《科學》（20240405出版）一周論文導讀

編譯 | 馮維維

Science, Volume 384, Issue 6691,5 Apr 2024

《科學》第384卷，6691期，2024年4月5日

化學實體Chemical-Physics

Single body-coupled fiber enables chipless textile electronics

單體耦合光纖實作無晶片紡織電子産品

▲作者：WEIFENG YANG, SHAOMEI LIN, WEI GONG, RONGZHOU LIN, CHENGMEI JIANG, XIN YANG, YUNHAO HU, JINGJIE WANG, XIAO XIAO, ,AND HONGZHI

▲連結：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk3755

▲ 摘要：

智能紡織品為将科技融入日常生活提供了一個理想的平台。然而，目前的紡織電子系統通常依賴于剛性矽元件，這限制了無縫內建，能源效率和舒适性。由于缺乏動态能量轉換載體，無晶片電子系統仍然面臨數字邏輯的挑戰。

研究者提出了一種無晶片體耦合能量互動機制，用于環境電磁能量收集和單光纖無線信号傳輸。這種光纖本身可以實作無線視覺數字互動，而不需要在紡織品上安裝額外的晶片或電池。

因為所有的電子元件都融合在一個微型纖維中，這有利于可擴充的制造和與現代編織技術的相容性，進而實作多功能和智能服裝。研究者提出了一個可能解決矽基紡織系統問題的政策。

▲ Abstract：

Intelligent textiles provide an ideal platform for merging technology into daily routines. However, current textile electronic systems often rely on rigid silicon components, which limits seamless integration, energy efficiency, and comfort. Chipless electronic systems still face digital logic challenges owing to the lack of dynamic energy-switching carriers. We propose a chipless body-coupled energy interaction mechanism for ambient electromagnetic energy harvesting and wireless signal transmission through a single fiber. The fiber itself enables wireless visual–digital interactions without the need for extra chips or batteries on textiles. Because all of the electronic assemblies are merged in a miniature fiber, this facilitates scalable fabrication and compatibility with modern weaving techniques, thereby enabling versatile and intelligent clothing. We propose a strategy that may address the problems of silicon-based textile systems.

Pseudo-nanostructure and trapped-hole release induce high thermoelectric performance in PbTe

僞納米結構和困孔釋放誘導PbTe具有較高的熱電性能

▲作者：BAOHAI JIA, DI WU, LIN XIE, WU WANG, TIAN YU, SHANGYANG LI, YAN WANG, YANJUN XU, BINBIN JIANG, AND JIAQING HE

▲連結：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adj8175

▲ 摘要：

熱電材料可以實作電與熱的直接互相轉換。然而，由于強糾纏的電和熱輸運性質，開發提高高熱電性能的政策具有挑戰性。

研究者展示了在P型碲化鉛材料中實作了空位團簇的僞納米結構和捕獲空穴釋放的動态載流子調節，進而實作了聲子和載流子傳輸的同時調節。在554開爾文的溫差下，研究還在分段子產品中實作了~15.5%的能量轉換效率。研究展示了中溫熱電在一系列不同應用中的前景。

▲ Abstract：

Thermoelectric materials can realize direct and mutual conversion between electricity and heat. However, developing a strategy to improve high thermoelectric performance is challenging because of strongly entangled electrical and thermal transport properties. We demonstrate a case in which both pseudo-nanostructures of vacancy clusters and dynamic charge-carrier regulation of trapped-hole release have been achieved in p-type lead telluride–based materials, enabling the simultaneous regulations of phonon and charge carrier transports. We also achieved an energy conversion efficiency of ~15.5% at a temperature difference of 554 kelvin in a segmented module. Our demonstration shows promise for mid-temperature thermoelectrics across a range of different applications.

化學Chemistry

Molecularly thin, two-dimensional all-organic perovskites

分子厚度二維全有機鈣钛礦

▲作者：HWA SEOB CHOI, JUN LIN, GANG WANG, WALTER P. D. WONG, IN-HYEOK PARK, FANG LIN, JUN YIN, KAI LENG, JUNHAO LIN, AND KIAN PING LOH

▲連結：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk8912

▲ 摘要：

近年來，具有三維結構的全有機鈣钛礦的出現擴大了鈣钛礦材料的潛在應用。然而，二維形式的全有機鈣钛礦的合成和利用在很大程度上仍未被探索，因為設計原理尚未開發。

研究者合成了一種無金屬的二維層狀鈣钛礦，表示為CL-v相，化學式為A2B2X4，其中A表示比B更大的陽離子，X表示陰離子。CL-v相的介電常數在4.8 ~ 5.5之間，證明了其作為薄膜半導體栅極媒體的潛力。

▲ Abstract：

Recently, the emergence of all-organic perovskites with three-dimensional (3D) structures has expanded the potential applications of perovskite materials. However, the synthesis and utilization of all-organic perovskites in 2D form remain largely unexplored because the design principle has not been developed. We present the successful synthesis of a metal-free 2D layered perovskite, denoted as the Choi-Loh van der Waals phase (CL-v phase), with the chemical formula A2B2X4, where A represents a larger-sized cation compared to B and X denotes an anion. The dielectric constants of the CL-v phase range from 4.8 to 5.5 and we demonstrate their potential as gate dielectrics for thin-film transistors.

