When people today read Tang poems and Song poems, they often have the phenomenon of not rhyme, such as Chen Ziang's "Dengyouzhou Tai Song":
The ancients were not seen before, and the comers were not seen after that. Thinking of the heavens and the earth, alone but weeping!
Chen Ziang's poems certainly rhyme, but today's reading in Mandarin does not rhyme. Friends who study poetry creation know that this is the difference between new rhymes and ancient rhymes.
In addition to the difference in this voice, there is also the difference in tone. The old style poems use the Pingshui rhyme inherited from the Sui Dynasty's Cut Rhyme, which divides the Chinese characters into four sounds: Ping, Shang shǎng, Go, and Enter. Today's Mandarin divides Chinese characters into one, two, three, and four sounds.
In the four tones of modern rhyme and ancient rhyme, there are many words that have not changed, but there are also many words that have changed greatly. These Chinese characters with different tones, pronunciations, and rhymes have brought a lot of trouble to modern people in composing grammatical poems.
In the shortest possible space, this article will talk about the main differences between modern and ancient rhymes.
The one and two sounds of modern Chinese are basically equivalent to the flat sounds of ancient rhymes. The three sounds of modern Chinese are basically the upper sounds of ancient rhymes, and the four sounds of modern Chinese are basically the sounds of ancient rhymes.
1. Flat sound and one or two sounds
For example, in Pingshui rhyme, most of the commonly used characters in the pingsheng [Yidong] rhyme are the same as the one and two sounds of modern Chinese:
Dong Tong Tong Tong Tong Gong Zhong [Middle] Sincere Loyalty Cupworm Chongzhong Chongsong [Song] Gong Rong Rong Velvet Bow Gong Qiong Rong Xiong Xiong Feng Feng Crazy Feng
For example, Wang Jian's "Sending People" of the Tang Dynasty uses the east and middle rhymes:
The river pavilion wine collector, the words are all west [east]. Looking back and not seeing each other, driving in the autumn rain [in the middle].
2. On shǎng sound and three sounds
In the upper voice of Pingshui rhyme, most of the common words are the same as today's three sounds, such as the upper sound [six languages] rhyme:
Chu Yu Yuan Lu Lu Brigade and YuZhu boiled summer rat Ru Huang pestle storage girl Xu Suo Block Li Yu Island....
In Li Bai of the Tang Dynasty, "Sitting Alone on the Pavilion Mountain", the sound rhyme of shǎng is used in Chu and Chinese:
Hepu led several peaks, and Bendi Zhenping [Chu]. The highest peak in the middle, the beard meets the sky.
3. Go to the sound and four sounds
Most of the commonly used words in Pingshui rhyme are the same as the four sounds of Chinese today, such as these words in the rhyme of "one send":
Send the dream phoenix cave to the urn gong gong leng pain Dong mourning zhongzhong [hit] Zongkong [vacant] control coaxing....
Song Dynasty Wentong's "Shouju Garden Pond Miscellaneous Titles • Tea Cave", with the rhyme of dong and escort:
The soft strips are embellished with intricate and dense, and the shelves are as deep as [holes]. It is to desire fragrance, and to hold [send] by the wind.
The above three situations, whether Tang poetry or Song poetry, read the same rhyme today, whether it is a flat voice or a servant sound, the same in ancient times.
There are many words that are similar in the four sounds of modern and ancient rhymes, and they are easy to remember. Although there are few different words in the four voices of modern and ancient times, there are many changes, and it is difficult to remember.
There are two main types of intonation changes: changes in inset words and changes in non-inaccessive words.
1. Change in tone - incoming is sent into the other three tones
The biggest difference between the ancient rhymes is that the "in" sound in the ancient rhymes was later sent into the other three sounds (ping, up, go). So much so that in modern Chinese, 1, 2, 3, and 4 sounds have the sound of ancient rhymes. For example:
A sound: house, uncle, in the flat water rhyme belongs to the "sound of a house";
Two sounds: Stone, White, Ze, Bo, in the Pingshui rhyme belongs to the [into the sound of eleven strange]
Three voices: Fa, A, in the Pingshui rhyme belongs to the [into the sound of seventeen qia]
Four voices: end, wide, in the flat water rhyme belongs to the [into the sound of the seven dawn]
These become three and four sounds of the indicted characters, such as fa, A, end, and kuo, both modern and ancient rhymes are slang sounds, and everyone is not affected when composing grammatical poems.
