Wu Yongxian's father Wu Yingdao, there are even fewer.
According to the epitaph, it can be known that Wu Yingdao, the character is self-evident, alias Laiyi resident, so Dong Qichang's "Rongtai Anthology" is included in the name of "Feng Shao Sima Wu Laiyi Cemetery Inscription".
The Twenty-four Years of Zuo Chuan Xianggong (左傳・ Xianggong Twenty-four Years) says: "There is merit in Taishang, followed by meritorious service, followed by words, although it has not been abolished for a long time, this is called immortality." ", to "Lide, meritorious service, and speech" as the ancients' "three immortals" as a merit.
However, due to Wu Yingdao's untimely death, it was not yet time to complete this "three immortals", so Dong Qichang divided three things into three things, "passing on the shape of the portrayal", in order to spy on the leopard and portray the noble image of Wu Yingdao.
First, stand up.
Dong Qichang, with wu Yingdao's few talents, talent and wisdom, and diligent study, proficiency in recitation, and proficiency in the thesis, implied that if he did not die, he would have a great success.
During Wu Yingdao's examination, he fell seriously ill and died soon after returning to Tongcheng. On his deathbed, he had no pity for his son, especially for his nine-year-old child Wu Yingxian, who had high expectations. His wife, Fang Shi, thirty and widowed, kept his mind to convert to Buddhism, specialized in pure land, and raised his youngest sons Wu Yongxian and Wu Yongheng. An old woman also fasted, followed by each other for twenty years.
Second, Lide.
Dong Qichang borrowed Wu Yongxian's paraphrase, and his mother's wife Fang described his father Wu Yingdao as "well-groomed and dignified" and "very prosperous" on the wedding day, but Wu Yingdao was "not momentarily blind" and was not moved by the property.
When Wu Yingdao's father was ill, he "called on heaven to ask for help, prayed for the doctor, did not untie the belt, and was both sick and then at peace", hoping that the substitute father would be ill and know that his filial piety was sincere.
Third, make a statement.
Wu Yingdao's posthumous text contains "What is worried is not poor, but what is worried can be rested." Everywhere lingers, walking in the deep ditch" verse, for its attitude towards poverty and happiness and lofty ambitions.
Wu Yingdao, who was only twenty-nine years old, unfortunately passed away, and "meritorious service" could not be obtained for the time being, so Dong Qichang replaced it with "LiXing".
The ancients once said, "Taste a piece of meat, and know the taste of a wok, and the tune of a ding." In this way, Wu Yingdao's image of "Lixing, Lide, and Liyan" jumped on the paper.
Descendants of Wu Yingdao: Marriage and marriage
In this epitaph, Dong Qichang describes Wu Yingdao's wife Fang And his descendants marrying and marrying Ya. In the article "Bai Mu: Dong Qichang's Book "Wu Laiyi Cemetery Inscription" examination, there are relevant discussions:
Wu Yingdao and Fang had two sons, the eldest being Wu Yongxian and the second son Wu Yongheng. Wu Yongxian married the daughter of the student Tang Huan, and the Tang clan also gave it to Lady Ren repeatedly. Wu Yonghenghong was the daughter of Fang Xueyi. There are nine grandchildren, seven grandchildren and two granddaughters.
Wu Yongxian had three sons: "Ri Chang (日昶), a scholar of the Mandarin Temple, married the daughter of he Ruyu, a servant of the Ministry of Rites; NiChon, Ensheng, married the daughter of the prince of Guanglu Temple, Sheng Shi Cheng, the daughter of Xiao Lian Sheng Ke Fan; and Ri Min, married the daughter of the head of the household department, the Korean clan." A daughter "the fourth son of Yushi Goshi Zuo Guangdou".
Wu Yongheng had four sons: "Ri Dan, County, Jian'an County, Fujian Province, married fang; Ri Sheng, Yi Kusheng, married Sun shi; Ri Sheng, tai student, married Tang clan; Ri Sheng, tai student, married Fang clan." A daughter "Shi Yi Ku Sang Kim Il Mirror".
According to this, Wu Yongxian and Zuo Guangdou were in-laws.
In the fourth year of the Apocalypse (1624), Yang Lian was arrested for impeaching Wei Zhongxian for twenty-four major crimes, and when Yang Lian impeached, Zuo Guangdou participated in the conspiracy, "Yang Gong had the twenty-four major crimes of correcting Zhongxian, and the public was premeditated, and the rebellion was also angry. ”
In the fifth year of the Apocalypse (1625), he was unjustly imprisoned for opposing Wei Zhongxian and Zuo Guangdou, and soon died of torture in prison. When Nanming Hongguang was rehabilitated, he was loyal and righteous.
