【Introduction】
The Eight Volumes of the Poetry Chronicle, written by Qing Niu Yun Zhen. The book "Poetry" is intended to "swim between chapters, syntax, and orthography, to understand its voice, to know its purpose, to be gentle and generous to the poet, to conceal the words, and to get the poet's ambition." His book is not a common language, in the evaluation of the chapter, the study of taste Bixing, the interpretation of "poetry" with poetry, the reverse of temperament, the pursuit of "poetry" zhi, the only invention, by the people of the time as ""poetry teaching true biography", is an important work of the "Book of Poetry" character evaluation research.
The book was recently collated by Li Huidian, associate professor of the Chinese Poetry Research Center of Capital Normal University, and the "Poetry Chronicle" is now pushed to explain the collation of "Poetry" to help readers understand the academic value of the book "Poetry".
【Qing】Niu Yunzhen "Poetry"
Li Hui point school Li Shan approved
Language Press, December 2019
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Study the words and seek poetry
——Niu Yunzhen's "Poetry" interpretation of the "Poetry" path
The Eight Volumes of the Poetry Chronicle, written by Qing Niu Yun Zhen. Niu Yun Zhen, Zi Jie Ping, No. True Valley, and Mr. Empty Mountain. A native of Ziyang (present-day Yanzhou, Shandong). Born in the 45th year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1706). Yongzheng eleven years (1733) jinshi. In the first year of Qianlong (1736), he summoned the erudite Hongzi and did not meet. He was awarded Zhi County of Qin'an County in Gansu for three years, and transferred to Zhi County of Pingfan County (present-day Yongdeng County) in Gansu for ten years. During Niu Yunzhen's tenure, he made outstanding political achievements, such as clearing prisons, fixing the boundaries of the fields, opening channels, establishing social warehouses, placing yitian, pinglu, lixue palace, Xingwen jiao, and even having political voices, and was called a capable official. Thirteen years of dismissal, closed doors. He died in his hometown in 1759 at the age of fifty-three. His deeds can be found in Sun Xingyan's "Table of Niu Yunzhen's Tomb", Sun Yuting's "Supplement to the Biography of Mr. Niu Zhengu", and "Qing History Manuscripts and Biographies of Officials".
Niu Yunzhen has lectured at Gansu Longchuan Academy, Gaolan Academy, Shanxi Jinyang Academy, Hedong Academy, Shandong Shaoling Academy and other places in Gansu Province, and the recipients have achieved success in their studies, most of which are famous for a while. Niu Yunzhen has a wide range of studies, and all of them have written in the subset of history, including nine volumes of Zhou Yi xie, twelve volumes of spring and autumn biography, two volumes of jinshitu, eight volumes of shizhi, twenty volumes of analects and essays, seven volumes of Mencius's papers, one volume of "Treatises on the Record of Examination Workers", twelve volumes of commentaries on history, fifteen volumes of "Reading History Corrections", twelve volumes of "Empty Mountain Hall Anthology", and six volumes of "Empty Mountain Hall Poetry Collection", of which the first three are included in the "Four Libraries Complete Book". Some of the above works were published when Niu Yunzhen was alive, and in the twenty-third year of Jiaqing (1818), with the financial support of Xiangda and his relatives, friends, and disciples, they were first published together into the "Complete Works of Niu Clan of KongshanTang". The Poetry Chronicle is one of them.
The "Shizhi" was originally Niu Yunzhen's "Poetry Institute" by Niu Yunzhen's hand to approve Li Guangdi's "Poetry Institute", "on its blank space, casually recorded", initially unintentionally written, unsubscribed, and then compiled by Niu Jun, the son of Niu Yunzhen, and published into a book in the fifth year of Jiaqing (1800), marking its title as "Shizhi". The purpose of his book is to study the literary language and to extract the poet's aspirations, so it is called "poetry". The way to seek is "because of the meaning of the text", "to swim between the chapters, syntax, and orthography, to know its voice, to know its purpose, to be gentle and generous to the poet, to conceal the words, and to get the poet's ambition" (Niu Jun's "Poetry Examples"). The path of his research is different from the general works of righteousness of "giving up literary words", "screen grammar", and "reversing intentions with intentions", and is also different from the works of specialized exhortations and evidence, as He Baozhen said: "The old training or the triviality of the loss, the righteousness and its disadvantages are also restricted, neither can it get the deep meaning of the author's praise, nor can it spy on the subtle purpose of the poet." Empty Mountain's book comments on the beauty of its words, a little interpretation, not much, and the meaning of the book has been exhausted. The words are timeless, not for the solution of the frequent words, the reader is especially susceptible to hair, less effort and more success, the book is said. (He Baozhen's "Republishing poems") Therefore, as soon as this book came out, scholars "rushed to recite and recited them all over the sea", which was known as "the true biography of "Poetry" (Tian Ang's "Re-fixing the Poetry of Kongshantang And Reading Method"). The following is a brief review of the research path and academic achievements of the book "Poetry".
