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“物流概述（十五）：包装”
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Today Xiaobian brings you an article
"Logistics Overview (15): Packaging"
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一、包装基础知识Packaging Basics
包装（packaging）是指那些用于容纳、保护、搬运、运送和陈列货物的材 料。[2]可以用积木概念（building-blocksconcept）来想象包装，一个很小的单元被放入稍大一点的单元，然后它可以被放入一个更大的单元中，以此类推。
Packaging refers to materials used to contain, protect, handle, transport, and display goods. One can imagine packaging using the building-blocks concept, where a small unit is placed inside a slightly larger unit, which can then be placed into an even larger unit, and so on.
1、功能的权衡Balancing Functions
包装一般具有三种功能：促销功能、 保护功能和产品识别功能。这些迥然不同的功能意味着包装设计决策涉及企业内部多个不同的部门， 如工程、制造、营销、质量控制、运输和仓储部门。另外， 供应链上下游成员也会牵涉到包装决策当中。企业内部各个部门和供应链成员追求的包装设计目标往往各不相同。
Packaging generally serves three main functions: promotional, protective, and product identification. These distinct functions mean that packaging design decisions involve multiple departments within a company, such as engineering, manufacturing, marketing, quality control, transportation, and warehousing. Additionally, members along the supply chain are also involved in packaging decisions. The packaging design goals pursued by different departments within a company and supply chain members often vary.
有这么多的主体都可能参与到包装设计中， 那么自然就存在一个问题。到底由哪个(或哪些)主体来主导包装设计过程？例如， 营销部门和零售商可能希望包装设计能更吸引人以刺激消费者购买。 质量控制部门可能希望通过包装设计来减少损失和损坏。 吸引人的包装设计虽然可以促进销售， 但也可能会增加产品被盗的机会。运输和仓储部门可能希望通过包装设计使包装容器的空间利用最大化、以减少运输成本或仓储空间。
With so many stakeholders potentially involved in packaging design, a natural question arises: Which stakeholder(s) should lead the packaging design process? For example, the marketing department and retailers may want packaging designs that are more appealing to stimulate consumer purchases. The quality control department may aim to reduce losses and damages through packaging design. While an attractive packaging design can boost sales, it may also increase the risk of theft. The transportation and warehousing departments may seek to maximize the use of packaging container space through design to reduce transportation costs or storage space.
2、包装测试和监测Packaging Testing and Monitoring
正确地设计一 个保护性包装系统需要三种重要信息： 配送环境的优劣、被保护产品的脆性以及各种缓冲材料的性能特性。 当推出一种新产品或运用一种新包装技术时，进行包装的预测试是非常必要的。
Properly designing a protective packaging system requires three critical pieces of information: the quality of the distribution environment, the fragility of the protected product, and the performance characteristics of various cushioning materials. When introducing a new product or utilizing a new packaging technology, pre-testing of the packaging is essential.
除了新产品或新包装的测试外，托运人还必须保留详细的有关所有损失和损坏索赔的记录，这对于用数据进行统计检验有很大帮助。
In addition to testing new products or packaging, shippers must keep detailed records of all loss and damage claims, which are helpful for statistical analysis.
另外包装测试必须关注对包装所通过的环境进行实时监控。我们需要通过在所需运输的纸箱内放入记录仪来对包装在实际运输中通过的环境进行监测。
Furthermore, packaging testing must focus on real-time monitoring of the environments through which the packaging passes. Monitoring the environments through which the packaging travels during actual transportation is achieved by placing data loggers inside the shipping cartons.
3、标签Labels
包装通常是在装配线的终端进行，那么包装贴标的工作也应在那里，这样科研避免过多的、预先印制的包装库存。这里相当关键，在这里可以精确地测量装配线过来的产品。
Packaging is typically done at the end of the assembly line, so labeling should also take place there to avoid excessive pre-printed packaging inventory. This step is crucial as it allows for precise measurements of products coming off the assembly line.
标签是采用文字、图片还是数字代码形式主要取决于产品的特性和易于被窃的程度。也可以使用通过光学扫描仪可读取的可反射标签。通常食品和药品包装上会要求印上批号以便于在产品召回时进行跟踪。
Packaging is typically done at the end of the assembly line, so labeling should also take place there to avoid excessive pre-printed packaging inventory. This step is crucial as it allows for precise measurements of products coming off the assembly line.