Hearing that Zuo Guangdou had been arrested, Wu Yongxian disguised himself and returned to Beijing to rescue him from danger, but he was unable to do so in the end. Wei emasculated again accused Wu Yongxian of "returning to the capital privately and plotting against him", and asked the emperor to punish him and kill him, but he did not allow it.
After Zuo Guangdou was killed, Wu resigned in anger and died at home the following year (1626). In February of the second year of Chongzhen (1629), the Chongzhen Emperor ordered Han Ye and others to approve the reverse case and eliminate the castration party, but at that time, the political situation was uncertain, and the epitaph also involved "Zuo Guangdou", so when Dong Qichang wrote the Rongtai Collection, he deleted the situation about Wu Yingdao's descendants marrying and marrying Ya.
In addition, the voluminous "Rongtai Collection" was engraved in the third year of Ming Chongzhen (1630), and its collection and compilation must have been re-proofread and revised, which had already been carried out several years ago, so it was reasonable for Dong Qichang to delete it.
The Palace Museum's collection of "Records of Mahu Lake in Huai'an Province"
The Records of Mahu of Maolu in Huai'an Province (hereinafter referred to as the Records of Mahu of Maolu in Huai'an Province) is one of the representative works of Dong Qichang's later writings, which is now in the Palace Museum in Beijing. This volume has always been regarded as the standard of Dong Qichang by scholars and scholars who studied Dong Qichang.
The creation date of the "Records of Mahu lake" in the "Complete Collection of Chinese Legal Books 14 (Ming 3)" of the Cultural Relics Publishing House is set after the fourth year of Chongzhen (1631). As mentioned above, the Tomb Inscription of Wu Laiyi Cemetery was created around the fifth year of the Apocalypse (1625).
Comparing the "Records of Maolu Mahu" and the "Wulaiyi Cemetery Inscription", it is not difficult to find that the writing status of the two volumes is extremely similar, which can be called the same, and they are the same as the Wusi column, so it is extremely necessary to make a detailed study of the creation date of the two volumes.
According to the commentary on the "Record of Mahu Lake in Maolu" in the Complete Works of Chinese Law 14 (Ming 3): "This volume is written and written by Dong Qichang, describing Zhu Jingtao and others, xingzhi Cao's way, seeking the benefits of Caoyun, and vigorously advocating the tortuous passage of The Road mahu in Huai'an Province. Zhu Jingtao, Ming Guosheng, Huating ren, Wanli Thirty-eighth Year Jinshi. He successively served as the chief of the Ministry of Works, the member of the foreign lang, and the right cloth government of Shandong. Dong Qichang wrote and wrote the "Zhu Si Epitaph" for his father, and Yu Jingtao's deeds are also involved. This volume is not signed with an annual paragraph, and according to the content of the text and the official position of the Dong clan, it should be written shortly after the age of seventy-seven of the Dong clan in the fourth year of Chongzhen (1631). It can be seen that he judged the age of creation by Dong Qichang's official position.
In the volume of the Mahu Chronicle of The Road, Dong Qichang's official position is written as follows: "Zhi Jinshi was born, senior doctor, Nanjing Ceremonial Department Shangshu, former Ceremonial Department Left Attendant and Zhan Shifu Shao Zhan Shi, in charge of the Affairs of Nanjing Hanlin Academy, Vice President of Records, And Jing Feast Lecturer." ”
Further, looking at Dong Qichang's chronology, we can see:
1. In July of the third year of the Apocalypse (1623), Dong Qichang was appointed as the right attendant of the Ceremonial Department and a bachelor's attendant, and assisted in the affairs of the Zhan ShiFu;
2. In the autumn of the fourth year of the Apocalypse (1624), Dong Qichang was promoted to the post of Left Attendant of the Rebbe;
3. In the first month of the fifth year of the Apocalypse (1625), Dong Qichang paid homage to shangshu of the Nanjing Ministry of Rites and went to his post;
4. In the sixth year of the Apocalypse (1626), Dong Qichang returned to the Book of Introduction to the Beginning of The Hugh;
5. In the winter of the fourth year of Chongzhen (1631), Dong Qichang was reinstated as the Rebbe Shangshu and was in charge of the affairs of the Zhan Shifu.
Compared with Dong Qichang's official position of "Nanjing Libu Shangshu", it can be seen that when the "Record of Mahu of Lilu" was written, it was set after the first month of the fifth year of the Apocalypse (1625).
