哇塞，一轉眼已經到了傳說中的粒子系統了，學會了粒子系統就可以做出一些更好玩的效果啦！加油啦！
一.簡介
粒子系統，正如其名稱，由各種小的粒子構成。通常用來模拟火焰，爆炸，煙，水流，火花，落葉，雨，雪等等難以用具體的形狀來描述的物體。單個的粒子非常簡單，可以用多邊形來表示，甚至用像素表示。但是，不要小看了這樣微小的粒子，當粒子的數量級達到上千，上萬，甚至十萬時，表現力是及其震撼的！
下面附上兩張DX自帶的粒子系統的截圖：
帥呆了...然而我并做不出來...
粒子系統有三個特性：
1.群體性：粒子如此微小，要想成大氣候，就必須聚集起來。
2.統一性：每個粒子性質相同。
3.随機性：粒子系統中的元素會随機表現出不同的特性。
簡單的概括就是，整體有一緻的表現，但是單獨的粒子可以有不同的表現。
粒子系統的基本原理，即粒子系統的生命周期：
1.産生新的粒子
2.更新現有粒子的屬性
3.删除已經消亡的粒子
4.繪制粒子
通常一次性配置設定足夠的空間，通過資料結構管理存在的粒子以及消亡的粒子，如果粒子消亡了，不顯示即可。
二.封裝一個粒子系統的類
按照淺墨大大的方法，寫了一個雪花飄落的粒子系統：
.h檔案
/*!
* \file Particle.h
*
* \author puppet_master
* \date 八月 2015
*
* 粒子系統的實作
*/
#ifndef __CPARTICLE_H_
#define __CPARTICLE_H_
#include "stdafx.h"
#pragma once
//粒子定點格式
struct POINTVERTEX
{
float x, y, z;
float u, v;
};
#define D3DFVF_POINTVERTEX (D3DFVF_XYZ | D3DFVF_TEX1)
//粒子結構體定義
struct ParticleStruct
{
float x, y, z; //坐标
float rotationX; //繞X軸旋轉角度
float rotationY; //繞Y軸旋轉角度
float speed; //下落速度
float rotationSpeed; //旋轉速度
};
const int PARTICLE_NUMBER = 3000; //粒子數量
const int AREA_WIDTH = 10000; //粒子系統區域寬度
const int AREA_LENGTH = 10000; //粒子系統區域長度
const int AREA_HEIGHT = 10000; //粒子系統區域高度
class CParticle
{
private:
LPDIRECT3DDEVICE9 m_pDevice; //裝置指針
ParticleStruct m_Particle[PARTICLE_NUMBER]; //粒子結構體數組
LPDIRECT3DVERTEXBUFFER9 m_pVertexBuffer; //頂點緩沖區
LPDIRECT3DTEXTURE9 m_pTexture; //粒子紋理
public:
CParticle(LPDIRECT3DDEVICE9);
virtual ~CParticle(void);
//初始化粒子系統
bool InitParticle();
//更新粒子
bool UpdateParticle(float);
//繪制粒子
bool RenderParticle();
};
#endif
.cpp檔案
#include "stdafx.h"
#include "Particle.h"
#include <time.h>
CParticle::CParticle(LPDIRECT3DDEVICE9 pDevice)
{
m_pDevice = pDevice;
m_pVertexBuffer = NULL;
m_pTexture = NULL;
}
CParticle::~CParticle(void)
{
SAFE_RELEASE(m_pVertexBuffer);
SAFE_RELEASE(m_pTexture);
}
bool CParticle::InitParticle()
{
srand((unsigned int)time(0));
//初始化雪花粒子數組
for(int i = 0; i < PARTICLE_NUMBER; i++)
{
m_Particle[i].x = rand() % AREA_LENGTH - AREA_LENGTH / 2;
m_Particle[i].y = rand() % AREA_HEIGHT;
m_Particle[i].z = rand() % AREA_WIDTH - AREA_WIDTH / 2;
m_Particle[i].speed = 500 + rand() % 500;
m_Particle[i].rotationSpeed = 5.0f + rand() % 10 / 10.0f;
}
//建立雪花粒子頂點緩存
m_pDevice->CreateVertexBuffer(4 * sizeof(POINTVERTEX), 0, D3DFVF_POINTVERTEX, D3DPOOL_MANAGED, &m_pVertexBuffer, NULL);
//填充頂點緩存
POINTVERTEX vertices[] =
{
{-10.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f},
{-10.0f, 20.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f},
{ 10.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f},
