从主数据的角度看一个零售ERP系统

What is an ERP Retail System from a_ master Data Perspective

从主数据的角度看一个零售ERP系统

Retailers have lot of demands regarding their article_ master data, which the standard material_ master cannot fulfill. For instance:

-        Instead of only a few production plants there are lots of stores, so a 'normal' data maintenance by the classical material_ master transactions does not make sense

-        Deliveries are not going directly to the stores in most cases, but are shipped first to distribution centers, and in a second step being distributed to the stores.

-        The articles are not being sold to only some customers, but to many customers. This leads to a requirement for special POS (Point-of-sale)-data, instead of only the normal SD data.

-        There are great amounts of different articles, which partly are similar and only distinguishable by certain_ characteristics. For example, shirts in fashion retailing have generally the same data; they only distinguish by their size and color.

-        There are also special types of articles, like pre-packs, display articles, purchasing and sales sets or full products with empties with special requirements.

对于商品主数据，零售商有许多不同与制造业的需求，比如：

-        零售行业有许多的门店，而制造业一般只有少数的工厂。所以不可能让用户为商品一个一个门店去维护主数据信息；

-        货物的配送通常不在门店进行，而是由分销中心配送给门店：首先在分销中心打包，然后运送给门店；

-        商品不是仅仅销售给“一些”客户，而是“很多很多”客户。所以POS销售是必须的，而步仅仅是通过销售订单销售；

-        商品的种类数量是庞大的，许多商品因为某种特性的不同就会衍生出众多的商品编号。不如，服装行业的一件衬衣：形状和材质都完全一样，而仅仅因为颜色和尺寸的不同就可能产生数十种商品；

-        商品还可能有不同的类型，比如：预包装商品，陈列商品，套件采购和套件销售，还有“空”商品（如汽水瓶）和“填充”商品（如汽水）等等一些行业特殊需求。

To fulfill all these requirements of trading companies, the integrated article_ master data maintenance was developed in the framework of the industry solution 'SAP Retail'.

要满足零售行业的这些特殊需求，基于IS-Retail零售行业解决方案框架，SAP开发了集成的商品主数据维护功能。

What does ‘Integrated’ mean? This is the first big difference compared to the material_ master. In a SAP ERP system, the business object ‘material’ is more or less a standalone object.

Depending data like info records, sales conditions, etc. is maintained by individual transactions. Because retailers will not spend too much time in maintenance, they need an integrated view on article_ master data including all depending data. The integrated article_ master combines different views on article under one transaction. The main integrated additional business objects are listing, sales conditions, purchasing conditions, purchasing info records, layout modules, additionals, POS data, replenishment parameters, images, article hierarchy, bill of material, family pricing, vendor specific GTINs and much more.

所谓的“集成功能”为何意？

首先，与标准SAP系统不同之处在于，物料主数据被当作一个特定的对象。

其他的一些主数据比如（采购）信息记录，销售价格（条件类型），均是通过单独的事务代码来维护的。而零售行业的用户步希望花费许多时间去维护这些主数据，他们需要在维护商品主数据的同时也一并维护了这些数据，于是，商品主数据这个“特定的对象”就集成了一些其他的业务对象，包括：商品列表，销售价格，采购价格，采购信息记录，门店布局，附加件，POS数据，补货数据，商品图片，商品（树状）层次结构，商品BOM，商品家族定价，供应商制定商品贴标，等等。

The second difference is the complex copy handling of the article_ master. In material_ master, in most cases a template is used to make the_ master data maintenance easier. In article_ master a reference article has much more impact on the_ master data. A change on defined organization level will lead to mass changes in depending_ master data segments. Details will follow later.

第二的不同之处是商品主数据的综合复制处理。大多数情况下通过数据模板的应用简化数据维护过程。比如参考商品。SAP还提供商品主数据的“大量数据维护”功能。

The third difference is an obligatory classification of all articles based on an internal class type ‘026’. All articles will have an assignment to a merchandise category. This classification is used for assignment and to enable the article_ master to support_ characteristics and_ characteristic values.

第三个不同是使用了一个特定的分类功能，基于内部类别号026。所有的商品都必须制定月个商品类目，将“分类”分配给商品类目从而相关的商品就可以维护对应的特性（比如尺寸和颜色）。

The fourth difference is the support of more complex article category like generic articles with variants, sets, displays and some more.

第四个不同则是引入商品类别概念（注意，在IS-Retail中，商品类别article category和商品类型article type是不同的概念），如：通用商品和变式商品，商品套件，陈列商品等。（在国外零售行业，通常使用Style和SKU’s的说法，Style对应SAP IS－Retail的Generic Article，而SKU-Stick Keeping unit则对应的Variant Article。）