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"Poetry Chronicles of July" book shadow
First, study the words and chapters, and evaluate the literature
Since the Song Dynasty, scholars have gradually got rid of the scriptural barriers of the "Preface to Poetry", such as Wang Qian, Zhu Xi, Fu Guang, Xie Fangde, Yan Cang, etc., who have paid much attention to the literary nature of the "Book of Poetry". By the middle and late Ming Dynasty, with the changes in the ideology and literary trend of the times, as well as the needs of the imperial examination system, the literary evaluation of the "Book of Poetry" began to become popular, and a large number of works that interpreted the "Poetry" from a literary point of view emerged, such as Huang Zuo's "General Interpretation of the Book of Poetry", Sun Yi's "Criticism of the Book of Poetry", Dai Junen's "Commentary on reading the Wind Hypothesis", Zhong Yi's "Commentary on the Book of Poetry", Xu Guangqi's "Lecture Notes on the Six Posts of the Book of Poetry", and so on. Until the prosperity of Sinology in the Qing Dynasty, there was still no shortage of literary interpretation of "poetry", and Niu Yunzhen's "Poetry" was one of the most important masterpieces.
As Niu Jun said in the "Examples of Poetry", the "Poetry" is the same as the "Sun Yuefeng and Zhong Bojing Commentaries", paying attention to the "chapters, syntax, orthography" and "context" of the Psalms, which belong to the typical study of the taste of the words and the evaluation of literary "poetry" works. His books are mostly used in the writing symbols and critical terms of the commentary, such as the essence of the scriptures, which are closely circled; the original manuscript has marginal notes, there are top approvals, and the publications have chapters and general approvals. In the criticism, the literary commentary of the psalm is its main body, and the victory and righteousness are repeated. In addition to the evaluation of specific texts, there is also a comprehensive analysis of "orthography", "syntax" and "chapter", which clearly mentions "orthography", "syntax" and "chapter law", there are 44 cases, 22 cases and 18 cases respectively. Specifically, "orthography" has forms such as "inverted grammar" and "approximation method", and there are "new", "wonderful", "profound", "old health", "deep danger", "extremely fine", "fantasy", "elegant practice", "jingyan", "ancient elegance", "fresh post", "dense" and other styles; "syntax" has "inverted syntax", "mutual syntax", "ancient syntax" and other forms, and there are "ancient clumsiness", "ancient strength", "upside down", "staggered", "taking care", "clumsy and wonderful", "honest and mysterious"; "chapter law" has "hook connection", "care", "stringing", "transformation", "wrong", "strange", etc.; "chapter law" has "hook connection", "care", "string", "transformation", "mistake", "strange", etc." Absolutely exquisite", "strict", "orderly" and other forms and styles. This shows the richness of the chapters, syntax and orthography of the Book of Poetry, and the diversity of styles.