{ 10.0f, 20.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f}
};
//加鎖
VOID* pVertices;
m_pVertexBuffer->Lock(0, sizeof(vertices), (void**)&pVertices, 0);
//拷貝頂點資料
memcpy(pVertices, vertices, sizeof(vertices));
//解鎖
m_pVertexBuffer->Unlock();
//加載紋理
D3DXCreateTextureFromFile(m_pDevice, "snow.jpg", &m_pTexture);
return true;
}
bool CParticle::UpdateParticle(float fElapsedTime)
{
for(int i = 0; i < PARTICLE_NUMBER; i++)
{
m_Particle[i].y -= m_Particle[i].speed * fElapsedTime;
if (m_Particle[i].y < 0)
m_Particle[i].y = AREA_HEIGHT;
m_Particle[i].rotationX += m_Particle[i].rotationSpeed * fElapsedTime;
m_Particle[i].rotationY += m_Particle[i].rotationSpeed * fElapsedTime;
}
return true;
}
bool CParticle::RenderParticle()
{
//禁用照明
m_pDevice->SetRenderState(D3DRS_LIGHTING, false);
//設定紋理
m_pDevice->SetTextureStageState(0, D3DTSS_COLOROP, D3DTOP_SELECTARG1);
m_pDevice->SetTextureStageState(0, D3DTSS_COLORARG1, D3DTA_TEXTURE);
m_pDevice->SetSamplerState(0, D3DSAMP_MINFILTER, D3DTEXF_LINEAR);
m_pDevice->SetSamplerState(0, D3DSAMP_MAGFILTER, D3DTEXF_LINEAR);
//設定Alpha混合系數
m_pDevice->SetRenderState(D3DRS_ALPHABLENDENABLE, true);//打開alpha混合
m_pDevice->SetRenderState(D3DRS_SRCBLEND, D3DBLEND_ONE);//源混合系數為1
m_pDevice->SetRenderState(D3DRS_DESTBLEND, D3DBLEND_ONE);//目标混合系數為1
//設定不剔除背面
m_pDevice->SetRenderState(D3DRS_CULLMODE, D3DCULL_NONE);
//渲染
for (int i = 0; i < PARTICLE_NUMBER; i++)
{
//設定世界矩陣(這裡設定為局部靜态變量，類似全局變量，但是又比全局變量容易維護，作用域僅為該函數)
static D3DXMATRIX matTrans, matYaw, matPitch, matWorld;
D3DXMatrixRotationX(&matPitch, m_Particle[i].rotationX);
D3DXMatrixRotationY(&matYaw, m_Particle[i].rotationY);
D3DXMatrixTranslation(&matTrans, m_Particle[i].x, m_Particle[i].y, m_Particle[i].z);
matWorld = matPitch * matYaw * matTrans;
m_pDevice->SetTransform(D3DTS_WORLD, &matWorld);
//設定紋理
m_pDevice->SetTexture(0, m_pTexture);
//繪制相關
m_pDevice->SetStreamSource(0, m_pVertexBuffer, 0, sizeof(POINTVERTEX));
m_pDevice->SetFVF(D3DFVF_POINTVERTEX);
m_pDevice->DrawPrimitive(D3DPT_TRIANGLESTRIP, 0, 2);
}
//繪制完成後恢複原狀态：Alpha混合，背面剔除，光照，防止出現渲染狀态洩露，影響其他對象繪制
m_pDevice->SetRenderState(D3DRS_ALPHABLENDENABLE, false);
m_pDevice->SetRenderState(D3DRS_CULLMODE, D3DCULL_CCW);
m_pDevice->SetRenderState(D3DRS_LIGHTING, true);
return true;
}
三.使用粒子系統
run一下：
換個角度：
加大粒子量：
附上main函數代碼：
// D3DDemo.cpp : 定義應用程式的入口點。
//
#include "stdafx.h"
#include "D3DDemo.h"
#include "DirectInput.h"
#include "Camera.h"
#include "Terrain.h"
#include "Mesh.h"
#include "SkyBox.h"