The "former" in the "former Libu Zuo Shilang and Zhan Shifu Shao Zhan Shi" can be seen as the official position of Dong Qichang before he was inaugurated as the Shangshu of the Nanjing Libu, that is, the "Zhan Shi Fu Shao Zhan Shi" and his Chongzhen four years (1631) winter "in charge of Zhan Shi Fu affairs", is not the same official position. Therefore, it is obviously incorrect to confuse "Zhan Shifu Shao Zhan Shi" with "Zhan Shi Fu Shao Zhan Shi" and set the "Records of Mahu of The Road" to be created around 1631.
In Dong Qichang's annals, there is no record of his appointment as "Zhan Shifu Shao Zhan Shi".
However, there is a clue in Dong Qichang's "Book of the Book of The Three Commandments" in the collection of the Palace Museum in Beijing, and the three edicts have an exact time of preparation, all of which are september 29, 1624, the fourth year of the Apocalypse (1624).
Among them, the last paragraph of the commandment has part of Dong Qichang's resume, which includes: "Ten Taichang Temple Shaoqing and Hanlin Academy Attendant Bachelor; Eleven Zhan ShiFu Shao Zhan Shi, in charge of nanjing Hanlin Yuan; twelve current posts", "this post" is the "Right Attendant of the Ceremonial Department and the Attendant of The Hanlin Academy, assisting zhan shifu affairs".
Among them, Dong Qichang's "ten terms" were promoted to the second year of the Apocalypse (1622), so his "eleventh term" was "Zhan Shifu Shao Zhan Shi" should be between "ten terms" and "twelve terms", that is, between the second year of the Apocalypse (1622) and July of the third year of the Apocalypse (1623).
In terms of the official position of the book, this volume could not have been written after his "administration of the Affairs of the Zhan Prefecture", so it can be seen that the volume of the Records of Mahu of The Road should have been written between the first half of the fifth year of the Apocalypse (1625) and the winter of the fourth year of Chongzhen (1631).
The creation time of "The Record of Mahu Lake" is further examined
In the volume of the Records of Mahu of Maolu, zhu Jingtao (i.e., Zhu Guosheng) and others are recorded in such matters as the way of Xingzhi Cao.
Zhu Guosheng (朱国盛), courtesy name Jingtao ( ) , was a native of Xinchang Village , Changren Township , Huating County , Songjiang Province , Songjiang Province , Ming Dynasty ( present-day Xinchang Town , Pudong New Area , Shanghai ) , and a jinshi of Wan Li GengzhiKe ( 1610 ) , who successively served as a transfer officer of the Ministry of Works , Wailang Langzhong , Henan Grain Road , Shandong Cloth Envoy , and Later Sheng Taichang Temple Secretary. In the thirty-eighth year of the Ming Dynasty (1610), Zhu Guosheng was not elected as a shuchang( ShuChang ) , but was sent to the Ministry of Works to be responsible for water management.
Dong Qichang once had a poem "Send Zhu Jingtao Water Department" to give away, and he knew that the two had a lot of contracts. On December 24, 1612, Dong Qichang also composed "Imitation of The Great Idiot Painting for Zhu Guosheng".
Soon after Zhu Guosheng first entered the political arena, he was entrusted with the administration of hecao. Because of his outstanding talent and outstanding achievements, he rose to the top of the sky and was in charge of the national water conservancy. In the forty-third year of the Ming Dynasty (1615), Zhu Guosheng was credited with governing the river trough, and his grandfather Zhu Bo and his father Zhu Si were both given the title of Shandong Zuobu Zheng (Erpin).
Just as he was taking office as Grand Sikong, his father Zhu Si died of illness. Dong Qichang composed the Epitaph of Zhu Si for his father Zhu Si (in the collection of the Palace Museum in Beijing). Dong Qichang also wrote poems for Zhu Guosheng's mother, "Lady Shou Zhu Jingtao".
Zhu Guosheng also likes to do art and is good at painting, and he and Dong Qichang have many singing and inscriptions, such as Dong Shi once said, "Respect Tao as a Mi Hu Er ink play, do not reduce the High Shang Shu, read this and want to burn Wu Yan." And so on, and so on. According to this, it can be seen that Zhu Guosheng and Dong Qichang have a close relationship and can be called close friends.
During the apocalyptic years, the water system of Luma Lake (present-day Luoma Lake, Jiangsu) in Huai'an Province was particularly dangerous, and shipping was blocked. In August of the first year of the Apocalypse, Zhu Guoshengfang was appointed as a strict governor of the river, and Bi Li blocked it. During the period, it was not afraid of hardships and dangers, personally visited the front line, dredged and improved many times, and the benefits were remarkable. The work was not completed until April of the fifth year of the Apocalypse (1625).