Let's give a few examples to see the poetry of the poetry, which examines the words and chapters and evaluates the subtlety of literature. For example, in the first chapter of the commentary on "Han Guang": "In the thirty-two characters, if someone raises his eyes to the end of the wood, bows his head to the end of the water, wanders low, and disappears from the soul." "A few numerical comments make the poetry leap and the mood is fully present." Commenting on the "Hu", it is said: "It is called '氓', contemptuous also; 'son' is known as 'Er', pro zhi ye; 'fu guan', also known as 'fu guan', also known as 'shi', who wants to be deeply rebuked and falsely regarded as noble also, and the title is transformed, all have useful meanings." "From the change of the title of the man, I can see the change of the woman's mood and encounter, which can be said to be good at observing human feelings." He also commented on "Xiao Rong": "A canonical heavy text, referring to two or three emotional thoughts, I feel that the whole body is flexible, extremely extravagant, and it is purely a piece of imitation." He also said: "Borrowing the woman's tone, and Min Qi's gentleman, who intends to win, is extremely majestic, and the magic lies in the gentleness of the woman, not necessarily thinking of the woman's poetry." Commenting on "July", it is said: "There are seventy or eighty old people's languages, which are harmonious but not proud; there are seventeen or eight women's languages, which are gentle but not charming; there are thirty or forty strong people's languages, who are loyal but not shy." All poems are dedicated to temperament, this poem combines various temperaments, a school of ancient style, full of spring, Si is a great composer of poetry. I can really comment on the subtlety of the rhetoric of the article and taste the rhyme of the voice in the poem, as Chen Qian said: "When he says "Poetry", he has the wonderful purpose of understanding." (Preface to the Complete Works of Mr. Niu Kongshan)
Second, interpret "poetry" with poetry, and reverse temperament
The three hundred pieces were self-produced by the commotion and ancient poems, so Song Dynasty scholars such as Wang Qian's "Poetry General News" and Yan Cang's "Poetry Collection" began to study "interpreting "poetry with poetry". Unlike the study of the Book of Poetry, which is based on the position of scripture, this research idea is based on the basic understanding that "ancient and modern dispositions are one" (Yan Yue's "Preface to Poetry"). The chanting temperament and lyrical nostalgia of the poetry of later generations are no different from the "Book of Poetry", and the two can be compared with each other, and can "reverse the temperament above thousands of years" (Lin Xiyi's "Preface to Yan's Poetry"). This research focuses on the analysis of poetic meaning, poet sentiment, and poetic origin, so it is very popular in the study of literary evaluation of the "Book of Poetry" in the following Ming Dynasty. Niu Yunzhen's "Poetry" is one of the outstanding.
There are more than fifty cases of "interpreting poems with poems" in the "Poetry Chronicle", and there are roughly the following three ways of interpreting "poems": the source of the first Ming poetic style, so as to see the influence of the "Book of Poetry" on the poetry of later generations. For example, in the article "Han Guang", it is said: "Xiangjun" and "Luoshen", which is indiscriminate. An article in "Picking Plums" said: "This is from the love of a woman, the poet wrote his ear for it, and opened the ancestor of the grievances of future generations." "Moonrise" is an article that says: "The tone is fast and flowing, the sentences are round and round, the words are raw and colorful, and the ancestors of posterity are endowed." A piece of "Si Gan" said: "Qili Gu Refutation, the palace of the future generations gave this ancestor." "Jiang Han" a piece, said: "Liu Zihou "Pinghuai Yiya" in the last paragraph, the fetus rests here. From this, it can be seen that the poetry of later generations originates from "Poetry", and "Three Hundred Pieces" can be described as the ancestor of poets.