#include "Particle.h"
#define MAX_LOADSTRING 100
// 全局變量:
HINSTANCE hInst; // 目前執行個體
TCHAR szTitle[MAX_LOADSTRING]; // 标題欄文本
TCHAR szWindowClass[MAX_LOADSTRING]; // 主視窗類名
// 此代碼子產品中包含的函數的前向聲明:
HWND g_hWnd;
ATOM MyRegisterClass(HINSTANCE hInstance);
BOOL InitInstance(HINSTANCE, int);
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM);
//---------改造3D視窗需要的内容------------
LPDIRECT3D9 g_pD3D = NULL; //D3D接口指針
LPDIRECT3DDEVICE9 g_pDevice = NULL; //D3D裝置指針
CDirectInput* g_pDirectInput = NULL; //控制指針
CCamera* g_pCamera = NULL; //錄影機指針
CTerrain* g_pTerrian = NULL; //地形類指針
CSkyBox* g_pSkyBox = NULL; //天空盒類指針
CParticle* g_pParticle = NULL; //粒子系統指針
CMesh* g_pMesh1 = NULL; //網格對象指針1
CMesh* g_pMesh2 = NULL; //網格對象指針2
CMesh* g_pMesh3 = NULL; //網格對象指針3
D3DXMATRIX g_matWorld; //世界矩陣
void onCreatD3D()
{
g_pD3D = Direct3DCreate9(D3D_SDK_VERSION);
if (!g_pD3D)
return;
//檢測硬體裝置能力的方法
/*D3DCAPS9 caps;
ZeroMemory(&caps, sizeof(caps));
g_pD3D->GetDeviceCaps(D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT, D3DDEVTYPE_HAL, &caps);*/
//獲得相關資訊，螢幕大小，像素點屬性
D3DDISPLAYMODE d3ddm;
ZeroMemory(&d3ddm, sizeof(d3ddm));
g_pD3D->GetAdapterDisplayMode(D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT, &d3ddm);
//設定全屏模式
D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS d3dpp;
ZeroMemory(&d3dpp, sizeof(d3dpp));
/*d3dpp.Windowed = false;
d3dpp.BackBufferWidth = d3ddm.Width;
d3dpp.BackBufferHeight = d3ddm.Height;*/
d3dpp.Windowed = true;
d3dpp.BackBufferFormat = d3ddm.Format;
d3dpp.BackBufferCount = 1;
d3dpp.SwapEffect = D3DSWAPEFFECT_DISCARD;//交換後原緩沖區資料丢棄
//是否開啟自動深度模闆緩沖
d3dpp.EnableAutoDepthStencil = true;
//目前自動深度模闆緩沖的格式
d3dpp.AutoDepthStencilFormat = D3DFMT_D16;//每個像素點有16位的存儲空間，存儲離錄影機的距離
g_pD3D->CreateDevice(D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT, D3DDEVTYPE_HAL, g_hWnd, D3DCREATE_SOFTWARE_VERTEXPROCESSING, &d3dpp, &g_pDevice);
if (!g_pDevice)
return;
//設定渲染狀态，設定啟用深度值
g_pDevice->SetRenderState(D3DRS_ZENABLE, true);
//設定渲染狀态，關閉燈光
//g_pDevice->SetRenderState(D3DRS_LIGHTING, false);
//設定渲染狀态，裁剪模式
g_pDevice->SetRenderState(D3DRS_CULLMODE, D3DCULL_NONE);
//g_pDevice->SetRenderState(D3DRS_CULLMODE, D3DCULL_NONE) ;
}
void CreateMesh()
{
g_pMesh1 = new CMesh(g_pDevice);
g_pMesh1->CreateMesh("Demon.X");
g_pMesh2 = new CMesh(g_pDevice);
g_pMesh2->CreateMesh("dragon.X");
g_pMesh3 = new CMesh(g_pDevice);
g_pMesh3->CreateMesh("miki.X");
}
void CreateCamera()
{
g_pCamera = new CCamera(g_pDevice);
g_pCamera->SetCameraPosition(&D3DXVECTOR3(0.0f, 800.0f, -500.0f));
