沒有火柴和打火機的古代，人們是如何生火的

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恩格斯曾說：就世界的解放作用而言，摩擦起火超過了蒸汽機。

發現火使用火是人類文明的一大進步，對火的掌握将人們與野獸區分開。

現代的廚房由各種家用電器和瓦斯竈霸占，已經很少手工生火，即使在偏僻的地區，仍然需要燒火做飯的地方，引火也隻需打火機輕輕一按，就能夠輕易點火。

生火工具已經脫離了最初的職能——滿足人們飲食和取暖的基本生活需求，變成了抽煙或者點蠟燭時的消遣工具。

而在古代，生火工具是事關衣食住行的重要物資，那麼在沒有火柴和打火機的古代，人們是如何生火的呢？

上圖_ 現代仿制的鑽木取火工具

1、鑽木取火

原始人類最早的火種應該是大自然的恩賜，雷擊樹木産生的火被發現可以用來加工食物。

《韓非子·五蠹》中記載：民食果蓏（luo,三聲）蚌蛤，腥臊惡臭而傷害腹胃，民多疾病。有聖人作，鑽燧取火以化腥臊。

燧人氏鑽木取火就來源于此，這種方法讓人們即使在沒有雷火的情況下也可以自己生火。

鑽木取火到現在為止還被用于野外生存，著名的野外生存專家貝爾曾多次在節目中展示，但這種取火方式如果沒有技巧的話大部分人都不能成功，并且在揉搓木棍的過程中還會對手心造成傷害。

上圖_ 火石

2、古代版火柴

大陸最早記載的火柴于公元577年由南北朝時期的北齊宮女發明，用木棒蘸取易燃的硫磺或者直接将硫磺粘在木棒上，把這些木棒靠近火石，利用火石撞擊産生的火星引燃。

這種古代版火柴後來被傳入歐洲，西方人在此基礎上不斷對火柴進行改革，1827年英國人沃克将三硫化銻和氯酸鉀粘在木棒上，在砂紙上用力劃就能通過摩擦生熱來引火，是以他被認為是現代火柴的發明者，但是這種火柴極易自然，後經過幾次改革。

1855年瑞典人将紅磷塗在火柴盒上，硫磺和氯酸鉀粘在木棒上，氧化劑和還原劑的分開使火柴性能趨于穩定，後來清末這種安全火柴傳入中國，因其低廉的價格和實用性迅速在中國流行，被當時的人們視為舶來品，稱之為“洋火”，現代火柴的制作原料和流程其實非常簡單，但是當時的中國制造業連火柴都無法生産，是以直到現在老一輩的人稱火柴還是“洋火”。

安徒生的童話故事《賣火柴的小女孩》發表于1946年，說明那時歐洲的火柴已經大面積生産并使用。

上圖_ 近代生産的火柴

3、火寸條

北宋名臣陶谷在《清異錄》中提到過“夜中有急，苦于作燈之緩。有智者，批杉條染硫磺，置之待用，一與火遇，得焰穗然。既神之，呼引光奴。今遂有貨者，易名火寸”，有時夜裡要起床，光點火都要很長時間，于是有人用杉木條整個放在硫磺裡侵染，儲存起來備用。那時的人們将此稱為引光奴，後來這種東西進入市場售賣，更名為火寸條。

元朝明初的學者陶宗儀在《辍耕錄》裡記載：杭人削松木為小片，其薄如紙，熔硫磺塗木片頂分許，名曰發燭，又曰粹兒，蓋以發火及代燈燭用也。

陶谷和陶宗儀說的已非常接近現代火柴，是以有人說這才是火柴的原型，但這時候的火寸條自身不能生火，同樣需要火刀火石撞擊産生的火星才能生火，這種火寸條其實更像是南北朝時期北齊火柴的改良版。

上圖_ 火折子

4、火折子

火折子，被稱為古代黑科技。

一提到火折子，人們腦海中立馬能浮現很多場景，影視劇中經常見到人們拿着火折子拔了蓋子以後輕輕一吹，小火苗就立馬冒了出來，簡直是古人居家旅行的必備神器。

火折子的使用原理非常簡單，利用了化學上的複燃——即可燃物在缺氧環境中不徹底熄滅，一遇到富氧環境就能夠重新燃燒。

雖然原理簡單，但火折子制作起來卻很麻煩，古人将蕃薯蔓在水中浸泡後取出捶打，而後加入棉花蘆葦等再次浸泡捶打，曬幹後加入硫磺、硝石、松香等易燃物，最後取出擰成繩子用紙裹好，點燃後放入竹筒裡蓋上蓋子，人為造成缺氧使之不能充分燃燒，等到用的時候拔開蓋子吹燃或者搖晃使其與空氣充分接觸就能複燃。

由于原料昂貴制作過程複雜，古代一般隻有權貴才能用得起火折子，是以古裝電視劇中窮人家還用火折子是不符合實際的。

上圖_ 鑲銀蝙蝠的清代火鐮

5、火鐮與火石

雖然将火鐮與火石放在最後，但它們早在春秋戰國時期就已經被古人發現并使用，而後憑其價格低廉使用友善成為中國古代主要的生火方式，《水浒傳》中第84回就寫到：自有引火的藥頭、火刀、火石、火筒、煙煤藏在身邊。

火鐮與火石組合實際上包括的不僅隻這兩樣，還有火絨和火煤，這四樣合起來才是完整的生火裝置。

火鐮是一種貼切的形容，但是并不代表就是鐮刀的樣子，實際上火鐮是片狀的鐵片或者鋼片，刀刃之外被皮革包裹，防止敲擊火石時手被震傷，此外還會在片身上打孔穿繩友善外出攜帶。

火石是民間的叫法，它的學名叫燧石，是一種質地非常堅硬密實的矽質岩石。人們普遍認為能生火的火石應該是紅色的，其實不然，真正的燧石大多是灰色、黑色。有些地方沒有燧石還會用鵝卵石代替，鵝卵石通常質地也較為堅硬，成分與燧石相似。

火鐮用力敲擊火石，能夠産生火星，但這些火星遠不足生起明火，這時需要火絨，根據地域差異火絨的原料也不同，有用艾蒿嫩芽做的也有用麻杆芯等做的，但共同點都是質地蓬松，極易引燃。

火絨碰到火星後不能形成明火，還需要火煤加入來引燃，這個過程類似于冬天農村烤火時在冒着青煙的火源上放點易燃物，再輕輕吹燃。

上圖_ 燧石火鐮取火

火鐮與火石生火雖然麻煩且不易，但價格相比火折子來說便宜不少，是以現代火柴在中國大面積使用之前，古人多數是這種生火方式。由于火鐮對于日常生活的必要性，清代時火鐮還是定親的聘禮。

相信現在不少人家裡還能找到老一輩人用過的火鐮火石。

不管是有錢人用的火折子還是底層百姓用的火鐮火石這些，對于古人來說生火遠不如現在友善。

參考資料：

《清異錄》、《辍耕錄》

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（本文僅代表作者觀點，不代表本号立場）

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.35);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root,body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body{--appmsgExtra-BG: #F7F7F7}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-theme=dark],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-theme=dark]{--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .6);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .3);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-theme=dark],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-theme=dark]{--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc)body:not(.pages_skin_pc){background:#191919;background:var(--weui-BG-2)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-mode=care]:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-mode=care]:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .85);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .65);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .55);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .35);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, 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#74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--appmsgExtra-BG: 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