In the last year of Northern Qi, Gao Xiaoheng, the grandson of the founding lord Gao Huan and the king of Guangning, lamented: "Since Emperor Shenwu, none of my fathers and brothers have reached forty, and their lives have also been." ”
Gao Heng's words reflected an astonishing fact of the Northern Qi imperial family, the fate of the Gao royal family figures was extremely tragic, Gao Huan's second and third generations of descendants, the general life expectancy was short, and dozens of clan disciples did not live past the age of 40. Gao Huan's father and grandfather lived a normal life expectancy, he himself lived to 52 years old, and his wife Lou Zhaojun also lived to be 62 years old, and there was no cause for short life from the perspective of health conditions. How early the royal characters died, in fact, they were mainly killed by their own families.
The ruins of Gao Huanyi Pingling in Ci County, Hebei Province
Northern Qi's fierce royal infighting
Gao Huan established Eastern Wei in 534 and made himself the Prince of Bohai, the de facto master of Eastern Wei. After his death, the government was continued by his eldest son Gao Cheng, who was assassinated in 549 and succeeded his brother Gao Yang to power and establish Northern Qi in 550. The Northern Qi state was short-lived, from the establishment of the state in 550 to the fall of the country in 577, with only 28 years at the beginning and end. Even if you add the era of Gao Huan and Gao Cheng, who have no name, it is only 44 years.
However, in such a short period of time, Gaoqi had several fierce infighting or massacres in a row, and a large number of clan kings fell victim to the coup d'état. In summary, there were probably four coups.
The first time was when Gao Cheng was assassinated. Gao Cheng ruled in Eastern Wei, and after more than ten years of laying the foundation of his father, he already had the conditions for the transition to a new dynasty. Gao Cheng summoned Chen Yuankang and other important ministers to discuss the establishment of a new dynasty in Yecheng, but was suddenly assassinated by The Family Nu Lanjing and others, and both Gao Cheng and Chen Yuankang were killed. Because Gao Yang was unexpectedly absent at the time of the incident and handled it very quickly afterwards, Lan Jing and other main culprits were killed on the spot before they could conclude who was the main envoy, which showed the suspicion of extinction. Therefore, some people in later generations suspect that Gao Yang is the mastermind behind the scenes.
Gao Cheng is a man of great wisdom and perseverance, his intellectual and strategic abilities are outstanding, and he has gathered thousands of favors in the first life, so he acts in a high-profile and publicity manner, and often insults the seemingly obscene second brother Gao Yang. Gao Yang married the daughter of the Li clan of Zhao County, Hebei, and Gao Cheng not only looked down on the second brother, but also insisted on the division of Hu and Han, and even insulted the Li clan, and the gap between the two was very deep. Later, Gao Yang took the throne, and in turn took revenge on his brother and sister-in-law, which showed his revenge.
Gao Yang has the strategy of cutting through the chaos with a quick knife, and his courage is also very human.commensurate. At that time, Gao Huan once ordered his sons to lead the troops to travel, and ordered the armored horsemen to pretend to be attacking, "Sejong (Gao Cheng) and others were terrified, and emperor (Gao Yang) was the enemy of the people and Peng Le, and he was happy to spare his words, and he was captured and sacrificed." When Gao Cheng was preparing to establish a new dynasty, his sons were already strong, and after a hundred years, he would certainly have no hope, so he planned the assassination with both conditions and motives.
Takasumi Image
The historical records have left no conclusive evidence for this coup, and it is unreasonable for us to insist that Gao Yang was the mastermind. But what cannot be ignored is that it was this coup that set a precedent for the northern Qi Empire's imperial brother and brother.
The second time was when Gao Yin was deposed. After Gao Yang's death, the throne passed to crown prince Gao Yin. Gao Yin was less than twenty years old, and although he was assisted by the important minister Yang Yan and others, Gao Yan the Prince of Changshan (Gao Huan's sixth son) had already formed a wing, with the support of the empress dowager Lou Zhaojun, and the help of Gao Guiyan, Huo Lujin, He Baren and other leading generals, Gao Yin was powerless to resist and was deposed as the king of Jinan, and soon after Gao Yan ordered Gao Yin to be killed.
