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“學越千山（四一）：對策法”，
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Dear, this is the LearingYard Academy!
Today, the editor brings the
Learning over a thousand mountains(41):Countermeasures，
Welcome to visit!
思維導圖
Mind mapping
對策論
Game theory
對策論是一門研究決策主體在互相競争、互相依存的環境中如何進行政策選擇和行動的學科。它注重分析決策者之間的互相作用和影響，以及決策結果的均衡性和穩定性。對策論強調理性、優化和均衡，通過數學模型和邏輯推理來描述和分析競争行為，尤其關注在不确定性和資訊不對稱情況下的決策問題。
Game theory is a discipline that studies how decision-makers make strategic choices and actions in a competitive and interdependent environment. It focuses on analyzing the interactions and influences between decision-makers, as well as the balance and stability of decision-making outcomes. Game theory emphasizes rationality, optimization, and equilibrium, describing and analyzing competitive behavior through mathematical models and logical reasoning, with a particular focus on decision-making problems under uncertainty and information asymmetry.
三要素
Three elements
局中人：指的是競争或競賽的參加者，他們有權決定自己的行動。在一場比賽中，每個參賽者都可以被視為一個局中人。局中人可以是個人、團隊、組織或甚至是自然界。
Insider: Refers to the participants in a competition or competition, who have the right to decide their own actions. In a game, each participant can be considered as a player in the game. People in the game can be individuals, teams, organizations, or even nature.
政策：對策論中把這種辦法或方案稱為“政策”，是指在一局對策過程中局中人自始至終考慮的取得某一最終結果的行動方案，而不是某一步的行動。例如，在一局象棋賽中，每一步棋的移動都是一個行動，但整個棋局中所有步的綜合才構成一個政策。
Strategy: In game theory, this method or plan is referred to as "strategy", which refers to the action plan considered by players throughout a game to achieve a certain final result, rather than a specific step of action. For example, in a chess game, each move is an action, but the combination of all moves in the entire game constitutes a strategy.
支付：支付就是一局對策的得失。每一局中人在一局對策結束時的赢得（支付）與全體局中人所選擇的政策組成的政策組有關。支付可以是物資、金錢的收入和支出，或者為了某種對策結果做出記錄而規定的一種記法。
Payment: Payment is the gain or loss of a strategy. The winning (payment) of each player at the end of a game is related to the strategy group selected by all players. Payment can be the income and expenditure of goods and money, or a notation established to record the results of a certain countermeasure.
作用與意義
Function and significance
優化決策：對策論通過數學模型和邏輯推理，幫助決策者在複雜的競争環境中找到最優或滿意的政策，進而提高決策的科學性和有效性。
Optimizing decision-making: Game theory helps decision-makers find the optimal or satisfactory strategy in complex competitive environments through mathematical models and logical reasoning, thereby improving the scientific and effective nature of decision-making.
提高競争力：對策論關注競争者之間的互相作用和影響，通過預測和應對競争對手的政策，使決策者能夠更好地适應競争環境，提高競争力。
Enhancing competitiveness: Game theory focuses on the interactions and influences between competitors, predicting and responding to their strategies to enable decision-makers to better adapt to the competitive environment and enhance competitiveness.
解決實際問題：對策論在經濟學、政治學、社會學等多個領域都有廣泛應用，能夠解決市場競争、價格政策、拍賣機制、國際政治中的戰略互動、軍備競賽、社會網絡中的資訊傳播和群體行為等實際問題。
Solving practical problems: Game theory is widely used in various fields such as economics, political science, sociology, etc. It can solve practical problems such as market competition, price strategy, auction mechanisms, strategic interaction in international politics, arms race, information dissemination in social networks, and group behavior.
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翻譯：百度翻譯
參考資料：百度百科，
韓伯棠《管理運籌學》
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