Second, the source of Ming poetry is to see that the Book of Poetry is an indiscriminate chant for the temperament of later generations. For example, the first chapter of the "Roll Ear" says: "The Tang dynasty poem 'Lifting the cage forgot to pick mulberry, last night dreamed of Yuyang', which seems to come out of this." "Green Clothes" "miserable with the wind" sentence, said: "The sense of obsolescence, the Tuan Fan Song and the Yellow Ge Chapter are the same as this wind purpose." The four chapters of "Drumming" say: "This is the following farewell to his room and family, and many poems in later generations are the same as this purpose." At the same time, there are also analyses of the differences and advantages and disadvantages of poetic expression, such as the article "Picking Plums", which says: "Charming but not colorful, cut without complaining, the ancient poems 'a tree in front of the door' and 'calling the sky on the ground' and other words, thicker and more exciting." "Auspicious Day", "Xiao Xiao Ma Ming, Leisurely And Beautiful", said: "Du Shi 'Hanging in the Sky, Making the Night Lonely', and Ou Shi 'Ten Thousand Horses Do Not Listen to Orders', all of which are the same as the purpose of this poem, and the words and sentences are clumsy. ”
Third, the poetry of later generations deduced the Book of Poetry. For example, in the "Dingzhi Fangzhong", "Zero rain is zero", it is said: "Du Shi's 'good rain knows the season', which is a footnote to the word 'spiritual rain'." "Moonrise" is an article that says: "A 'Shu' word is very good for women." Han Wu's "Lady Li Song" "Fei He Shan Shan is late", which is the purpose of the word "Shu". At the same time, there are also poets who have corrected the old understandings because of the poems of later generations, such as the "Bo Xi", which says: "There is no grass in the world, and there will be nothing on the back of the grass tree." The pain of worry cannot be extricated from itself, and it is assumed that this statement is self-written. The Tang Dynasty poem 'Thinking of The Tree' proves the old mistake. ”
The above examples, a little bit of the "Poetry Chronicle" "interpreting the "Poems with Poems", can be said to be able to understand the ancient and modern, contain the temperament, and have a unique style and elegance. In the "Tangshan Xiaoji", Mr. Gu Jiegang also greatly praised the "Poetry" of "Interpreting the Poems with Poems", saying: "The book "Shibi" was drafted, and the "Chu Ci", Lefu poems, songs, and poems of famous artists below the Han Dynasty and the "Book of Poetry" were used to participate in the school, so that the meaning of the three hundred pieces was revealed by comparison and was no longer entangled by the scribe's misinterpretation. If you lie still with illness and turn over the ox transport earthquake "Poetry Chronicle", then this matter has been introduced to it, and it is recorded with joy, and future generations can expand it according to its beginnings. This also shows the value and significance of the "Poetry" research method of "interpreting the Poems with Poems".
Third, invent Bixing, and seek poetry
The "Fu Bi Xing" of the "Six Meanings of Poetry" is an important means of expression in the Book of Poetry, and in particular, "Bi Xing" has a profound influence on the creation and interpretation of the poetry of later generations. "Bixing" is not only a means of expression of lyrical speech, but also an important hub for understanding the subtle meaning of the poet's words. Based on this, Niu Yunzhen's "Poetry Chronicle" attaches great importance to the analysis and refinement of the "Bixing" technique and the poet's aspirations.
First of all, the "Poetry Chronicle" has many new insights on the identification and interpretation of the method of "bi" and "xing". For example, "Qi Feng And Qi Feng" (祁風 敝笱) says: "This is based on qi zi, and the fish xingxing follows the people, poetic self-evident, "Mao Chuan" takes the meaning of the lead, Zhu "Chuan" thinks that it is compared to the body, and it is also lost." Also, in the first chapter of "Shao Feng Gu Feng", Zhu Xi thought that it was a comparison body, and Niu Shi said: "The sum of wind and rain, the Xing couple should not be angry, this anti-Xing also; Feng Fei does not leave the body, the Xing de yin is not violated, this Zheng Xing is also not a comparison body." Also, in "Rabbit Kei", Zhu Xi believes that it is a Xing body, and Niu Shi said: "This endowment body also, if it corresponds to the top and bottom, then thinks that it is happy, but it reduces its own taste." ”
Second, Niu Yunzhen's understanding of the relationship between Xingxiang and poetry is very creative. He believes that the poet's pleasure "does not have to have its own thing, and the poetry is amused, just as the yi takes the elephant" ("Magpie's Nest"). For example, a piece of "Zai Chi" says: "Driving horses to mourn the guard, the doctor chasing after, this poet intends to write, hypothetical words, said that the "poem" then thinks that it is a real thing, fixed." "It's purely out of nothing, it's about writing scenes, subtle and unconscious." If the things such as trekking to the guard, driving the wilderness, and climbing the hill to collect butterflies are solid, they are not consistent with historical facts, and they also make the poetry tasteless. Similarly, in "Zheng Feng Jiaoyi", "changing clothes", "suitable for the museum" and "granting cantonese", it is said: "There is no need to really have its own things, and teto Yu is a word to write about his love of xianzhier." Those who say "poetry" think that the chinese people must not use this to treat the secretaries, and they are fixed. "And so on, all of them are deeply inspired by the poet's association, and they do not fall behind the interpreters' wearing chiseled appendages, but how many kudzu vines are omitted.