The third time was when Gao Zhan came to power. Gao Yan died of a serious illness less than two years after seizing the throne, and his son Gao Bainian was less than ten years old. Gao Yan enjoyed a short period of time in the country, and did not have time to build a strong political team, so he was very unconfident in the transmission of the throne. But he did not suddenly make up his mind to pass the throne to his younger brother Gao Zhan, the King of Changguang, and seemed hesitant during his serious illness. Lou Zhaojun seems to have played an important role during this period, and she reprimanded Gao Yan heavily on the pretext that she had broken his vow not to kill Gao Yin. Gao Yan finally changed his attitude happily and promised to pass the throne to Gao Zhan. But before he died, he said to Gao Zhan, "It is advisable to put my wife in a good position, and not to learn from my predecessors." "The so-called predecessors are talking about themselves.
After Gao Zhan ascended the throne, he learned from him and executed Gao for a hundred years to avoid any trouble. This coup did not appear to be fierce on the surface, but in fact it was another change of power center of the Gaoqi imperial family, and the contradiction between the emperor's main branch and other clan branches intensified, and the large number of deaths of the gaoqi emperor occurred after Gao Zhan's ascension to the throne. In this sense, it was this coup that fundamentally changed the fate of the Gao royal family.
The fourth was the Gao Yu Mutiny. After the death of Emperor Gao Zhan of Wucheng, his once beloved second son Gao Yu was dissatisfied with Gao Wei's succession, so he launched the guards of Yecheng in an attempt to attack the imperial palace and ask Qi Mu zhiding. Gao Cheng's two sons, Gao Xiaoheng the Prince of Guangning and Gao Yanzong the Prince of Ande, heard of the mutiny and intended to join forces against the Empress Dowager. Gao Wei was powerless to resist, and the situation was once very critical. Fortunately, the great general Huo Luguang arrived in time and crushed the mutiny with his strong personal prestige. Gao Yu was later captured and killed.
It can be said that almost every time the throne is replaced, the kings of the clan will participate to varying degrees, Gao Yang seized the throne with his eldest brother, Gao Yan and Gao Zhan all came to the throne with a strong zongwang counterattack, and although Gao Yu failed, he also repeated the old path of his fathers.
Because of this, every emperor came to power and regarded the kings of the clan as great enemies, either belittling the fang, depriving them of all powers, or simply slaughtering them. One-third of Gao Huan's fifteen sons died at the hands of their own families.
Brother to Brother: The Compromise of Political Traditions Under Political Pressure
The essence of the infighting in the Northern Qi imperial family is actually a struggle between the succession system of concubines and the system of brotherhood and brotherhood.
The superiority or inferiority of these two systems seems to have long ceased to exist in the era of the Southern and Northern Dynasties. But why did Northern Qi appear again and again? The main reason seems to be related to the political situation.
The three kingdoms of Northern Qi, Northern Zhou, and Southern Liang formed a confrontation, the Qi and Tuesday kingdoms were each other's sworn enemies, gao huan had five major wars with western Wei (the predecessor of northern Zhou) on an unprecedented scale, and Gao Cheng's era broke out the Hou Jing rebellion that disturbed the situation of the three kingdoms. The long years of war made Northern Qi form a more practical political orientation and wartime system, whether it is the sons of the clan or the courtiers of the dprk, the selection and employment of people are based on talent as the main criterion.
Map of the confrontation between the Three Kingdoms of Eastern Wei and Western Wei and Liang Dynasty
Gao Huan's brother Gao Yue, the King of Qinghe, had a corrupt lifestyle and was once jealous of Gao Huan. Gao Huan instructed Gao Cheng to take Su Zhenggangji as his order to rectify the clan and his foreign relatives, and Gao Yue was expelled from the Capital Division and sent to Jinzhou, Qingzhou and other foreign states. However, after the outbreak of Hou Jing's rebellion, the military was quite heavy, and Gao Cheng had to recall Gao Yue and make him regain the responsibility of taking charge of the army.
This is true of the king, and the choice of the political leader is even more so.
