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“物流概述：（十四）：仓储设计和仓储运作”
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"Logistics Overview: (14): Warehouse Design and Warehouse Operations"
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一、影响仓储设计的因素 Factors influencing warehouse design
1、一般因素General factors
关于仓储设计的一个最好建议是运用常识去判断。比如，在设计仓储设施之前，必须了解所要搬运和管理的货物数量和特性；要了解特定设施的服务目的，因为强调储存功能还是强调配送功能，将会影响空间的布局，产品周转率低的储存设施和布局方式应该是使储存设施的空间利用率最大化，一个强调产品短时间内快速移动的设施，其布局更方便产品进出，保证配送吞吐量最大化。
One of the best recommendations for warehouse design is to use common sense. For example, before designing warehouse facilities, it is necessary to understand the quantity and characteristics of the goods to be handled and managed; to understand the service purpose of specific facilities, as emphasizing storage function or distribution function will affect the layout of space. Storage facilities with low product turnover rates and layout should maximize the utilization of storage space, while facilities emphasizing rapid movement of products in a short period should have layouts that facilitate product entry and exit to ensure maximum throughput.
2、权衡Balancing
在进行仓储设计时，应对空间、人力以及机械化进行权衡。宽敞不一定有利，因为人或机器在存货和取货过程中必须行进的距离将增加，而且闲置的空间是多余的能力，我们知道多余的能力也要耗费成本。不过，狭窄的环境也会导致类似因叉车车胎扎破引起的产品损坏以及过道宽度不足引起的移动瓶颈等无效率。
When designing warehouses, space, manpower, and mechanization should be balanced. Spaciousness is not necessarily advantageous because the distance that people or machines must travel during the process of storing and retrieving goods will increase, and idle space is excess capacity, which also incurs costs. However, narrow environments can lead to inefficiencies such as product damage caused by forklift tire punctures and bottlenecks in movement due to inadequate aisle widths.
3、固定及可变货物储位Fixed and variable storage locations
提高订单拣选与组配的效果和效率的一种方法是，在仓库或配送中心规划出产品的储存位置。高速货位将最常拣选的物品放在最容易接近的方便位置，缩短拣选人员的移动距离。
One way to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of order picking and assembly is to plan the storage locations of products in warehouses or distribution centers. High-speed storage locations place the most frequently picked items in convenient positions that are easily accessible, reducing the distance traveled by pickers.
一个深思熟虑的储位计划能够降低人工成本提高订单准确率，采用固定储位，每个存货单位（SKU）有一个或多个永久指派给它储位 。这可以维持订单拣选的稳定性，因为企业应该知道特定的SKU存放在哪里。然而，这可能导致空间利用率 低，尤其是有季节性产品时。
A well-thought-out storage location plan can reduce labor costs and improve order accuracy. Using fixed storage locations, each stock-keeping unit (SKU) is permanently assigned one or more locations. This can maintain the stability of order picking because the business should know where specific SKUs are stored. However, this may lead to low space utilization, especially with seasonal products.
可变储位是指根据空间的可用性将空的储位分给入库 的产品。最近的可用储存位置就是可变储位的一个例子，这里“最近的”是指离入口 和出口最短的移动时间。尽管可变储位通常会使空间利用率更高，但从订单拣选的视 角，它需要一个近乎完美的信息系统） 因为必须准确无误地知道每个产品的位置。
Variable storage locations involve assigning empty storage locations to incoming products based on space availability. The closest available storage location is an example of a variable location, where "closest" refers to the shortest moving time from the entrance and exit. Although variable storage locations typically result in higher space utilization, from the perspective of order picking, it requires a near-perfect information system because the location of each product must be accurately known.
4、拣货和补货功能Picking and replenishment functions
企业必须决定，拣取出货订单的工人和给仓储设施进货的工人是否应该在同一区域内工作。拣货外发、补货存储，需要协调人员和设施数量，减少堵塞。
Companies must decide whether workers picking outgoing orders and workers replenishing the warehouse should work in the same area. Coordinating personnel and equipment quantities for picking and replenishment helps reduce congestion.
