没有火柴和打火机的古代，人们是如何生火的

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恩格斯曾说：就世界的解放作用而言，摩擦起火超过了蒸汽机。

发现火使用火是人类文明的一大进步，对火的掌握将人们与野兽区分开。

现代的厨房由各种家用电器和燃气灶霸占，已经很少手工生火，即使在偏僻的地区，仍然需要烧火做饭的地方，引火也只需打火机轻轻一按，就能够轻易点火。

生火工具已经脱离了最初的职能——满足人们饮食和取暖的基本生活需求，变成了抽烟或者点蜡烛时的消遣工具。

而在古代，生火工具是事关衣食住行的重要物资，那么在没有火柴和打火机的古代，人们是如何生火的呢？

上图_ 现代仿制的钻木取火工具

1、钻木取火

原始人类最早的火种应该是大自然的恩赐，雷击树木产生的火被发现可以用来加工食物。

《韩非子·五蠹》中记载：民食果蓏（luo,三声）蚌蛤，腥臊恶臭而伤害腹胃，民多疾病。有圣人作，钻燧取火以化腥臊。

燧人氏钻木取火就来源于此，这种方法让人们即使在没有雷火的情况下也可以自己生火。

钻木取火到现在为止还被用于野外生存，著名的野外生存专家贝尔曾多次在节目中展示，但这种取火方式如果没有技巧的话大部分人都不能成功，并且在揉搓木棍的过程中还会对手心造成伤害。

上图_ 火石

2、古代版火柴

大陆最早记载的火柴于公元577年由南北朝时期的北齐宫女发明，用木棒蘸取易燃的硫磺或者直接将硫磺粘在木棒上，把这些木棒靠近火石，利用火石撞击产生的火星引燃。

这种古代版火柴后来被传入欧洲，西方人在此基础上不断对火柴进行改革，1827年英国人沃克将三硫化锑和氯酸钾粘在木棒上，在砂纸上用力划就能通过摩擦生热来引火，因此他被认为是现代火柴的发明者，但是这种火柴极易自然，后经过几次改革。

1855年瑞典人将红磷涂在火柴盒上，硫磺和氯酸钾粘在木棒上，氧化剂和还原剂的分开使火柴性能趋于稳定，后来清末这种安全火柴传入中国，因其低廉的价格和实用性迅速在中国流行，被当时的人们视为舶来品，称之为“洋火”，现代火柴的制作原料和流程其实非常简单，但是当时的中国制造业连火柴都无法生产，因此直到现在老一辈的人称火柴还是“洋火”。

安徒生的童话故事《卖火柴的小女孩》发表于1946年，说明那时欧洲的火柴已经大面积生产并使用。

上图_ 近代生产的火柴

3、火寸条

北宋名臣陶谷在《清异录》中提到过“夜中有急，苦于作灯之缓。有智者，批杉条染硫磺，置之待用，一与火遇，得焰穗然。既神之，呼引光奴。今遂有货者，易名火寸”，有时夜里要起床，光点火都要很长时间，于是有人用杉木条整个放在硫磺里侵染，储存起来备用。那时的人们将此称为引光奴，后来这种东西进入市场售卖，更名为火寸条。

元朝明初的学者陶宗仪在《辍耕录》里记载：杭人削松木为小片，其薄如纸，熔硫磺涂木片顶分许，名曰发烛，又曰粹儿，盖以发火及代灯烛用也。

陶谷和陶宗仪说的已非常接近现代火柴，因此有人说这才是火柴的原型，但这时候的火寸条自身不能生火，同样需要火刀火石撞击产生的火星才能生火，这种火寸条其实更像是南北朝时期北齐火柴的改良版。

上图_ 火折子

4、火折子

火折子，被称为古代黑科技。

一提到火折子，人们脑海中立马能浮现很多场景，影视剧中经常见到人们拿着火折子拔了盖子以后轻轻一吹，小火苗就立马冒了出来，简直是古人居家旅行的必备神器。

火折子的使用原理非常简单，利用了化学上的复燃——即可燃物在缺氧环境中不彻底熄灭，一遇到富氧环境就能够重新燃烧。

虽然原理简单，但火折子制作起来却很麻烦，古人将白薯蔓在水中浸泡后取出捶打，而后加入棉花芦苇等再次浸泡捶打，晒干后加入硫磺、硝石、松香等易燃物，最后取出拧成绳子用纸裹好，点燃后放入竹筒里盖上盖子，人为造成缺氧使之不能充分燃烧，等到用的时候拔开盖子吹燃或者摇晃使其与空气充分接触就能复燃。

由于原料昂贵制作过程复杂，古代一般只有权贵才能用得起火折子，所以古装电视剧中穷人家还用火折子是不符合实际的。

上图_ 镶银蝙蝠的清代火镰

5、火镰与火石

虽然将火镰与火石放在最后，但它们早在春秋战国时期就已经被古人发现并使用，而后凭其价格低廉使用方便成为中国古代主要的生火方式，《水浒传》中第84回就写到：自有引火的药头、火刀、火石、火筒、烟煤藏在身边。

火镰与火石组合实际上包括的不仅只这两样，还有火绒和火煤，这四样合起来才是完整的生火设备。

火镰是一种贴切的形容，但是并不代表就是镰刀的样子，实际上火镰是片状的铁片或者钢片，刀刃之外被皮革包裹，防止敲击火石时手被震伤，此外还会在片身上打孔穿绳方便外出携带。

火石是民间的叫法，它的学名叫燧石，是一种质地非常坚硬密实的硅质岩石。人们普遍认为能生火的火石应该是红色的，其实不然，真正的燧石大多是灰色、黑色。有些地方没有燧石还会用鹅卵石代替，鹅卵石通常质地也较为坚硬，成分与燧石相似。

火镰用力敲击火石，能够产生火星，但这些火星远不足生起明火，这时需要火绒，根据地域差异火绒的原料也不同，有用艾蒿嫩芽做的也有用麻杆芯等做的，但共同点都是质地蓬松，极易引燃。

火绒碰到火星后不能形成明火，还需要火煤加入来引燃，这个过程类似于冬天农村烤火时在冒着青烟的火源上放点易燃物，再轻轻吹燃。

上图_ 燧石火镰取火

火镰与火石生火虽然麻烦且不易，但价格相比火折子来说便宜不少，因此现代火柴在中国大面积使用之前，古人多数是这种生火方式。由于火镰对于日常生活的必要性，清代时火镰还是定亲的聘礼。

相信现在不少人家里还能找到老一辈人用过的火镰火石。

不管是有钱人用的火折子还是底层百姓用的火镰火石这些，对于古人来说生火远不如现在方便。

参考资料：

《清异录》、《辍耕录》

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（本文仅代表作者观点，不代表本号立场）

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.35);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root,body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body{--appmsgExtra-BG: #F7F7F7}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-theme=dark],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-theme=dark]{--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .6);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .3);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-theme=dark],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-theme=dark]{--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc)body:not(.pages_skin_pc){background:#191919;background:var(--weui-BG-2)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-mode=care]:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-mode=care]:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .85);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .65);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .55);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .35);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, 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#74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--appmsgExtra-BG: 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