That is, in terms of gao Yin's abolition. During the ten years of Gao Yang's reign, there was no large-scale war with Western Wei, and on the surface the situation eased, but in fact, Western Wei Yuwentai took the opportunity to expand, successively capturing Hanzhong, Yizhou, Liangzhou, Jingzhou and other places in Southern Liang, greatly improving its strength and increasing threat to Northern Qi. Northern Qi maintained a situation of not being able to lead, and people of insight in China became more and more aware of the dangers of Western Wei.
Gao Yang was in a daze at the end of his life, but his basic judgment was still there. He ordered Xing Shao to name the crown prince, and Xing Shao took the name "Gao Yin", but Gao Yang was displeased and said, "Brother Yin, once the word stops, I can't do it after my death." (Book of Northern Qi, Emperor Wenxuan Gao Yang Benji) The word "殷" has many meanings, and Gao Yang extends to the brother and brother of the Shang Dynasty and the system, reflecting his anxiety about the system of father-son succession in the situation of the confrontation between the Three Kingdoms.
The eldest uncle snatched the young nephew and the concubine, which seemed to have been a common practice in the war-prone Northern and Southern Dynasties. In the Southern Dynasty, there were Song Ming Emperor Liu Yu seizing The Emperor, Qi Ming Emperor Xiao Luan deposing his nephew, and the Northern Dynasty having Yuwen Hulian deposing the Second Emperor, and the basic background of the chaotic succession system was not separated from the severe military and political situation, and the Emperor zong was given too much power to launch a powerful challenge to the heir of the concubine.
Probably in view of this, when Gao Yang was dying, while making the young prince take the throne, he also said to his younger brother King Gao of Changshan: "Take but seize, be careful not to kill." "It seems that the high performance has long been expected to seize the position.
Then Gao Yang had this insight, why not first kill Gao Yan and Gao Zhan, the two brothers who held heavy power? In fact, the Gao Yang era had already begun the clan slaughter, and Gao Yang's third brother Gao Zhuo and seventh brother Gao Zhuo both died at the hands of Gao Yang. Why are gao yan and gao zhan exceptional?
Not to desire, but not to. After Gao Yang's generation of Eastern Wei, the military and political situation was complicated, although he ranked in the ninth five-year- and could not do whatever he wanted, he must always be wary of the covetousness and counterattack of the old clan of Yuan Wei, as evidenced by the fact that Gao Yang killed the Yuan clan in spite of his face in the last year of Tianbao.
Based on his jealousy of courtiers, Gao Yang did not dare to kill the clan and cut his own foundation. Hu generals such as Hu Lujin, Duan Shao, and He Baren all held heavy power, almost constituting a monopoly on military power, and these people were the cadres of the country and the team left behind in Gao Huan's era, and they could not be exploited when they were idle.
Faced with a situation full of thorns, the only thing Gao Yang could rely on was his brothers, especially Gao Yan, Gao Zhan, Gao Wei, and Gao Ji, who were born to a mother. Gao Yan was appointed Shangshu Ling (尚書令) and Grand Sima (大司馬), with military and political powers in one person, in order to balance with the generals in the court. Gao Zhan was also successively appointed as Shang Shu Ling and Tai Wei (太尉), and together with Gao Yan formed the Clan Clan Screen.
Gao Yang did not know the harm of supporting The Emperor zong to the inheritance right, but he had to, because of the compulsion of the situation, he could only weigh the pros and cons, and temporarily used the zong king as a thigh to stabilize the situation.
Gao Yang is such a dilemma, and Gao Yan is also subject to many parties.
Gao Yang reigned for ten years, and did not maintain the attack on Western Wei and Northern Zhou, allowing him to breathe and grow. At the time of The Supreme Evolution's succession, the strength of Northern Zhou was already greatly different from before, and the threat to Northern Qi was growing. Forced by this situation, Gao Yan immediately adjusted his foreign strategy. He adopted Lu Shuhu's "Pingxi Strategy", with the intention of gradually transferring his forces to Hedong and adopting a strategy of border troops and attacks from time to time to contain Guanzhong. The adjustment of the national strategic direction affected the entire political situation, and decided that the political situation in Northern Qi could not be peacefully built step by step, but must give priority to mobilizing manpower and material resources to participate in the war.