Therefore, the "Records of Maolu Mahu" should be written after April of the fifth year of the Apocalypse (1625). In March of the seventh year of the Heavenly Apocalypse (1627), on the recommendation of Li Mingdao, the eunuch of Cao Canal Road, Zhu Guosheng, who was in charge of Caowu Shandong Zuobu, was ordered to be elevated to the rank of governor of The Bureaucracy Shangshu.
Zhou Yingqiu replied: "Factory ministers have giant hands in the sky, serve the country with red hearts, pull the water transport, Hebo To ling, Yu Guo tong grain, Cangyu gradually solidified, Daochen Zhu Guosheng Yijia Taichang Temple Secretary, and Shandong envoy, as usual, to manage things." The imperial court rewarded Zhu Guosheng and "promoted taichang temple secretary with caohe gong", transferred to Kyoto, stayed with the emperor, and was in charge of the ritual music.
Therefore, Dong Qichang's book "Records of Maolu Mahu" as a close friend of Zhu Guosheng should be after the successful dredging of his Luma Lake, before he was transferred to Kyoto, if it was after the title, Zhu Guosheng asked Dong Qichang to write a book for his old merits, which could not be logical and slightly pretentious.
The time of writing can be further inferred from april of the fifth year of the Apocalypse (1625) to March of the seventh year of the Apocalypse (1627). In addition, the "LumaHu" volume finally has Xu Biao's official title: "Qincha Admiral Henan Gongbu Shuiqing Official Si Lang Zhong", according to this title, Zhu Guosheng should still be serving in the Ministry of Works at the time of writing this volume.
During Zhu Guosheng's administration of the Nanhe River with Gongbu Langzhong, the fourteen volumes of the Nanhe Chronicle, which was compiled and over 1500 pages long, were also completed. The book is preceded by a preface by the author Zhu Guosheng, and there are two prefaces by Li Sicheng and Xu Biao.
Re-examine Dong Qichang's chronology: "On April 3, the fifth year of the Apocalypse (1625), Cui Zhen was blocked by the wind for eight days, and on April 22, he went to Pingwang Town, Pingjiang, Suzhou, and encountered a strong wind, and composed "Blocking the Wind and Looking at the Axis". ”
It can be seen that Dong Qichang returned to his hometown from Chang'an (Beijing) in April of the fifth year of the Apocalypse (1625), and the calligraphy and painting boat passed through Shandong, crossed Mahu Lake, and went to CuiZhen (35 kilometers south of Suqian), and the wind was blocked (typhoon) for eight days. Cui Zhen Linguan Ferry Ming and Qing Dynasties is the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal north and south intersection must pass through, the past generations set up "Cui Zhen Yi", is the gathering place of thousands of merchants, but also the guan defense fortress.
At this time, Zhu Guosheng's project to control the Junlu Mahu Lake was completed, just when Dong Qichang, an elder and close friend of the same township, returned to his hometown, and because of the wind obstruction in the local area, it was natural for him to feast dong Qichang and then retain the reunion.
In recognition of Zhu Guosheng's merits in governing the water, Dong Qichang wrote the "Record of Mahu Lake in Maolu" for it, and with his free brushwork and beautiful words, it is also reasonable to highly praise Zhu Guosheng's move as "the so-called one-time long-term escape, temporary expenses of Yongning".
In addition, in the forty-third year of the Ming Dynasty (1615), Dong Qichang wrote the "Zhu Si Epitaph" for Zhu Guosheng's father Zhu Si, and the last four lines of the text were obviously not in the style of the book written in 1615.
The original text of the text: "Honoring Tao fengzhi hehe cao, with meritorious service recommended." Meng Enyu was the Grand Sikong Right General Xian Kaifu Zhongcheng . Although they all stubbornly refused to worship, and Shandong Zuo Bo's commandments had been given, when it was like erpin, the tree Shinto monument was in the first place. This inscription is an ear when it is written. Dong Qichang title", 钤 "Zong Bo Bachelor", "Dong Shi Xuan Zai" two seals.
This "Zongbo Bachelor" and "Dong Shi Xuanzai" were used by Dong Qichang in the autumn of 1623 after serving as the Right Attendant of the Jinli Department and a bachelor's attendant, and were the most commonly used seals from 1623 to 1636, and could not have appeared in 1615. Therefore, this inscription should be supplemented at this time (April of the fifth year of the Apocalypse), and the discussion of "Zhu Jingtao's rule of the river trough has been meritorious, Enyu is the Great Sikong, and the commandment is re-sealed as a second product" is a consolation to the ancestors.