g_pCamera->SetTargetPosition(&D3DXVECTOR3(0.0f, 800.0f, 0.0f));
g_pCamera->SetViewMatrix();
g_pCamera->SetProjectionMartix();
}
void CreateTerrain()
{
g_pTerrian = new CTerrain(g_pDevice);
g_pTerrian->LoadTerrainFromFile(TEXT("heighmap.raw"), TEXT("TerrainTexture.jpg"));
g_pTerrian->InitTerrain(200, 200, 100.0f, 5.0f);
}
void CreateSkyBox()
{
g_pSkyBox = new CSkyBox(g_pDevice);
g_pSkyBox->InitSkyBox(20000.0f);
g_pSkyBox->InitSkyBoxTexture("skyfront.png", "skyback.png", "skyleft.png", "skyright.png", "skytop.png");
}
void CreateParticle()
{
g_pParticle = new CParticle(g_pDevice);
g_pParticle->InitParticle();
}
void SetLight()
{
D3DLIGHT9 light;
::ZeroMemory(&light, sizeof(light));
light.Type = D3DLIGHT_DIRECTIONAL;
light.Ambient = D3DXCOLOR(0.7f, 0.7f, 0.7f, 1.0f);
light.Diffuse = D3DXCOLOR(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
light.Specular = D3DXCOLOR(0.9f, 0.9f, 0.9f, 1.0f);
light.Direction = D3DXVECTOR3(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
g_pDevice->SetLight(0, &light);
g_pDevice->LightEnable(0, true);
g_pDevice->SetRenderState(D3DRS_NORMALIZENORMALS, true);
g_pDevice->SetRenderState(D3DRS_SPECULARENABLE, true);
}
void onInit()
{
//初始化D3D
onCreatD3D();
//建立Mesh模型
CreateMesh();
//建立錄影機
CreateCamera();
//建立地形
CreateTerrain();
//建立天空盒
CreateSkyBox();
//建立粒子系統
CreateParticle();
//設定光照
SetLight();
}
void onDestroy()
{
SAFE_DELETE(g_pDirectInput);
SAFE_DELETE(g_pCamera);
SAFE_DELETE(g_pTerrian);
SAFE_DELETE(g_pSkyBox);
SAFE_RELEASE(g_pDevice);
SAFE_DELETE(g_pMesh1);
SAFE_DELETE(g_pMesh2);
SAFE_DELETE(g_pMesh3);
}
void onLogic(float fElapsedTime)
{
//使用DirectInput類讀取資料
g_pDirectInput->GetInput();
// 沿錄影機各分量移動視角
if (g_pDirectInput->IsKeyDown(DIK_A)) g_pCamera->MoveAlongRightVec(-10.0f);
if (g_pDirectInput->IsKeyDown(DIK_D)) g_pCamera->MoveAlongRightVec( 10.0f);
if (g_pDirectInput->IsKeyDown(DIK_W)) g_pCamera->MoveAlongLookVec( 10.0f);
if (g_pDirectInput->IsKeyDown(DIK_S)) g_pCamera->MoveAlongLookVec(-10.0f);
if (g_pDirectInput->IsKeyDown(DIK_I)) g_pCamera->MoveAlongUpVec( 10.0f);
if (g_pDirectInput->IsKeyDown(DIK_K)) g_pCamera->MoveAlongUpVec(-10.0f);
//沿錄影機各分量旋轉視角
if (g_pDirectInput->IsKeyDown(DIK_LEFT)) g_pCamera->RotationUpVec(-0.003f);
if (g_pDirectInput->IsKeyDown(DIK_RIGHT)) g_pCamera->RotationUpVec( 0.003f);
if (g_pDirectInput->IsKeyDown(DIK_UP)) g_pCamera->RotationRightVec(-0.003f);
if (g_pDirectInput->IsKeyDown(DIK_DOWN)) g_pCamera->RotationRightVec( 0.003f);