However, the words "house", "white", "uncle", "stone", "ze", "bo", etc., the ancient rhyme is the sound of the voice, and the new rhyme is the flat sound, which brings great trouble to the current people in composing the grammatical poems.
For example, Pi Rixiu (Tang)'s "Qiu Jiang Xiaowang"
Ten thousand acres of lake sky blue, a star flying heron white. At this time, let go of hope, not tired of being a floater.
The three rhyme feet: bi, white, and guest, are all into the sound [eleven strange] rhymes, which is a rhyme poem, white is not a flat sound, but a slang sound (up, go, into the three sounds, all belong to the sound).
There is no good way, only more reading, more use, more query, more can remember these words more and more.
2, the change of tone - in addition to the sound factor, the other words have different ancient and modern rhymes
It's not just that the four sounds of the ancient and modern rhymes are different. Other words have also changed.
1) Barrel, Gu Ping Jin Shang
For example, "barrel", in the ancient rhyme is flat rhyme, belongs to [Yidong], can be used as a near-body poetry rhyme foot, but the new rhyme becomes three sounds.
Absolute Sentence (Song Dongting Old Man)
Eighty waves and an old man, the luhua river is empty. How many multipliers and divisions in the world, good night and moon harvest fishing [barrel].
2) Gathering, ancient and modern
Another example is these words in the ancient rhyme [Shangsheng Seven Ibises], which become devotion (four sounds) in the new rhyme:
Judo tree [planting, verb] vertical pillar Du Father ....
In Sima Guang's "Four Poems of Hemei Hezhou", ju is the upper sound (three sounds), not the deso (four sounds), with rain, gathering, dancing, and rhymes:
Desert river island rain, faintly discern the village [gathering]. Flocks of gulls and birds, chaotic squabbling and dancing.
3) Irony, ancient times to the present
Another example is that these words in the rhyme part of the deso [one send] become the upper sound (three sounds) in the new rhyme:
Sarcasm, sarcasm
4) Play, ancient to modern
Play, today is the flat sound (two voice wán), but in the flat water rhyme belongs to the [go to the sound of fifteen Han].
For example, in Pei Di's (Tang) 'Twenty Songs of the Chuan Collection of Xin Yiwu ', the poet uses play and chaos to rhyme:
Green causeway spring grass, Wang Sun left [play]. There are Xinyi flowers, and the color is chaotic with hibiscus.
5) Tea, ancient and modern
Tea, today is the flat sound (two sounds míng), the flat water rhyme belongs to the [shangsheng twenty-four].
The Song Dynasty poet Lian Wenfeng had the ancient seven masterpieces of "Samson Spring", using neighbor rhymes to rhyme: well, silk, tea, and rhyme:
Learn to blow bamboo winds through ancient wells, dotted with moss peanuts and broken silk. The cold spring does not soak the poet's spleen, and the monk pours spring [tea].
In addition to changes in tone, there are also changes in pronunciation in ancient and modern rhymes.
1. Oblique
The most famous is the word "oblique", pronounced xié today, but in ancient rhymes it belongs to [Shimohei Rokuma]
For example, Yuan Shu's seven-piece "Chrysanthemum":
The autumn bushes are like potters, and they are increasingly [oblique] around the edge of the fence. It is not that the flowers prefer chrysanthemums, and this flower is even more flowerless.
In many southern dialects, "oblique" is also pronounced xia, zia, zie, etc.
2. Snail
Another example is the snail 'snail', pronounced wō. However, "snail" also belongs to "Xiaping Liuma" in ancient rhymes, and the rhyming characters of this rhyme are mostly a in modern Chinese. Du Mu has a poem "Zhu Po's Absolute Sentence":
Milk fat spring cave raw goose pipe, swamp avoid back rock potential canine teeth. Self-laughing rolls the horns of the head, and the return plate smoke is just like [snail].
In many dialects today, snails are also called gua gua niu, which is also the influence of ancient rhymes.
In addition to the two words of snail and oblique, many rhyming mothers are e, and the words of ie also belong to the six rhymes, such as car, oh, shade, credit...
For example, "Gift of Jasper" (Don Yu Hu)
New embroidered cage skirt cardamom flowers, passers-by laugh on the return of gold [car]. No one understood the forbidden song of the neon dress, and secretly asked the disciple of Pear Garden.