Carbon quaternization of redox active esters and olefins by decarboxylative coupling

脫羧偶聯氧化還原活性酯和烯烴的碳季铵化反應

▲作者：XU-CHENG GAN, BENXIANG ZHANG, NATHAN DAO, CHENG BI, MAITHILI POKLE, LIYAN KAN, MICHAEL R. COLLINS, CHET C. TYROL, PHILIPPE N. BOLDUC , AND RYAN SHENVI

▲連結：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn5619

▲ 摘要：

季碳的合成通常需要許多步驟和複雜的條件或苛刻的試劑，這些試劑作用于高度工程化的底物。研究者報告了一種簡單的催化劑和還原劑組合，将兩種類型的原料化學品——羧酸和烯烴，通過自由基中間體的季铵化轉化為四取代碳。

鐵卟啉催化劑通過電子轉移或氫原子轉移激活每個底物，然後通過雙分子均溶取代（SH2）反應将碎片結合。這種交叉偶聯減少了從簡單的化學原料中獲得大量含季碳産品的合成負擔。

▲ Abstract：

The synthesis of quaternary carbons often requires numerous steps and complex conditions or harsh reagents that act on heavily engineered substrates. This is largely a consequence of conventional polar-bond retrosynthetic disconnections that in turn require multiple functional group interconversions, redox manipulations, and protecting group chemistry. Here, we report a simple catalyst and reductant combination that converts two types of feedstock chemicals, carboxylic acids and olefins, into tetrasubstituted carbons through quaternization of radical intermediates. An iron porphyrin catalyst activates each substrate by electron transfer or hydrogen atom transfer, and then combines the fragments using a bimolecular homolytic substitution （SH2） reaction. This cross-coupling reduces the synthetic burden to procure numerous quaternary carbon– --containing products from simple chemical feedstocks.

農業Agriculture

Joint environmental and social benefits from diversified agriculture

多樣化農業帶來的環境和社會效益

▲作者：LAURA VANG RASMUSSEN, INGO GRASS, ZIA MEHRABI, OLIVIA M. SMITH, RACHEL BEZNER-KERR, JENNIFER BLESH, LUCAS ALEJANDRO GARIBALDI, MARNEY E. ISAAC, CHRISTINA M. KENNEDY, AND CLAIRE KREMEN

▲連結：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adj1914

▲ 摘要：

農業單一化的持續擴大是以犧牲農業形式的多樣化為代價的。例如這種以集中管理的單一栽培形式進行的簡化，對于確定世界處于安全和公正的地球系統邊界内構成了風險。

研究者評估了農業多樣化如何同時影響社會和環境結果。根據11個國家2655個農場的24項研究，他們展示了專注于牲畜、作物、土壤、非作物種植和水資源保護的五種多樣化戰略如何有益于社會（如人類福祉、産量和糧食安全）和環境（如生物多樣性、生态系統服務和減少環境外部性）的結果。

研究發現，與單一的管理政策相比，應用多種多元化政策能産生更積極的結果。為了實作這些利益，需要設計良好的政策來激勵一緻采用多種多樣化戰略。

▲ Abstract：

Agricultural simplification continues to expand at the expense of more diverse forms of agriculture. This simplification, for example, in the form of intensively managed monocultures, poses a risk to keeping the world within safe and just Earth system boundaries. Here, we estimated how agricultural diversification simultaneously affects social and environmental outcomes. Drawing from 24 studies in 11 countries across 2655 farms, we show how five diversification strategies focusing on livestock, crops, soils, noncrop plantings, and water conservation benefit social (e.g., human well-being, yields, and food security) and environmental (e.g., biodiversity, ecosystem services, and reduced environmental externalities) outcomes. We found that applying multiple diversification strategies creates more positive outcomes than individual management strategies alone. To realize these benefits, well-designed policies are needed to incentivize the adoption of multiple diversification strategies in unison.

生命科學 Life Science

Bronchoconstriction damages airway epithelia by crowding-induced excess cell extrusion

支氣管收縮通過擁擠誘導的過度細胞擠壓損害氣道上皮

▲作者：DUSTIN C. BAGLEY, TOBIAS RUSSELL, ELENA ORTIZ-ZAPATER, SALLY STINSON, KRISTINA FOX, POLLY F. REDD, MERRY JOSEPH, CASSANDRA DEERING-RICE, CHRISTOPHER REILLY , AND JODY ROSENBLATT

▲連結：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk2758

▲ 摘要：

哮喘被認為是一種發炎性疾病，其明确的診斷特征是機械性支氣管收縮。之前發現了一個保守的過程，稱為細胞擠壓，當細胞變得過于擁擠時，它會驅動穩态上皮細胞死亡。

新研究表明，支氣管收縮發作的病理性擁擠導緻大量上皮細胞擠壓，進而損害氣道，導緻小鼠和人類的發炎和黏液分泌。盡管用沙丁胺醇急救治療放松氣道不會影響這些反應，但在支氣管收縮過程中抑制活細胞擠壓信号會阻止所有這些特征。

研究結果表明，支氣管收縮通過過度擁擠誘導的細胞擠壓導緻上皮損傷和發炎，并表明阻斷上皮擠壓而不是随後的下遊發炎可以阻止前驅哮喘發炎循環。

▲ Abstract：

Asthma is deemed an inflammatory disease, yet the defining diagnostic feature is mechanical bronchoconstriction. We previously discovered a conserved process called cell extrusion that drives homeostatic epithelial cell death when cells become too crowded. In this work, we show that the pathological crowding of a bronchoconstrictive attack causes so much epithelial cell extrusion that it damages the airways, resulting in inflammation and mucus secretion in both mice and humans. Although relaxing the airways with the rescue treatment albuterol did not affect these responses, inhibiting live cell extrusion signaling during bronchoconstriction prevented all these features. Our findings show that bronchoconstriction causes epithelial damage and inflammation by excess crowding-induced cell extrusion and suggest that blocking epithelial extrusion, instead of the ensuing downstream inflammation, could prevent the feed-forward asthma inflammatory cycle.