许多法规对标签有明确规定，包括重量标签、说明具体存放的物体的标签和使用说明标签等。
Many regulations specify label requirements, including weight labels, labels specifying the contents, and usage instruction labels.
二、包装中的问题Issues in Packaging
1、环境保护Environmental Protection
公众对环境保护的关注在全球范围内对包装工业产生了深远影响。使用一次性的包装材料往往被认为是一种浪费、塑料包装也带来了大量的环境问题。
Public concern for environmental protection has had a profound impact on the packaging industry globally. The use of disposable packaging materials is often seen as wasteful, and plastic packaging poses significant environmental challenges.
企业在选择包装材料时要充分考虑每个国家法规规定的可接受包装材料的不同。企业可以采用环境友好的包装策略。第一种策略是使用环境友好的包装材料，第二可以减少使用包装材料的数量，第三是使用可重复利用的容器，第四是支持废弃包装物的回收和循环利用。第三、第四种策略的包装回收使整个供应链系统成为一个闭环系统，即考虑到产品的回收、再利用、已修复产品的营销和配送过程。
When selecting packaging materials, companies must consider the varying acceptable packaging materials regulated by each country. Companies can adopt environmentally friendly packaging strategies. These strategies include using eco-friendly packaging materials, reducing the quantity of packaging materials used, utilizing reusable containers, and supporting the recycling and reuse of discarded packaging. The recycling of packaging in the third and fourth strategies turns the entire supply chain system into a closed-loop system, considering product recovery, reuse, marketing of repaired products, and distribution processes.
2、公制系统Metric System
美国、利比里亚和缅甸是目前世界上仅有的三个没有使用公制度量系统的国家。虽然在30年前这种不一致并没有带来太多的麻烦， 但如今经济全球化的发展迫使美国的出口商使用公制单位向海外出口产品。
The United States, Liberia, and Myanmar are currently the only three countries in the world not using the metric system. Although this inconsistency did not cause much trouble 30 years ago, the development of economic globalization now forces U.S. exporters to use metric units to export products overseas.
事实上，一些进口国会对没有按公制计量销售的产品征收罚款。现在越来越多的产品 用公制单位进行包装和销售，但同时也用稍小的字体标注等值的非公制单位。
In fact, some importing countries impose fines on products not sold in metric units. More and more products are now packaged and sold using metric units while also indicating equivalent non-metric units in smaller font.
3、包装低效的识别Inefficient Packaging Identification
当货物从非常小的单元转移到稍大一些的单元，在移动到更大的单元时，往往会造成包装效率进一步低下（包装低效的复合性质）。包装低效会带来不良的物流影响，如增加损失和损坏、降低物料搬运速度、增加储存成本和运输成本等。识别包装低效非常重要，这些低效率被描述为物流节约机会的“最后前沿”。另外，提高包装效率还可以大大节约成本、改善运营。
When goods move from very small units to slightly larger units and then to even larger units, it often leads to further inefficiencies in packaging (the composite nature of inefficient packaging). Inefficient packaging can have adverse logistics effects, such as increased losses and damages, decreased material handling speeds, increased storage costs, and transportation costs. Identifying inefficient packaging is crucial, as these inefficiencies are described as the "last frontier" of logistics savings opportunities. Improving packaging efficiency can significantly reduce costs and enhance operations.
4、包装对运输的影响Packaging Impact on Transportation
承运人的运费表和分类将影响到必须使用的包装类型和包装方法。承运人对包装分类有两方面原因：第一是用产品密度来决定包装规格鼓励托运人按密度交运货物，第二承运人有关保护规格要求降低了产品在运输途中的损坏可能性，反过来降低了对承运人提出的损失和损害赔偿的数额。
The carrier's freight rate table and classification will influence the types of packaging and packaging methods that must be used. Carriers have two reasons for packaging classification: first, using product density to determine packaging specifications encourages shippers to transport goods based on density, and second, carrier requirements for protection specifications reduce the likelihood of product damage during transportation, thereby reducing the amount of losses and damage compensation demanded from the carrier.
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文案|罗姗
排版|罗姗
审核|zjj
参考资料：物流学
翻译来源：ChatGPT
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