Third, "Bixing" often means beyond words, and the poet's ambition, especially the meaning of irony, is mostly written softly and implicitly, and the "Poetry Chronicle" is meticulous in this regard, with the intention of opposing the ambition, and deeply rooted in poetry. For example, on "Shuo Ren": "Praise Shuo Shuo people have done their best, this chapter (case, four chapters) at the other end, do not write from a wide place, extremely drying, satirizing min pity, more revealing." It is also said: "This article and "The Gentleman and the Elder" both have a satirical purpose, and the meaning of fate is similar, and this one is particularly smooth and harmonious. For example, on "Uncle Yu Tian": "The poem praises Duan Cai Wu, and inserts the words 'Shu Wu Hu' in the middle, and then feels that the purpose of irony is like it, and the whole is clever, and it is a master." On "There Are Bitter Leaves": "Xiao Xian Shu Wan, the satirical poem is like this." Compared with things and things, side quotations and metaphors, miscellaneous but not chaotic, complex and not tired, deeply rooted in the purpose of advice. On "Ge Di": "How elegant it is to write a good person, it is better than the wind thorn." And so on, all can explore the poet Yourou Yixue, Shen said that the gentle and generous "poetry" teaching, unusual hope for the meaning of the text, the search for chapters and excerpts can be compared. As Tian Ang commented: "Sir's note "Poems" also specifically dissect their meanings, so there are those who do not follow the meaning, and there are those who understand the language to get their meaning. ("Rewriting the Poetry of Empty Mountain Hall and Reading Method")
In summary, Niu Yunzhen's "Poetry Chronicle" can not only cover the chapters, syntax, and orthography of the "Poem", but also know its wonderful language and write its voice, and at the same time, it can not be harmed by words, deeply understand the method of sustenance and rejuvenation, and will go through the ancient and modern times, and seek the subtle purpose of the poet's words, which has important academic value. The "Compendium of the General Catalogue of the Continuation of the Four Libraries" ridicules the "Poetry Chronicle" as "the body of the Scriptures" and "nothing more than a pedantic trick of evaluating poetry", which is obviously the prejudice of the scribes, so it is difficult to call the evaluation of the research ideas and academic achievements of the "Poetry" fair and insufficient to be based.
The point collation of the "Shizhi" is based on the "Poetry Chronicle" of jiaqing's five-year "The Complete Works of Mr. Niukongshan Niushi", and the "Shizhi" republished by He Baozhen in the twenty-fifth year of the Republic of China, and at the same time participates in the "Re-ordering of the Poetry of Kongshantang" in the Daoguang years. Tian Ang Zi Bo Chao, Shandong Ande people. Although the book is still signed with the name of Niu Shi, Tian Shi changed things in vain, and deleted the eight volumes of the original book into six volumes, and through its abridgement or usurpation, several of the original books were deleted or usurpers accounted for most of the original book, and the old Niu's original book was lost. Therefore, when participating in the school, only those who have the value of their different texts are sent out of the school; there are also original errors, and those who have been corrected when Tian Shi re-revised it, they are also changed accordingly, and the value of their participation in the school is not abolished.
The appendices at the end of the book include "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty, Biography of Niu Yunzhen", Sun Yuting's "Supplement to the Biography of Mr. Niu Zhengu", Chen Pre's "Preface to the Complete Works of Mr. Niu Kongshan", Tian Ang's "Re-fixing the Poetry of Kongshan Tang", "Examples" and "Reading Methods", He Baozhen's "Republishing of Poetry Zhibao", Jiang Han's "Continuation of the Siku Quanshu General Bibliography of the Scripture Department and The Synopsis of The Poetry Of the Void Mountain Hall", and Lun Ming's "Continuation of the Four Libraries of the Complete Book of the General Catalogue of the Scriptures and the Re-revision of the Poetry Of the Empty Mountain Hall" for readers' reference. Due to the limited learning of the finishers, mistakes are inevitable, and I pray that the reader Will correct them!
Li Hui, male, from Lishui, Zhejiang, Ph.D. in Classical Philology of Beijing Normal University, Postdoctoral Fellow of the Institute of Chinese Studies of Tsinghua University, is currently an associate professor at the Center for Chinese Poetry Research at Capital Normal University, mainly researching pre-Qin and Han Chinese literature.
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