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The "painting is divided into three disciplines" of Chinese painting, people, flowers, birds, and landscapes, which are ostensibly classified by subject matter, but in fact, they use art to express a concept and thought. The so-called "painting is divided into three disciplines", that is, it summarizes the three aspects of the universe and life: the figure painting shows the human society and the relationship between people; the landscape painting shows the relationship between man and nature, integrating man and nature; and the flower and bird painting is to express the various life of nature and live in harmony with people. The combination of the three constitutes the whole of the universe and complements each other perfectly. This is the philosophical thinking sublimated by art, and it is the true meaning of art as art.
Overview of the classification of Chinese paintings
Ancient Chinese painting is divided into disciplines
In the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Yanyuan's "Records of Famous Paintings of Past Dynasties" was divided into six doors, namely characters, houses, landscapes, kurama horses, ghosts and gods, flowers and birds, etc.
The Northern Song Dynasty's "Xuanhe Pictorial Notation" is divided into ten disciplines, namely Daoshi, characters, palaces, Fan, dragon fish, landscapes, birds and beasts, flowers and trees, ink bamboo, fruits and vegetables, etc.
The Southern Song Dynasty Deng Chun's "Painting Succession" is divided into eight categories (doors), namely the immortal Buddha ghost gods, character biographies, landscape forest stones, flowers and bamboo feathers, animals, insects and fish, house wooden boats, vegetables and fruits herbs, small scenery miscellaneous paintings, etc.
In the Yuan Dynasty, there were "thirteen families of painters", but the content was quite complex and inappropriate as a classification standard.
The classification of contemporary Chinese paintings
Contemporary Chinese painting is self-contained in the field of world art.
According to its subject matter and performance objects, it can be roughly divided into figure painting, landscape painting, flower and bird painting, boundary painting, flowers, melons and fruits, feathers, beasts, insects and fish and other paintings;
According to the method of expression, there are technical forms such as brushwork, freehand, hook, color, ink, etc., and color can be divided into golden blue, large and small green, boneless, splash color, light color, light color and so on.
Mainly using the change of line and ink color, with hooks, wrinkles, dots, dyes, thick, light, dry, wet, yin, yang, direction, back, virtual, real, sparse, dense and blank and other expression techniques, to depict the object and business position;
Framing layout, wide field of view, not limited to the focus of perspective;
According to the form of expression, there are murals, screens, scrolls, albums, fans and other format forms, supplemented by traditional mounting process decoration.
According to the materials and expression methods used, it can be subdivided into ink painting, heavy color, light dai, brushwork, freehand, white drawing, etc.;
The format of Chinese painting is more diverse, horizontally unfolding long scrolls (also known as hand scrolls), horizontal shawls, vertically unfolding banners, middle halls, foot-sized albums, bucket squares, paintings on the fan surface of folding fans, tuan fans and so on.
Chinese painting represents the type
Portraits
(1) The historical process of figure painting:
A general term for painting with human figures as the main body. Mainland figure paintings have a long history. According to records, during the Shang and Zhou dynasties, there were already murals. During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Gu Kaizhi specialized in painting figure paintings, and in mainland painting was the first to explicitly put forward the idea of "writing gods in form". Yan Liben of the Tang Dynasty was also good at figure painting. There are also Wu Daozi, Han Hui and so on. Both have made outstanding contributions to figure painting. After the Tang Dynasty, there were more painters who painted figure paintings, and there were all generations.
Chinese figure painting is a major painting discipline in Chinese painting, which appeared earlier than landscape painting, flower and bird painting, etc.; it is generally divided into Taoist painting, female painting, portrait painting, genre painting, historical story painting and so on. Character painting strives to portray the personality of the characters realistically and vividly, with vivid charm and both form and spirit. His method of conveying the gods often contains the performance of the character's personality in the rendering of the environment, atmosphere, body and dynamics. Therefore, Chinese painting theory also calls figure painting "conveying god". Famous figures of the past dynasties have painted the volume of Gu Kaizhi's "Luoshen Futu" of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Han Zhuo's "Wenyuan Tu" of the Tang Dynasty, the "Han Xizai Night Feast Map" of Gu Hong of the Southern Tang Dynasty, the "Statue of Wei Mo Jie" of Li Gonglin of the Northern Song Dynasty, the "Cai Wei Tu" of Li Tang of the Southern Song Dynasty, Liang Kai's "Li Bai Xing Yin Tu", the "Small Statue of Yang Zhuxi" by Wang Xuan of the Yuan Dynasty, the "Picture of The Lady of Lie" by Qiu Ying of the Ming Dynasty, the "Portrait of Hou Zhiling" by Zeng Whale, the "Statue of Gao Yong" by Ren Bonian of the Qing Dynasty, and the "Statue of Tagore" by modern Xu Beihong. In modern times, more emphasis is placed on "teacher-law", and Western techniques have been absorbed, and some developments have been made in shape and cloth color.