Quiet and easy to be safe, moving is easy to change. Although Gao Yan knew that it was not a good thing that Emperor Zong was powerful, he still had to rely on the power of Emperor Zong to stabilize the political situation, and Gao Zhan, the King of Changguang, who participated in the abolition of Gao Yin, continued to be entrusted with heavy responsibilities, and held the positions of Right Chancellor, Tai Wei, and Shang Shu Ling. The situation was very similar to gao yang's appointment of the second brother in that year, perhaps Gao Yan thought that he was rich in the spring and autumn, and he had to suppress Gao Zhan by relying on his own prestige.
Gao Yan was injured in the second year of the reign, and in the face of his elderly and powerful brother, he had to admit the reality and was forced to adopt the system of brother-in-law and brother-in-law, ceding the throne to Gao Zhan.
In the last year of Gao Zhan,he punished the previous succession of thrones by The Emperor Zong, who disturbed the order, and did not hesitate to abdicate the throne in advance, using the power of the emperor to help the crown prince Gao Wei to take the throne, ensuring the inheritance of father and son from generation to generation. This finally prevented The Emperor from seizing the throne, but when the Later Lord took the throne, Northern Qi was in chaos, and it was already getting thin.
The shallow Gao family
Although the political situation of the Gao royal family's self-harm is the main reason, the cruelty of its massacre is not unrelated to the shallow background of the Gao clan.
Gao Huan rose from the town of Huaishuo in Northern Wei, and when the six towns revolted, he threw his family into the army, and began a career of more than 20 years of conquest. Gao Huan abused Yu Yana and gave birth to 15 sons, but did not invest much in the education of his sons, so that the descendants of the Gao clan not only had few outstanding abilities, but also had very ordinary personal moral cultivation.
Gao Cheng behaved very badly when he was young, and once had an affair with Gao Huan's side chamber Zheng Dache, and Gao Huan angrily beat Gao Cheng with a hundred rods, almost abolishing Gao Cheng's position as the son of the world and setting up Gao Xun, the son of the Da'er Zhu clan. Fortunately, sima ziru, a heavy minister, tried his best to mediate, and Lou Zhaojun also prostrated his head and pleaded guilty, so he passed this pass. However, Gao Cheng did not eat a long and wise, and after Gao Huan's death, he forced his father's concubine Princess Rouran. Father and son gathered together, it is really a human loss.
Gao Yang and the Gao Zhan brothers are not good people. After Gao Yang became emperor, he remembered that Gao Huan had favored the Da'erzhu clan and his younger brother Gao Xun, and used the strength of wine to be rude to Erzhu Taifei, who desperately refused to comply and was actually killed. Gao Cheng once insulted Gao Yang's wife Li Zu'e, and Gao Yang complied by insulting his widow Yuan Shi after Gao Cheng's death. After Gao Yang collapsed, Gao Zhan forcibly married Li Zu'e, and the two also had a daughter, probably Li Zu'e was humiliated and personally killed the infant girl in the swaddling.
Hebei linzhangye city ruins
Most of the kings of the Gao clan were very cruel in their personalities, and it was very easy to go to extremes in dealing with people. In the last years of His reign, Gao Yang had a tyrannical personality, changed his previous relatively tolerant routine, and began to be cruel to his brothers and nephews, and his third brother Gao Jun and seventh brother Gao Zhuo were imprisoned in a large cage because of their outstanding talents, "with a heroic strategy, they were admired by the kings", and because they directly advised Gao Huan on good wine and absurdity in the last years, they were imprisoned in a large cage. Gao Yang originally did not make up his mind to kill the Second King, but Gao Zhan, inciting the wind and igniting the fire, said that "the beast can come out of the cave", and Gao Yang ordered the Second King to be burned to death, and the situation was extremely tragic.
Gao Zhan was more cruel than His brother. During his reign, Gao Huan's fourth son Gao Yan the Prince of Pingyang and his fifth son Gao Huan the Prince of Pengcheng both died inexplicably, and it was rumored that they were killed at the behest of Gao Zhan. The third generation of Gao's characters, Gao Cheng's son Gao Xiaoyu the Prince of Henan, Gao Xiaohuan the King of Hejian, Gao Shaode the Prince of Taiyuan, Gao Yang's second son, and Gao Bainian, the crown prince of Gao Yan, all died at the hands of Gao Zhan. The scope of its killing, the number of people killed, and the coolness of its means are particularly heinous. Especially in the high hundred years, Gao Zhanren dragged upside down and beaten, "Everywhere he passed, the blood was everywhere, and the breath would be exhausted, that is, begging for life, willing to be a slave with uncle." Gao Zhan still killed him fiercely, and the viciousness was unbearable.
