业界声音｜张跃：工厂化建筑的制造方法应考虑由管理制造业的有关部门负责

张跃

远大科技集团有限公司董事长兼总裁

ZHANG Yue

Chairman & CEO, BROAD GROUP

问：企业走在科技创新的前沿。如何创建鼓励创新、包容失败的企业文化和社会环境？

答：有创新必会遇到阻碍。政府应在政策法规上为科技创新做出实际改变，而不应总是用“依法依规”老一套思维。例如在建筑创新上，应改变用管包工头和农民工的办法来管工厂化建筑。

具体来说，很多传统建筑的施工单位是临时搭建的班子，工人多是临时工，所以建任何一栋楼都很难自发、有序、精确地进行质量管理。因此，需要对建筑的建造过程进行非常严密的质量跟踪管理，由第三方或者政府主管部门来监管，这就是管包工头和农民工的做法。用这种管理方式管包工头和农民工是好的，因为包工头和农民工是一个临时组织，责任心和经验都欠缺。可是这种方式并不适应工厂化建筑，因为工厂化建筑有一套成熟的研发体系和质量管理体系，管理团队稳定，公司也有品牌，会自觉地达到管理自己产品质量的条件。可以看出，现在工厂化建筑的制造方法跟造汽车的方法是一模一样的，因此也应该考虑由管理制造业的有关部门负责，用管造汽车的方法来管理。

问：根据国际权威机构的预测，到21世纪60年代，即2060年，全球新能源的比例将会发展到占世界能源构成的50%以上，成为人类社会未来能源的基石。在这个过程中，你预测在可再生能源领域还会发生哪些技术突破？

答：如果到2060年，全球新能源在整体能源中的占比仅有50%，地球可能已经不宜人类居住了！我们希望看到的是，到2030年-2040年风能就将占全球能源总量50%，到2050年风能占70%，太阳能占20%，其他10%为生物质能源。只有这样，气候才会稳定，人类才会延续。

Q: Enterprises are at the forefront of scientific and technological innovation. How do we build corporate cultures and social environments that will encourage innovation and tolerate failure?

A: Obstacles are part and parcel of innovation. The government should make practical changes to policies and regulations related to scientific and technological innovation, instead of going by the book all the time. Take construction innovation for example; when regulating factory-made buildings, the method of managing general contractors and migrant workers should be changed.

Many conventional construction units are makeshift teams. As most of the workers are temporary workers, conducting quality control in an orderly and precise manner when constructing any building is very challenging. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out very strict quality tracking and management of the construction process, which is supervised by a third party or government authorities. This is the way contractors and migrant workers are managed, and it works because they are a temporary organization and lack a sense of responsibility and experience. However, it won’t work when it comes to a factory-made building, which has sophisticated R&D and quality management systems, as well as a stable management team. The company also has its own brand. Hence, it will consciously meet the requirements for managing its own product quality. We note that the current method of manufacturing factory-made buildings is identical to the manufacturing of automobiles. Therefore, both should be regulated in the same way. In other words, regulating factory-made buildings by an authority familiar with the manufacturing industry should be considered.

Q: Authoritative international institutions have predicted that by 2060, new-energy sources will account for more than 50% of the global energy mix, and become the cornerstone of future energy. In the process, what technological breakthroughs do you expect will occur in the renewable energy sector?

A: If 50% is all that new energy can muster by 2060, the Earth may well be uninhabitable! We hope to see wind energy account for 50% of the global energy mix between 2030 and 2040. By 2050, wind energy is forecast to account for 70%, solar 20%, and biomass, the remaining 10%. Only then can the climate be stabilized and the human race survive.