3. Wild, wild
Another example is the word "wild" in the ancient rhyme "Twenty-one Horses", the modern pinyin is ye, and the ancient rhyme is [yǎ].
The Song of The Narrator:
Shule River, Yin Mountain under xiǎ. The sky is like a vault, and the cage covers the four wild yǎ. The sky is clear and the wilderness is vast. Wind blowing grass low to see cattle and sheep.
The same is true of Chen Ziang's "Dengyouzhou Tai Song" mentioned in the preface, and the rhyme foot is the next:
Before the ancients were not seen, after the arrival of the zhǎ. Thinking of heaven and earth, alone but weeping xiǎ!
In the ancient rhyme of "twenty-one horses", it is pronounced as zhǎ, xiǎ.
4. Sharp group tone
In ancient rhymes, "tip, thousand, first" is pronounced as ziān, ciān, siān, while "concurrent, pulling, lifting" is pronounced as jiān, qiān, xiān. This pronunciation can still be heard in Peking Opera.
However, modern Chinese has engaged in the confluence of sharp groups, and the pronunciation of "tip, thousand, first" and "concurrent, lead, and lift" is the same. So we can't figure out the true face of the ancient sound.
Modern rhymes and ancient rhymes, in addition to the difference in tone and pronunciation, there are also differences in rhymes. This is also where we have a headache in creating Grammatical poems. Words that clearly rhyme well, but cannot be used as rhyming feet in the same poem.
1) Different rhymes with the same rhyme mother
Words with the same vowel in modern Chinese may have different rhymes in ancient rhymes. The most typical is the two rhymes of "winter" and "east".
[Shangping Yidong] These common words in rhyme, the vowel is ong, such as:
Dong Tong Tong Zhongzhong Zhongzhong Worm Chong Final Rong Rong Bow Gong Gong Gong Gong Gong
These commonly used words, the rhyme mother is also ong, such as:
Dong Dong Tong Nong Zong Shu Zhong Zhong Long Gong Song Song Chong Rong Rong Rong Rong Rong
These modern Chinese rhymes with the same mother, but they are classified as the first east and two winter rhymes, and when they are written as near-body poems, they can only appear in the first sentence as neighbor rhymes, and the rhymes of even-numbered sentences cannot be mixed.
For example, Wang Anshi's "BeihaoGe", the rhyme foot is: heavy, rong, loose. All three words belong to the [winter] rhyme:
A stream clears a hundred mountains, and the wind can leave a manrong. The night after Kensi is very happy, and the lone shadow of the moon is accompanied by cold pine.
2) Different rhymes, but the same rhyme
[Shangping Yidong] rhymes with these common words:
Feng Fengfeng was crazy and misty...
These words rhyme with eng, but they belong to the "East" rhyme.
There are also these words in Shangping Erdong that are eng:
Feng Feng Feng Feng
The words with the vowel mother as eng in the above [East] [Winter] rhymes cannot be used as rhyme feet together with these words in the following [Geng] rhymes:
Genggen [change] tang heng [vertical and horizontal] Pahang Heng gengmeng ....
In fact, in the rhyme of [Geng], there are also words that are ong today, but they do not belong to the "winter" [east] rhyme, for example:
Honghong Hong....
For example, Li Bai's "Spring Grievance", which uses Dongdong, Fengfeng, and Kongkong as rhymes, all belong to Dongyun:
White horse gold bondage Liao Haidong, Luo Drapery embroidery is lying in the spring wind. The falling moon peeped into the candles, and the flying flowers entered the laughing bed empty.
Modern Chinese rhymes with the same vowel basically belong to the same rhyme part, but the ancient rhyme is different, such as Dongdong, Jiangyang, Xianhan deletion yuanxian and so on are not the same rhyme part.
Because there are so many similarities in ancient rhymes, we can still read ancient poems very smoothly today, and because there are so many differences, we have so much trouble creating Gelug poems today.
In general, Chinese culture has not been broken, and it is also thanks to the stubbornness and persistence of countless sages.
Many ancient poems can still rhyme and stir up frustration when read today, and we should be proud of them instead of innovating.
Friends who like ancient poetry, if they can insist on using ancient rhymes, they will not let this traditional poetry culture be interrupted in our hands, which is also a little contribution to the inheritance of culture.
Of course, it does not exclude the diversification and modernization of poetry.
@Old Street Taste
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