In 1979, Taiyuan unearthed a mural of the tomb of Lou Rui of Northern Qi, who was the nephew of Lou Zhaojun's mother
After the later lord Gao Wei ascended the throne, he was still very wary of the kings of the clan, and the means were also very decisive, and he killed them if he was not satisfied. For his half-brother Gao Qi, the King of Nanyang, Gao Wei had long been jealous, and as soon as Emperor Gao Zhan died, the Lord had Gao Gao locked to death. Gao Wei's uncle Gao Ji the Prince of Boling - Gao Huan's twelfth son, born to Lou Zhaojun with Cheng, Yang, Yan, Cham, and Shu, was originally a mediocre, Gao Yan, Gao Zhan's era was not suspected, but this duke himself took death, after Gao Zhan's death, he told people, my family is a brother and brother, the ninth brother is dead, it is probably time for me to take over the throne, Gao Wei was shocked when he heard the news, and immediately ordered gao Ji to be killed.
Gao Cheng's son Gao Changgong (高長恭), the Prince of Lanling, was considered the best in the third generation of the Gao clan, probably with high prestige, which aroused the suspicion of the later lords. Later, just because Gao Changgong described the military affairs as a family affair, the lord was horrified and thought that this cousin was going to usurp the throne, so he killed him.
In general, the education level and personal quality of the kings of the Gao clan were at a low level compared with the sons of the Northern Zhou clan in the same period, and most of the kings came out of the kingdom, most of them were upstart factions, "the kings of the Qi clan chose the state ministers and ministers, and took more rich merchants and small, eagle dog teenagers." Such a group of people are in charge of the military state, and it is natural that these chaos will occur.
The power of the patriarchs induced by ethnic contradictions
The complicated ethnic relations in Northern Qi also profoundly affected the political situation, and several large political storms loomed in the shadow of ethnic contradictions.
The Gao clan is a Xianbei Han Chinese, and is more inclined to the Xianbei people in the national identity. The Gao clique's team, such as Sun Teng, Gao Longzhi, Hu Lujin, Duan Rong, Hou Jing, Wei Jing, etc., were either Xianbei or Xianbei Zahu or Han Chinese, and after this group gained power, it set off an anti-Sinicization trend in Eastern Wei and Northern Qi.
However, as a politician and a leader of a country, Gao Huan could not help but face up to the general trend since the Sinicization of Emperor Xiaowen of Wei, and he did not approve of a complete return to the Huhua track. For example, Gao Gao, a representative figure of the Han people in Hebei, was a general of the Eastern Wei Dynasty, who had always been clearly separated from the Xianbei nobles, insisted on not integrating into the political system of the Xianbei people, and he strictly forbade the generals and soldiers to speak Xianbei in his own parts, and once attacked him because of a quarrel with the Xianbei nobleman Liu Gui. Gao Huan relied heavily on the armed forces of the Han people in Hebei, and naturally tolerated and courteously gao.
On the contrary, due to the lack of ritual constraints and traditional Confucian values, the Eastern Wei Empire immediately fell into corruption and degeneration after its establishment. Gao Huan joined the army of Du Bi and strongly recommended that corruption be eradicated, and Gao Huan complained to him: "The world is chaotic and customs have been around for a long time. ...... If I am in a hurry to do the law and do not forgive each other, I am afraid that the governor will throw all his hands on the black otter, and the disciples will run to Xiao Yan, then the people will be scattered, why should they be a country? He also explained to Du Bi that when the country's situation slows down a little, it will definitely rectify the nobles.
Later, under the deliberate guidance of Gao Huan, Gao Cheng appointed Cui Xian and Cui Jishu, the sons of the Cui clan of the Hebei clan, to carry out a rectification of the atmosphere and crack down on the lowly nobles who were greedy and lawless and corrupt. After Gao Huan's death, Gao Cheng vigorously surpassed the Han celebrities, intending to suppress the Xianbei Xungui in the center and form a new set of Han political teams.