(2) Drawing methods and expression methods of figure painting:
To paint a good figure painting, in addition to inheriting the tradition, it is also necessary to understand and study the basic shape, proportion, anatomical structure of the human body, as well as the changing laws of human body movement, in order to accurately shape and express the shape and god of the character. There are several ways to express the characters, each with its own strengths, such as: white drawing method, hook filling method, splash ink method, hook dye method.
Landscape painting
(1) The historical process of landscape painting:
A painting depicting the natural scenery of mountains and rivers. Landscape painting (commonly known as landscape painting, landscape painting or color ink painting) is a specialized art discipline with a long history. Landscape painting has gradually developed in the Wei and Jin dynasties and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, but it is still attached to figure painting, as the background of most of them; the Sui and Tang dynasties began to be independent, such as Zhan Ziqian's color landscape, Li Sixun's Jinbi landscape, Wang Wei's ink landscape, Wang Qia's splashed ink landscape, etc.; the five dynasties and the Northern Song Dynasty landscape painting Daxing, authors are diverse, such as Jing Hao, Guan Tong, Li Cheng, Dong Yuan, Juran, Fan Kuan, Xu Daoning, Yan Wengui, Song Di, Wang Yi, Mi Qian, Mi Youren's ink landscape, Wang Ximeng, Zhao Boju, Zhao Bohua's green landscape, the north and south Jinghui, The two major factions of the Southern and Northern Sects were formed and reached their peak. Since the Tang Dynasty, in every period, there have been famous painters who have specialized in the creation of landscape painting. Although their backgrounds, qualities, schools, methods, etc. are different; however, they can use pen and ink, color, skills, flexible management, careful depiction, so that the beauty of natural scenery, happily jump on the paper, its veins are the same, majestic, and elegant. Landscape painting in the Yuan Dynasty tended to be freehand, with virtual and real, focusing on the charm of pen and ink, and creating a new style; the Ming and Qing dynasties and modern times continued to develop and also showed a new look. In terms of performance, we pay attention to the business position and express the artistic conception. The traditional division methods include ink, green, golden, boneless, light, pastel and other forms.
(2) Composition of landscape painting:
The composition of landscape painting includes: mountains, water, stones, trees, houses, houses, terraces, boats, bridges, wind, rain, cloud, sun, sun, fog and spring, summer, autumn and winter climate characteristics.
(3) Landscape painting mainly represents:
◆ A kind of green landscape painting. Landscape paintings with minerals lithene and shi green as the main colors. There are big green and small green. The former is more hooked, less pencil, heavy coloring, strong decoration; the latter is a thin shade of green on the basis of ink pastel. Zhang Geng of the Qing Dynasty said: "Painting, painting, and painting have all set colors in ancient times, and they are more green and green." Tang Gao of the Yuan Dynasty said: "Li Sixun colored the landscape and used gold and blue to reflect it, making himself a law." "In the Southern Song Dynasty, there were two Zhao (伯驹, 伯骕), who were known for their ability to make green landscapes. Chinese landscape painting first has color, followed by ink. There are heavy colors in color paintings first, and then there are pastels later.
◆ A kind of landscape painting. On the basis of ink hook and dyeing, a pastel landscape painting with ochre as the main color is laid. The "Mustard Garden Painting Biography" says: "Huang Gongwang is imitating the stone surface of Yushan Mountain, and the color is good at using ochre stones, shallow and shallow, and sometimes hooked out with an ochre pen." Wang Mengfu painted the landscape with ochre and garcinia, and painted grass on the top of the mountain, which was fluffy and fluffy, and then came out in ochre color, sometimes it was not colored, only the face and pine skin of the landscape were only painted with ochre stones. This color feature began in the fifth dynasty of Dong Yuan, flourished in the Yuan Dynasty Huang Gongwang, also known as "Wu Dress" landscape.
