長假出遠門，電動車真的比燃油車“慫”嗎

開電動車上高速，以前是想都不敢想，現在是長假都敢上高速。雖然極端條件下還是不行，但正常情況下電動車跑長途已經優于燃油車

文 | 尹路

編輯 | 馬克 

臨近春節，人們又踏上了返鄉之路。每到長假，電動車的長途出行問題幾乎都會登上熱搜，一到長假就挨罵已經成了電動車躲不過的一道坎，特别是每次春節長假，高速+低溫的雙重打擊下，電動車的表現往往更加不堪，罵聲就更大。

特别是近期在湖北境内的高速大堵車當中，電動車為駕乘人員提供保護的時間最長也就12—24小時，和燃油車普遍可以堅持24—48小時的表現相比非常脆弱，讓人們對長途出行駕駛電動車毫無信心，但現實情況真的如此不堪嗎？

電動車抗極限能力天然就弱

首先，電動車對抗極端情況的能力天然更加脆弱，這與補能、充電無關，而是電的天然屬性決定的。

在大多自然災害中，電力都是最早中斷的動力源，因為電力需要依賴電網，而在自然災害中，網絡中的任何節點發生問題都會導緻整個網絡的癱瘓，伴随日常的便利性而來的就是災害中的脆弱性。   

以日本這個多地震的國家為例，為何在日本電動車的發展非常緩慢，其中一個重要原因就是日本消費者對電動車在災害中的可用性沒有信心。

在災害當中，擷取燃油遠比擷取電力容易，

是以日本，普通混動車上有一種特殊配置，車輛無法充電，但卻配備了高功率的放電接口，就是為了在災害中，讓車成為一台可以搭載大油量的移動發電機。

單純對比電動車和燃油車在極端情況下可為駕乘人員提供保護的能力，在不同情況下有巨大差異。就以高速大堵車為例，不同季節，電動車和燃油車孰優孰劣結論完全不同。

如果是春秋季節，因為不需要空調，是以車輛不需要耗費能源保持駕駛艙内的溫度，燃油車和電動車幾乎沒有差異，電動車因為沒有怠速油耗，使用體驗上略好一些。

如果是夏季，長時間空調制冷的工況下，電動車好于燃油車。

燃油車在停車情況下，引擎長時間工作會導緻散熱不足，空調長時間制冷能耗居高不下且制冷能力會越來越差。電動車除了給座艙制冷，還需要維持電池溫度，是以整車在初始階段完成降溫之後，由于電池可以吸收更多熱量，而且沒有引擎這樣一個大的熱源，是以在夏季保持溫度的過程中，電動車的能耗更低。

如果是冬季，長時間空調取暖的工況下，燃油車顯著好于電動車。

在低溫工況下，電池化學性能降低，釋放同樣功率電池的耗電量更大，而且因為電動車沒有引擎這個熱源，隻能依靠電加熱和熱泵，加熱座艙的能量消耗是燃油車的兩倍甚至更高，是以在高速大堵車這種極端工況下，電動車能夠為駕乘人員提供保護的時間普遍不超過12小時，最長不超過24小時，而燃油車則普遍可以堅持24—48小時。

比如這次堵在湖北高速上的車主就介紹，燃油車啟動引擎，開20分鐘空調，關閉之後一個半小時車内才會徹底冷掉，啟動空調的時候，雖然熱的速度慢一些，但能耗并不高，而且關閉引擎之後，因為水箱溫度還比較熱，還能維持一段時間的暖風。   

但如果是電動車，開20分鐘空調，關閉之後不超過30分鐘就徹底冷掉了，而且啟動空調由冷到暖的過程非常耗電，加熱功率都在6千瓦以上，開20分鐘耗電就超過2千瓦時，一台電池容量60千瓦時的車，最多隻能支撐30次這樣的循環，再算上行駛和其他能耗，堅持24小時已經是電動車的極限。

正常情況下電動車跑長途更舒适

極端情況脆弱并不意味着電動車就不能跑長途，随着電動車續航裡程的增加和充電網絡的完善，

在沒遇到極端情況的時候，1000公裡内的高速長途駕駛，電動車已經和燃油車的效率不相上下。

每逢長假，高速公路服務區充電排隊，為了争搶充電樁發生沖突的新聞經常登上熱搜，但服務區充電其實是電動車長假出行中最不推薦的充電方式，駛出高速，前往就近的市區進行充電，往往可以找到充電速度更快，休息條件更好的充電場站，因為不用排隊，充電速度快，時間成本相差無幾，充電體驗則大幅提升。

以筆者的親身體驗為例，從北京出發，自駕到洛陽，全程約900公裡，過去駕駛燃油車全程需9小時左右，這次春節前，駕駛标稱續航610公裡的電動車，在石家莊的一家商場和安陽的一家酒店進行快充補能，抵達洛陽時總用時10個小時。

第一次充電在商場地庫，可以在商場内吃飯休息，第二次在安陽一家酒店的停車場充電，休息條件遠好于服務區。兩個充電站的最大充電功率都超過200千瓦，實際充電功率均在100千瓦左右，遠高于服務區内的充電速度。   

是以因高速服務區充電條件不足而産生補能焦慮，并不是真焦慮，而是對沿途的充電條件了解不足造成的焦慮。這方面各種導航軟體和充電軟體應該做出更多努力，在電動車導航路線的充電規劃上，可以更多考慮沿途市區中充電條件更好，速度更快的充電場站，将以往排隊嚴重，充電效率低下的服務區充電站排除在規劃之外，還應根據實時充電排隊情況調整充電計劃，過往幾年累積的排隊資料已經足以支援導航軟體進行這樣的智能路線規劃。

除了補能問題，電動車長途出行的體驗是全面優于燃油車的。

高速行駛，燃油車引擎的噪音、震動是舒适性的巨大障礙，同時燃油車在風阻系數上的優化也普遍不如電動車，是以風噪普遍更高，另外燃油車也大多沒有使用低滾阻輪胎，胎噪也更明顯。電動車由于車身更重，空氣動力學特性優化得更好，在高速行駛中普遍更加穩定。

噪音更小、震動更輕、車身更穩，電動車的長途駕駛，對駕乘人員，特别是對司機更加友好，同樣裡程的長途駕駛，補能規劃得當的前提下，駕駛電動車的疲勞程度是低于燃油車的。

是以很多時候駕駛電動車在長假高峰期長途出行，決定出行體驗的并不是司機的駕駛技術怎麼樣，而是補能規劃能力如何，别總盯着服務區那幾個又舊又慢還排隊的充電樁，把眼光放寬一點，看看沿途的市區，你會發現，今時今日開電動車長途出行，即便是長假高峰期也并非難事。

責編｜肖振宇

題圖｜視覺中國

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#3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root,body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body{--appmsgExtra-BG: #F7F7F7}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-theme=dark],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-theme=dark]{--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .6);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .3);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 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rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not([data-weui-theme=light]).my_comment_empty_data{background-color:#111}}body,.wx-root{--weui-BG-6: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05);--weui-ACTIVE-MASK: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05)}body,.wx-root{--weui-REDORANGE: #ff6146;--weui-BG-0: #ededed;--weui-BG-1: #f7f7f7;--weui-BG-2: #fff;--weui-BG-3: #f7f7f7;--weui-BG-4: #4c4c4c;--weui-BG-5: #fff;--weui-FG-0: rgba(0, 0, 0, .9);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(0, 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