The Hu people and nobles did not care about rectifying corruption, but regarded their political status as a ban, and Gao Cheng's practice in this way was tantamount to greatly intensifying the contradiction between Hu and Han. Xianbei Zhuxungui was anxious to find an agent among the Emperors, and the first large-scale civil unrest of the Northern Qi Emperors was based on this contradiction.
Gao Cheng's death was foggy, and the most suspicious of them was that in addition to Gao Yang's unexpected absence, the Xianbei Xungui of the DPRK was also collectively absent. Gao Cheng discussed with him all Han Chen, such as Cui Jishu, Chen Yuankang, Yang Yan and others. Discussing the establishment of the new dynasty and agreeing on the taste of the ministers is a fundamental matter of the country, and the old ministers will be left aside, which shows that the contradictions between the two sides have intensified to a considerable extent. The assassin Lan Jingkou claimed that he was humiliated by Gao Cheng before assassinating him, but the assassins not only killed Gao Cheng, but also brutally killed Chen Yuankang, who had no grievances in the past and had no revenge in recent days, who was the head of the Han ministers, which showed that the intention of the assassins was not only aimed at Gao Cheng personally, but pointed to the entire Hanchen group. In this sense, this assassination case can hardly be guaranteed to be planned and participated in by Xianbei Xungui.
This is only a prelude to civil unrest. After Gao Yang ascended the throne, he was forced to exile Cui Xian and Cui Jishu under the fierce pressure of Xianbei Xungui. Gao Yang in his bones agreed that Brother Nai reused Han Chen's thinking, so while appeasing Zhu Xian, he also promoted Yang Yan, Yan Ziyan, Song Youdao, and others. Coupled with the Han background of Empress Gaoyang's Li clan, for a time the Northern Qi Dynasty was surging and the Hu-Han conflict became an aggravating trend, and Huo Lujin, Duan Shao, He Baren, and Gao Guiyan, who opposed the Sinicization, and Gao Guiyan, the relatives of the Gao clan, united around Lou Zhaojun and Gao Yan and Gao Zhan, but because Gao Yang's authority was very high, there was no attack for the time being.
Gao Yang was not unaware of this tendency, he had already complained about his mother Lou Zhaojun when he was alive, Lou Zhaojun and Empress Li had a conflict, Gao Yang did not mediate in the middle, but once took advantage of the sin wine, openly lost his temper with Lou Zhaojun, and even threw her off the bed.
When Gao Yang collapsed, the strength of the Xianbei clique united by Gao Yan and Gao Zhan's second king truly broke out. Gao Yan and Gao Zhan, together with the Yecheng Janissaries, burst into the city and beat Yang Yan violently in miyagi, and one eye was beaten alive. Yan Zixian and others were also arrested and killed. Yang, Song, and others were staunch supporters of Gao Yin and the leader of the trend of Sinicization, so this coup d'état was mixed with the dual nature of seizing the Emperor and destroying the Han, and became a general decisive battle between the forces of the Emperor and the Emperor, the Xianbei Xungui and the Han forces, so its tragic degree was eye-catching. The most powerful gao zhan who slaughtered the sons of the clan was a witness to this incident, and the cruelty of his means was not unrelated to this coup.
In general, the reason why Emperor Zong of Northern Qi repeatedly challenged the imperial power and succeeded many times was not only the reason for the general trend of history, but also the reason for himself. There were infighting in the northern and southern dynasties, but the northern Qi emperor's strength, the viciousness of his means, and the wide range of personnel involved were the most numerous among the generations. Compared with the relatively mild, murderous and one-door coups d'état of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, a series of infighting tragedies in Northern Qi undoubtedly hurt the vitality of the country and can be said to have become the main reason for the demise of Northern Qi.
I want to be a generation of Xiongjie of Gao Huan, who has gained the upper hand in the battle with the Yuwen clan for many years, calling Xiong Yu Nei for decades, but does not want to sow a bunch of fleas. For decades, uncles and nephews and brothers have chaotically coaxed you and me to kill each other, and the same has died, which is lamentable.
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