The Guangfuhui, also known as the "Retro Society", was an anti-Qing revolutionary organization in the last years of the Qing Dynasty, mainly composed of Jiangsu and Zhejiang people, mainly active in Jiangsu and Zhejiang and Nanyang and other places. The purpose is to "restore the Han nationality, return our mountains and rivers, pledge the country with one's own body, and retire from the meritorious service." Founded in November 1904 in Shanghai, it competed with the League, and after the Xinhai Revolution, it was disbanded in 1912 because of the cruelty of Leaders such as Tao Chengzhang and Xu Xueqiu by Sun Yat-sen, Chen Qimei and others.
Cai Yuanpei and Guangfuhui
In the winter of 1903 (the twenty-ninth year of Guangxu), Jiang Zungui, Tao Chengzhang, Wei Lan, Gong Baoquan, Wang Jiawei and others deliberated in Tokyo for consultation.
In October 1904, it was initiated by Tao Chengzhang, Cai Yuanpei, Gong Baoquan, Wei Lan, and other members of the Military and National Education Association, and was reorganized and expanded on the basis of the Military and National Education Association. At the beginning of the following year, Tao and Wei returned to Shanghai to consult with Cai Yuanpei, and in November of the same year, the Guangfu Association was formally established in Shanghai on the basis of the assassination group of the Military and National Education Association organized by Gong Baoquan. The meeting site is located in Shanghai, with Cai Yuanpei as the president and Tao Chengzhang as the vice president. Zhang Taiyan, who was in prison at the time, also participated in the preparation of the association. Tao Chengzhang is the central figure of the association. He contacted the party in jiangsu and zhejiang provinces as the main force of the revolution and vigorously developed the organization. Xu Xilin and Qiu Jin also joined the association one after another and became the leaders of the association.
Oath of The Restoration
The following year, Xu Xilin and others founded the Datong Academy in Shaoxing, and more than 560 students were members of the association. The members of the Association are badged with a gold medal and a seal with a "fu" character (engraved in true letters). Its slogan is: "The Yellow River traces back to the Tide of Zhejiang, defending our Chinese Han Nationality." Mo makes manhu leave a piece of armor, Xuanyuan god is a heavenly pride. "The school focused on military gymnastics, thinking that it was prepared for the revolution, so it became the organ of the Guangfuhui to propagate the revolution, train military backbones, and contact the party. The oath of the association is "to restore the Han nationality, return our mountains and rivers, pledge to the country with one's own body, and retire from meritorious service." The chief is skeletonized with a "yellow" character, the co-leader is skeletonized with a "river" character, and the leader is skeletonized with a "source" character, such as the order, which is divided into seventeen departments.
Tao Chengzhang, Chen Wei and Xu Xilin are from the left in the front row, and Gong Baoquan and Chen Zhijun are from the left in the back row
After the establishment of the League in 1905, most of the members of the Restoration Society joined the League, and some members still operated independently. In 1907, Xu Xilin was killed in a failed attempt to launch the Anqing Uprising, and Qiu Jin was also killed in Shaoxing, and the activities of the Guangfuhui were suspended for a time. In March of the same year, Tao Chengzhang had a disagreement with Sun Yat-sen in Japan due to financial problems within the League. In 1908, Tao Chengzhang went to Nanyang to raise funds, but was prevented by the local league members, so he resumed his activities in the name of the GuangfuHui. In February 1910, Zhang Taiyan, Tao Chengzhang, and the League formally split off and established the headquarters of the GuangfuHui in Tokyo. Zhang is the president and Tao is the vice president. Wei Lan, Li Xiehe and others organized the Nanyang headquarters of the Guangfuhui in Nanyang and acted as the tokyo headquarters.
In 1911, Zhu Rui, a member of the Zhejiang New Army's Twenty-one Towns and Eighty-one Standards, organized the Zhejiang Army and appointed himself as the commander-in-chief; Li Xie and Ren Haosong were the commanders-in-chief of the Guangdong Restoration Army; Xu Xueqiu and Chen Yunsheng were appointed as the commanders of the Guangdong People's Army in response to the Wuchang Uprising. On January 3, 1912, Zhang Binglin formed another federation of the Republic of China in Shanghai. Later, because Tao Chengzhang was assassinated by Chiang Kai-shek in Shanghai, the association disintegrated.