Combining the above materials, we can infer with great confidence that the volume of LumaHu should have been written between April 3 and twenty-two in the fifth year of the Apocalypse (1625), and it should be between April 3 and April 11 during the "Eight Days of Wind Resistance".
"The Record of Mahu Lake" and "Tomb Inscription of Wu Laiyi Cemetery"
In terms of book style alone, the TombStone of Wu Laiyi Cemetery is completely identical to the Lumahu, and dong Qichang's official position in the two volumes is the same, and in the first month of the fifth year of the Apocalypse (1625), Dong Shi paid homage to the Nanjing Libu Shangshu. Therefore, the "Wu Laiyi Cemetery Inscription" is set as the work of his official after the Shangshu of the Nanjing Libu, that is, after the first month of the fifth year of the Apocalypse (1625).
Checking Wu Yong's Chairman Ping, the List of Governors of Daming Jiliao reads: "31. Wu Yongxian, nanzhi was subordinate to Tongcheng, the fourth year of the Apocalypse (1624) March (May 12, 1624), and the Fifth Year of the Apocalypse, March 1625 (1625). Three of the seven stele of the "Donglin Party Monument" accurately record the disposition of Wu Yongxian: "In March, let the idle stay."
In this year, Wu Yongxian returned to Beijing to stay idle in March, Dong Qichang returned to his hometown from The South of Beijing in April, and in October of the sixth year of the Apocalypse (1626), Wu Yongxian died first.
In addition, in the fifth year of the Apocalypse (1625), Dong Qichang paid homage to the Nanjing Rebbe Shangshu, called "Emperor Dazongbo", and Wu Yongxian "stuffed up the Zhijian" (that is, Wu Yongxian wrote a letter on the governorship of Jiliao), asking Dong Zongbo to write an epitaph for the family of Weng Shu, who died in his early years, which was written at the most reasonable time between the end of March and the beginning of April in the fifth year of the Apocalypse (1625). It is less than a month before the volume of the book "Luma Lake".
At this point, the creation age of these two volumes is basically clear and reasonable, should belong to the works of the same period, is Dong Qichang's later works, the two volumes are sparsely arranged and symmetrical, the so-called "aging and becoming mature, but returning to plain", Yu Sheng show in the fluttering and clumsy, natural sprinkling. The same form, the same line, the same style of writing, like a volume, honesty is special to cherish also.
Calligraphy of "Wu Laiyi Cemetery Inscription"
Like the "Records of Mahu Lake", the "Tomb Inscription of Wu Laiyi Cemetery" is dignified and natural, the breath is not the slightest pretentious posture, plain and innocent, and the turning points are often passed by, seemingly inadvertently, but it is actually a deep calligraphy.
There is also a silk bar, between the lines, there is no dense pattern close to the main pattern, the words and words are far away from the sky and the river and look forward, the lines and lines are broken, and the fun is natural.
Unlike the "Record of Maolu Mahu", the epitaph is mostly divided into the original draft and the draft, and the manuscript of the "Wu Laiyi Cemetery Inscription" has not been altered, it should be the original draft, and the writing is in order of gradual order, the format is rigorous, the context is clear, and the style is not reduced, which is not reached by the "Record of The Mahu Lake of The Road", and it is far from being comparable to the works of ordinary entertainment.
Volume beginning, Liu Zeyuan title introduction:
▲ Liu Zeyuan title introduction
There are also inscriptions by Tan Zongjing, Yu Yinlin, Wu Rulun and others, Ma Qichang and Zhang Zuyi.
▲ Tan Zongjing, Yu Yinlin, Wu Rulun and other inscriptions
epilogue
Dong Qichang's achievements in calligraphy and art, as well as the beauty of "Yan Bone Zhao Zi", learning from the ancient but not sticking to the ancient, there is a hidden trend of "Ming Dynasty Calligraphy", "Painting Zen Room Essay" and the "Southern and Northern Sect" theory proposed, which is a watershed in the history of Chinese painting.
And this "Wu Laiyi Cemetery Epitaph" can be examined by the Ming Dynasty's important minister Wu Yongping, to make up for the lack of historical materials, and it is related to the late Ming party struggle, such as involving "Zuo Guangdou", etc., and the calligraphy is "gradually getting old and mature, but returning to plain", comparable to dong Qichang's representative work "The Record of Mahu in Maolu", which is rare and rare.
Resources:
Bai Mu: Dong Qichang's book "Wu Laiyi Cemetery Inscription" examination