if (g_pDirectInput->IsKeyDown(DIK_J)) g_pCamera->RotationLookVec(-0.001f);
if (g_pDirectInput->IsKeyDown(DIK_L)) g_pCamera->RotationLookVec( 0.001f);
//滑鼠控制右向量和上向量的旋轉
//g_pCamera->RotationUpVec(g_pDirectInput->MouseDX()* 0.001f);
//g_pCamera->RotationRightVec(g_pDirectInput->MouseDY() * 0.001f);
//滑鼠滾輪控制觀察點收縮操作
static FLOAT fPosZ=0.0f;
fPosZ += g_pDirectInput->MouseDZ()*3.0f;
//計算并設定取景變換矩陣
D3DXMATRIX matView;
g_pCamera->CalculateViewMatrix(&matView);
g_pDevice->SetTransform(D3DTS_VIEW, &matView);
//把正确的世界變換矩陣存到g_matWorld中
D3DXMatrixTranslation(&g_matWorld, 0.0f, 0.0f, fPosZ);
//更新粒子系統
g_pParticle->UpdateParticle(fElapsedTime);
}
void onRender(float fElasedTime)
{
//前兩個參數是0和NULL時，清空整個遊戲視窗的内容（清的是背景）
//第三個是清除的對象：前面表示清除顔色緩沖區，後面表示清除深度緩沖區,D3DCLEAR_STENCIL清空模闆緩沖區
g_pDevice->Clear(0, NULL, D3DCLEAR_TARGET|D3DCLEAR_ZBUFFER, D3DCOLOR_XRGB(0,100,100), 1.0f, 0);
g_pDevice->BeginScene();
D3DXMATRIX matWorld1, matWorld2, matWorld3, matWorldTerrain, matWorldSky;
D3DXMatrixTranslation(&matWorld1, 0.0f, 800.0f, 0.0f);
D3DXMatrixTranslation(&matWorld2, 0.0f, 1300.0f, 0.0f);
D3DXMatrixTranslation(&matWorld3, -30.0f, 900.0f, -50.0f);
D3DXMatrixTranslation(&matWorldTerrain, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
D3DXMatrixTranslation(&matWorldSky, 0.0f, -2000.0f, 0.0f);
g_pMesh1->DrawMesh(matWorld1);
g_pMesh2->DrawMesh(matWorld2);
g_pMesh3->DrawMesh(matWorld3);
g_pSkyBox->RenderSkyBox(&matWorldSky);
g_pTerrian->RenderTerrain(&matWorldTerrain, false);
g_pParticle->RenderParticle();
g_pDevice->EndScene();
g_pDevice->Present(NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
}
int APIENTRY _tWinMain(_In_ HINSTANCE hInstance,
_In_opt_ HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
_In_ LPTSTR lpCmdLine,
_In_ int nCmdShow){
UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(hPrevInstance);
UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(lpCmdLine);
// TODO: 在此放置代碼。
MSG msg;
HACCEL hAccelTable;
// 初始化全局字元串
LoadString(hInstance, IDS_APP_TITLE, szTitle, MAX_LOADSTRING);
LoadString(hInstance, IDC_D3DDEMO, szWindowClass, MAX_LOADSTRING);
MyRegisterClass(hInstance);
// 執行應用程式初始化:
if (!InitInstance (hInstance, nCmdShow))
{
return FALSE;
}
hAccelTable = LoadAccelerators(hInstance, MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDC_D3DDEMO));
ZeroMemory(&msg, sizeof(msg));
while (msg.message != WM_QUIT)
{
if (PeekMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE))
{
TranslateMessage(&msg);
DispatchMessage(&msg);
}
else