5、双月台及单月台布局Double and single dock layouts
一个双月台通常会在一个设施的一侧设置收货月台，另一侧设置发货月台，货物则在收发货月台之间移动。在单月台布局中，每个月台都可以作为发货和收获用，通常是在一天的某个时间接收货物而在另一个时间发送货物。
A double dock typically sets up receiving docks on one side of a facility and shipping docks on the other side, with goods moving between the receiving and shipping docks. In a single dock layout, each dock can be used for both receiving and shipping, typically receiving goods at one time of day and shipping them at another time.
6、狭窄通道Narrow aisles
随着通道空间的增加，一个设施的仓储容量就会减少。然而较宽的通道利于机械设备操作，减低事故发生和产品损坏，窄的通道需要专门的储存和搬运设备。
As aisle space increases, a facility's storage capacity decreases. However, wider aisles facilitate the operation of mechanical equipment, reduce accidents and product damage, and narrow aisles require specialized storage and handling equipment.
7、仓库的自动化程度Level of warehouse automation
仓库的自动化是指利用机械或电子设备来代替人工劳动。仓库自动化的例子包括窄通道叉车、自动导引车、自动化立体仓库、无线射频识别、机器人拣选等。尽管仓库自动化提供了降低劳动力成本和提高仓库生产率的可能，但对于管理者来说重要的是，要确保仓库自动化能明显提高效率和效果。
Warehouse automation involves using mechanical or electronic equipment to replace manual labor. Examples of warehouse automation include narrow-aisle forklifts, automated guided vehicles, automated high-bay warehouses, wireless radio frequency identification, robot picking, etc. Although warehouse automation offers the potential to reduce labor costs and increase warehouse productivity, it is important for managers to ensure that warehouse automation significantly improves efficiency and effectiveness.
二、仓储运作Warehouse Operations
1、仓储生产率分析Warehouse productivity analysis
生产率是投入与产出之比。代表性的仓储生产率衡量指标包括每人装运的箱数、每人装运的产品线数、每人转运的托盘数、平均使用的仓库容量以及使用的叉车能力等。仓储生产率的提高并不总是需要在技术、机械化或自动化设备上有很大的投资。
Productivity is the ratio of input to output. Representative warehouse productivity metrics include the number of boxes shipped per person, the number of product lines shipped per person, the number of pallets transferred per person, average warehouse capacity used, and forklift capacity used. Improving warehouse productivity does not always require significant investments in technology, mechanization, or automation equipment.
2、安全因素Safety factors
仓库设施可能是比较危险的工作场所。仓库安全因素可分为三个主要类别：员工、财产和机动车辆。员工需要培训，仓储废物需要妥善处理，车辆安全要鼓励操作员安全操作
Warehouse facilities can be relatively hazardous work environments. Warehouse safety factors can be divided into three main categories: employees, property, and motor vehicles. Employees need training, warehouse waste needs to be properly handled, and vehicle safety needs to encourage safe operator practices.
3、危险品Hazardous materials
危险品（危险材料）通常受到物流管理人员的特别关注，因为它们可能造成人员伤亡和财产损失。一般来说，危险品会影响公众的健康和安全。危险材料包括爆炸物、易燃液体和易燃固体等。
Hazardous materials are usually of special concern to logistics managers because they can cause injury and property damage. Generally, hazardous materials can affect public health and safety. Hazardous materials include explosives, flammable liquids, and flammable solids, among others.
4、仓储安全Warehouse security
仓储安全的潜在威胁包括盗窃、内盗、高温和潮湿、故意破坏、火灾和电力损失等。这些威胁会带来许多负面的后果，例如销售和收入的损失，提高安全性所需额外成本，提出适当索赔而花费的时间和成本以及对公众的潜在危险。
Potential threats to warehouse security include theft, internal theft, high temperatures and humidity, deliberate damage, fire, and power loss, among others. These threats can lead to many negative consequences, such as loss of sales and revenue, additional costs required to enhance security, time and cost spent on making appropriate claims, and potential dangers to the public.
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文案|罗姗
排版|罗姗
审核|zjj
参考资料：物流学
翻译来源：ChatGPT
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