◆ Gold, stone blue and stone green in the paint of Jinbi landscape Chinese painting. Landscape paintings that use these three pigments as the main color are called "golden landscapes", which is more emphysured than "green landscapes". Peats are generally used to hook and dye mountain silhouettes, stone patterns, slope feet, sand mouths, caixia, as well as palaces, pavilions and other buildings. However, in the Ming Dynasty Tang Zhiqi's "Micro Words of Painting Matters", there is another saying: "Gai Jinbi: Shi Qingshi Green Ye, that is, the green landscape is also said." Posterity does not notice, add gold called the golden pen landscape, the husband in the name of jinbi and easy to use the name of the golden pen ridiculous also! ”
Bird
(1) The historical process of flower and bird painting
Before the Southern and Northern Dynasties of the Wei and Jin Dynasties, flowers and birds, as objects of expression of Chinese art, have always appeared on pottery and bronze in the form of patterns and ornaments. At that time, flowers, birds and some animals had mysterious meanings and complex social implications. People paint it not as a representation within the scope of art, but through them convey the beliefs of society and the will of the monarch, and the form of art is only subordinated to the needs of content.
The early human attention to flowers and birds was a breeding ground for flower and bird paintings. The history books record that there were already many independent flower and bird paintings during the Wei and Jin Dynasties, including Gu Kaizhi's "Water Bird Diagram of the Wild Goose", Shi Daoshuo's "Goose Diagram", Lu Tanwei's "Half Goose Diagram", Gu Jingxiu's "Cicada And Bird Diagram", Yuan Qian's "Cangwu Diagram", Ding Guang's "Cicada Bird Diagram", Xiao Xuan's "Deer Diagram", and so on can indicate that the flower and bird paintings of this period have a certain scale. Although these original works cannot be seen now, through the background of other figure paintings, it can be understood that the flower and bird paintings at that time had a fairly high level, such as the birds in Gu Kaizhi's "Luoshen Futu".
The flower and bird paintings of this period are more likely to paint some birds and animals, because they often have a certain connection with mythology, and some even have the protagonists in mythology. Such as the jade rabbit that pounds medicine for the queen mother, the golden wu in the sun, the toad in the moon palace, and the green dragon, white tiger, suzaku, xuanwu and so on, which represent the four directions. Generally speaking, flower and bird painting became an independent family in the Tang Dynasty, and Kurama, which belongs to the category of flowers and birds, has already had high artistic achievements in this period, and the "Illuminated Night White" of Han Gan, Han Di's "Five Bull Diagrams" and the "Half Bull Diagram" that is rumored to be Dai Song all show the high artistic standards of this subject.
In the records, Cao Ba and Chen Hong's Kurama, Feng Shaozheng's painting eagle, Xue Ji's painting crane, Wei Yan's painting dragon, Bian Luan, Teng Changyou, Diao Guangyin's flowers and birds, and Sun Wei's painting Songzhu not only show a strong lineup, but also have masterpieces. For example, Xue Ji painted cranes, and Du Fu had a poem praising: "Xue Gong's eleven cranes are all written qingtian zhen." The painting has been exhausted for a long time, and the sky is still dusty. Low Ang has his own intentions, and he looks like a long man. ”
(2) How to draw flowers and birds
The painting methods of flower and bird painting can be roughly divided into two categories: gongbi flowers and birds; freehand flowers and birds. Insects are also divided into work and writing. The methods of expression are: white drawing (also known as double hook), outline, hook filling, boneless, splash ink and so on. Like landscapes, he has a long history. The learning steps of flower and bird painting are nothing more than copying, sketching and creating. The themes expressed are: bamboo, orchid, plum, chrysanthemum, peony, lotus, etc.; birds are: chickens, geese, ducks, cranes, rhododendrons, kingfishers, magpies, eagles; insects are: parrots, butterflies, abundance, dragonflies, cicadas, miscellaneous insects are: crickets, crickets, ants, snails, spiders and so on.
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