{
static DWORD dwTime = timeGetTime();
DWORD dwCurrentTime = timeGetTime();
DWORD dwElapsedTime = dwCurrentTime - dwTime;
float fElapsedTime = dwElapsedTime * 0.001f;
//------------渲染和邏輯部分代碼----------
onLogic(fElapsedTime);
onRender(fElapsedTime);
//-----------------------------------------
if (dwElapsedTime < 1000 / 60)
{
Sleep(1000/ 60 - dwElapsedTime);
}
dwTime = dwCurrentTime;
}
}
onDestroy();
return (int) msg.wParam;
}
//
// 函數: MyRegisterClass()
//
// 目的: 注冊視窗類。
//
ATOM MyRegisterClass(HINSTANCE hInstance)
{
WNDCLASSEX wcex;
wcex.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX);
wcex.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
wcex.lpfnWndProc = WndProc;
wcex.cbClsExtra = 0;
wcex.cbWndExtra = 0;
wcex.hInstance = hInstance;
wcex.hIcon = LoadIcon(hInstance, MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDI_D3DDEMO));
wcex.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
wcex.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)(COLOR_WINDOW+1);
wcex.lpszMenuName = MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDC_D3DDEMO);
wcex.lpszClassName = szWindowClass;
wcex.hIconSm = LoadIcon(wcex.hInstance, MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDI_SMALL));
return RegisterClassEx(&wcex);
}
//
// 函數: InitInstance(HINSTANCE, int)
//
// 目的: 儲存執行個體句柄并建立主視窗
//
// 注釋:
//
// 在此函數中，我們在全局變量中儲存執行個體句柄并
// 建立和顯示主程式視窗。
//
BOOL InitInstance(HINSTANCE hInstance, int nCmdShow)
{
hInst = hInstance; // 将執行個體句柄存儲在全局變量中
g_hWnd = CreateWindow(szWindowClass, szTitle, WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,
CW_USEDEFAULT, 0, CW_USEDEFAULT, 0, NULL, NULL, hInstance, NULL);
if (!g_hWnd)
{
return FALSE;
}
//初始化DirectInput類
g_pDirectInput = new CDirectInput();
g_pDirectInput->Init(g_hWnd, hInst, DISCL_FOREGROUND|DISCL_NONEXCLUSIVE, DISCL_FOREGROUND|DISCL_NONEXCLUSIVE);
SetMenu(g_hWnd, NULL);
ShowWindow(g_hWnd, nCmdShow);
UpdateWindow(g_hWnd);
onInit();
return TRUE;
}
//
// 函數: WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM)
//
// 目的: 處理主視窗的消息。
//
// WM_COMMAND - 處理應用程式菜單
// WM_PAINT - 繪制主視窗
// WM_DESTROY - 發送退出消息并傳回
//
//
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND g_hWnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
switch (message)
{
case WM_KEYDOWN:
if (wParam == VK_ESCAPE)
PostQuitMessage(0);
break;
case WM_CLOSE:
DestroyWindow(g_hWnd);
break;
case WM_DESTROY:
PostQuitMessage(0);
break;
default:
return DefWindowProc(g_hWnd, message, wParam, lParam);
}
return 0;
}